Gottlieb Behavioral Embryology

Studies on the Development of Behavior and the Nervous System
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6641-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 390 Seiten

Behavioral Embryology deals with the theoretical, philosophical, and empirical problems of behavioral embryology. The book is composed of studies on prenatal neural and behavioral development. The text discussed various topics on behavioral embryology such as the genetic aspects of neuro-embryology; prenatal ''organizing'' effect of gonadal hormones on the brain and later behavior; sensory, motor, or central neural function; overt embryonic or fetal sensitivity; and overt motility and actual behavior. Embryologists, anatomists, cell biologists, physiologists, physicians, and medical researchers will find the book invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gottlieb, Gilbert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Behavioral Embryology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;10
6;PREFACE;12
7;DEDICATION TO W. PREYER (1841-1897);16
8;Section 1: BEHAVIORAL EMBRYOLOGY;22
8.1;Chapter 1. Introduction of Behavioral Embryology;24
8.1.1;I. Aims;24
8.1.2;II. Tradition;25
8.1.3;III. Procedures;26
8.1.4;IV. Conceptions of Development;29
8.1.5;V. Theoretical Issues;33
8.1.6;VI. Summary and Conclusions;59
8.1.7;References;60
9;Section 2: EMBRYONIC MOTILITY AND ITS NEURAL CORRELATES;68
10;Introduction;70
11;Chapter 2. Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Embryonic Motility in Birds and Mammals;72
11.1;I. Introduction;73
11.2;II. Some Remarks on Lack of Coordination in Amniote Embryos;74
11.3;III. Spontaneous Motility in Rat Fetuses;76
11.4;IV. The Continuity-Discontinuity Problem on the Behavioral Level;77
11.5;V. Incongruity of Neurogenesis and Development of Behavior;79
11.6;VI. Relation of Neurogenesis and Bioelectrical Phenomena;81
11.7;VII. Responses to Stimulation (Concurrence of Generalized and Local Responses);83
11.8;VIII. Inhibition;86
11.9;IX. Influence of Function on Structure;88
11.10;X. Concluding Remarks;93
11.11;References;94
12;Chapter 3. Neurophysiological Aspects of Behavior Development in the Chick Embryo;98
12.1;I. Introduction;98
12.2;II. Behavior of the Chick Embryo;99
12.3;III. Ontogeny of Bioelectric Activity in the Embryonic Spinal Cord;101
12.4;IV. Neural Correlates of Embryonic Motility;109
12.5;V. Effect of Movement-Produced Stimulation on Embryonic Motility: An Electrophysiological Approach;112
12.6;VI. Synchrony and Spatial Distribution of Discharges: Communication within the Embryonic Spinal Cord;116
12.7;VII. Summary;120
12.8;References;121
13;Chapter 4. Synaptogenesis in the Avian Embryo : Ultrastructure and Possible Behavioral Correlates;124
13.1;I. Introduction;125
13.2;II. General Morphological Development of the Spinal Motor System as Seen in the Light Microscope;127
13.3;III. General Discussion of Synapses;131
13.4;IV. Observations of Synaptogenesis and the Ontogeny of Behavior in the Chicken and Pigeon Embryo;136
13.5;V. Summary and Conclusions;148
13.6;VI. Present and Future Goals;153
13.7;References;154
14;Chapter 5. The Embryonic Behavior of Certain Crustaceans;162
14.1;I. Introduction;162
14.2;II. Methods;163
14.3;III. Results;164
14.4;IV. Discussion;176
14.5;V. Summary;177
14.6;References;178
15;Section 3: HATCHING: HORMONAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS;180
15.1;Introduction;182
15.2;Chapter 6. Prehatching and Hatching Behavior: A Comparative and Physiological Consideration;184
15.2.1;I. Introduction;185
15.2.2;II. Comparative Aspects of Prehatching and Hatching Behavior;197
15.2.3;III. The Possible Mechanisms Associated with the Various States of Prehatching and Hatching Behavior in Birds;221
15.2.4;IV. The Problem of the Embryonic Origin of Posthatching Motor Patterns;253
15.2.5;V. Summary and Conclusions;256
15.2.6;References;257
16;Chapter 7. Sleep and Wakefulness during Early Life in the Domestic Chicken, and Their Relationship to Hatching and Embryonic Motility;266
16.1;I. Introduction;266
16.2;II. Descriptive Studies;267
16.3;III. Experimental Analysis;279
16.4;IV. Discussion;290
16.5;References;296
17;Section 4: SENSORY PROCESSES: EMBRYONIC BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS;302
17.1;Introduction;304
17.2;Chapter 8. Some Environmental Effects on the Activity and Development of the Avian Embryo;306
17.2.1;I. Introduction;307
17.2.2;II. The Development of Activity and Stages of Development in the Embryo of the Domestic Fowl;309
17.2.3;III. Interaction between the Embryo and Its Environment outside the Shell by Means of Vocalizations;315
17.2.4;IV. Response to Siblings;316
17.2.5;V. Passive Effects Determined by Embryonic Anatomy, Physiology, and the Immediate Environment, without Necessarily Involving Sensory Systems;334
17.2.6;VI. The Environmental Context of Incubation;337
17.2.7;VII. Summary and Conclusions;339
17.2.8;References;342
18;Chapter 9. Prenatal Origins of Parent-Young Interactions in Birds: A Naturalistic Approach;346
18.1;General Introduction;347
18.2;I. Sensory Stimulation and Embryonic Motility;347
18.3;II. Sensory Stimulation and Later Behavior;361
18.4;III. Concluding Remarks;373
18.5;IV. Summary;373
18.6;References;375
19;AUTHOR INDEX;378
20;SUBJECT INDEX;386

Leseproben

Dedication to W. Preyer (1841-1897)

W. Preyer

This volume is dedicated to the memory of the British-born, psychological physiologist William Preyer who, with the publication of his monumental tome, , in 1885, launched the field of study which we now call behavioral embryology. Preyer’s book is broadly comparative and it combines physiological, neurological, behavioral, and psychological approaches to the study of fetuses and embryos of various species, traditions which are still evident today but rarely in the practice of any single investigator. While Preyer is celebrated here for his prenatal ontogenetic studies, it is his self-designated companion book, , published in 1882 in Leipzig, for which he is perhaps best known. That work went through numerous editions in the original German language version and a number of editions in the English translation as well—it was translated by H. W. Brown and published in New York by D. Appleton and Company in two volumes in 1888 and 1889, under the title

While the embryo book is remarkable for its diverse coverage, the child book is remarkable for its singularity. is based on a diary recounting the daily activities of Preyer’s only child (a son) from birth to the end of his third year. In Preyer’s words, the unifying theme of both these books is the problem of “psychogenesis” (the genesis of mind) as studied from the natural scientific point of view, and, as such, both monographs show the extraordinary power and reach of the developmental method of study, especially in the hands of a broadly trained, widely read, and acute observer such as their author. Preyer’s books are notable for their thorough and critical integration of the literature on the topic under discussion. His , for example, contains over 500 references by more than 400 authors, extending back to Aristotle.

It is of especially great interest in the present context that Preyer’s , when compared to other works, is regarded by some authorities as providing “… the greatest stimulation for development of modern ontogenetic psychology” (Norman L. Munn, page 4, in the second edition of his text Edwin G. Boring, in his classic , notes that it was Preyer, along with a few other notable psychologically minded physiologists such as Helmholtz, Hering, and von Kries, who helped to establish the new natural science outlook of psychology in 1890 in Europe by joining the editorial board of the , a new journal founded by the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus and his physiologist colleague Arthur König in an effort to isolate the scientific study of psychology from the metaphysical impingements of philosophy. It is somewhat ironic, to say the least, that it was and not the which appears to have kindled the great embryologist Hans Spemann’s interest in biology, according to a passing remark in his autobiography

It is most unfortunate from a historical standpoint that only the barest details of Preyer’s life have survived. He was born near Manchester, England on July 4,1841, and named William Terry Preyer. (He spent most of his adult life in Germany where he became known as Wilhelm Thierry.) Preyer acquired his D. Phil, in 1862 and for several years thereafter worked in the laboratory of the noted physiologist Claude Bernard in Paris. In 1865, he did advanced study in Zoophysics and Zoochemistry while on the Philosophical Faculty at the University of Bonn, and he received his medical degree in 1866. In 1869, at the relatively young age of 28, Preyer was promoted to professor of physiology at Jena in Germany, where he remained until 1888. At that time he resigned his chair to move to Berlin which, according to Boring, provided a more attractive intellectual atmosphere for him. Around 1893 Preyer became chronically ill and moved to Wiesbaden, Germany, where he died on July 15, 1897, at the age of 56.

Preyer’s physiological interests were unusually varied and he brought an excellent background to the study of prenatal development. His early published research was on the biochemistry of hemoglobin, other gaseous aspects of blood, and muscle physiology (1868-1871), as well as color vision (1868). In 1876 and 1879, he determined the lower limit of hearing in a comparative survey which included human subjects, and he also described the response of the pinna to sound in certain mammalian species (sometimes called the Preyer reflex in the modern literature). In 1877, Preyer published on the causes of sleep, and in the next year published the first of at least four works on hypnotism (both animal and human), one of these being a German translation (1882) of Braid’s original English text on the subject. It was also in 1882, as already noted, that Preyer published what has been far and away his most popular book, , which went through eight editions (1912) in the German language and a number of editions in English.

(The photograph of Preyer in the present book appeared as the frontispiece to the German edition of 1905.) In 1883, he published a treatise on general physiology; two years later he published his second book on development, (Special Physiology of the Embryo: Investigations on the Phenomena of Life before Birth), the tome which has such historical and conceptual importance for the field of behavioral embryology.

Shortly after his move to Berlin in 1889, Preyer published a monograph on the general topic of (what would be called in English) , followed one year later by another treatise titled, simply, , which was published simultaneously in Vienna and Leipzig. In 1893, he produced and his third book on development, , published simultaneously in Stuttgart and New York, where it was titled , with H. W. Brown again serving as translator and Appleton as publisher. In 1895, Preyer wrote , and, in 1896, he produced a sympathetic, popular work on This incomplete list of Preyer’s own works gives a fair idea of his breadth as well as his literary fecundity.

Although it is virtually sheer guesswork, it is of some interest to speculate on the external intellectual influences, if any, which may have prompted Preyer to turn his attention to the problem of development, especially prenatal development. Jane Oppenheimer, in her fascinating and highly readable , suggests that Preyer was influenced by the recapitulation theory of Ernst Haeckel (“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”), who was a colleague of Preyer’s at Jena. Preyer’s 1882 and 1885 books on development, however, give little evidence of such an influence, neither in their intent nor in their theoretical summation. Whereas, as Professor Oppenheimer makes clear, Haeckel saw embryonic developmental study as solving (e.g., confirming or establishing evolutionary relationships among different animal groups), Preyer saw such study as necessary to solving the riddles of development itself (e.g., “psychogenesis”). Although Preyer was certainly congenial to Darwin’s writings (as already noted, he wrote a popular book on Darwin’s life and works), it does not seem that he was influenced by Darwin in any very direct way. One inclines to the necessarily tentative conclusion that Preyer merely saw and adopted the developmental approach for what it is: the only way to understand the origin of any function or structure in the life of the individual. He went to the study of embryos and fetuses, it would seem, because in his own view psychogenesis was dependent on physiogenesis, and he knew at the outset that physiogenesis begins before birth. Preyer was certainly not the first person to make behavioral observations or embryos and fetuses, but he was the most comprehensive and possibly the most original (he devised an oöscope whereby he could view the chick embryo’s activity inside the egg, for example).

As mentioned before, Preyer regarded his 1882 and 1885 books on the child and embryo, respectively, as companion works, the division being made for the sake of convenience of exposition. The theme which unites these two works is, in Preyer’s words, the problem of “Psychogenesis” or the genesis of mind. Based on his investigations of sensory function and overt motor behavior in embryos and fetuses, Preyer came up with his motor primacy theory of behavioral development which he enunciated in both the child and the embryo books. Before describing that view, it is pertinent to note that Preyer aptly summed up the guiding premise of his investigations (and ours) in one sentence in the preface to his 1882 child book: “Above all, we must be clear on this point, that the fundamental...