Grendelman / Hegger / Hendriksen Social Perspectives on the Sanitation Challenge

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3721-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 242 Seiten

This volume is the result of years of commitment with world-wide sanitation challenges from various research networks linking the editors and authors of this volume to many other sanitation scholars and professionals. Major contributions to this volume are derived from the work done in the PROVIDE project (working on sustainable urban infrastructures in cities of the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa), the DESAR project (research and pilot projects in Decentralized Sanitation and Reuse, the Netherlands), and among others within NETSSAF (large scale implementation of sanitation in Africa), and EcoSan networks. The major milestone for this book to emerge was however the IWA Sanitation Challenge Conference of May 2008 in Wageningen, the Netherlands where all the authors of this book presented their papers. The conference was organized by a consortium of sanitation specialists at Wageningen University's Environmental Policy Group (the editors) and the s- department of Environmental Technology, LeAF (Lettinga Associates Foundation) and Wetsus (Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology in the Netherlands). It was a unique event as it enabled a truly multi-disciplinary approach in discussing Sanitation Challenges in North and South with social and political scientists, natural scientists, environmental engineers and practitioners in one s- entific conference. This volume presents a selection of the social scientific insights and research results presented at the Sanitation Challenge Conference: the concepts, decisi- making support tools and the perspectives from farmers and consumers towards sanitation innovation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Grendelman, Reginald

Hegger, Dries

Hendriksen, Astrid

Huibers, Frans

Jönsson, Hakan

Spaargaren, Gert

Oosterveer, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Chapter 1;13
4.1;Introduction;13
4.1.1;1.1 Sanitation;13
4.1.2;1.2 Three Worldwide Sanitation Challenges;16
4.1.3;1.3 Organization of the Book;17
4.1.3.1;1.3.1 Part 1 Social Scientific Concepts of Provisioning Sanitation Services;18
4.1.3.2;1.3.2 Part II Decision-Making Tools;18
4.1.3.3;1.3.3 Part III Perspectives from Farmers and End-Users;19
4.2;References;19
5;Chapter 2;22
5.1;Meeting Social Challenges in Developing Sustainable Environmental Infrastructures in East African Cities;22
5.1.1;2.1 Introduction;22
5.1.2;2.2 Two Opposing Views on Urban Environmental Infrastructures;23
5.1.2.1;Box 2.1 The history of sanitary infrastructure in Uganda;24
5.1.3;2.3 Modernized Mixtures for Improving Urban Environmental Infrastructures;26
5.1.4;2.4 Perspectives for a Modernized Mixture-Approach in Urban Centres in East Africa;30
5.1.4.1;2.4.1 Households and Their Socio-Cultural Norms;31
5.1.4.2;Box 2.2 Access to land for housing in Kampala, Uganda;32
5.1.4.3;2.4.2 Neighborhoods, Local Communities and Their CBO and NGO Actors;33
5.1.4.4;Box 2.3 Kisutu Women Development Trust Fund (KIWODET);34
5.1.4.5;2.4.3 City Level Planning, Decentralization and PPP;35
5.1.4.6;2.4.4 National Level Policies and a Network Approach to Governance;36
5.1.5;2.5 Conclusions;38
5.2;References;39
6;Chapter 3;42
6.1;Sense and Sanitation;42
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;42
6.1.1.1;3.1.1 Outline of the Argument;44
6.1.2;3.2 Paradigmatic Changes in Infrastructures of Consumption;44
6.1.3;3.3 Sanitation as a Special Case;46
6.1.4;3.4 The Theory Behind (re)Sensitization;47
6.1.5;3.5 Reasons for Enhancing the Visibility of Utility Provision and Consumption;48
6.1.6;3.6 Methods of (re)Sensitizing Flows, Infrastructures and Practices;50
6.1.7;3.7 Sanitation as a Special Case;51
6.1.8;3.8 Cases of Innovation in Sanitation;52
6.1.9;3.9 Analysis of the Cases;55
6.1.10;3.10 Conclusions;56
6.2;References;57
7;Chapter 4;59
7.1;Providing Sanitation for the Urban Poor in Uganda;59
7.1.1;4.1 Introduction;59
7.1.2;4.2 Urbanization and Sanitation in Uganda;60
7.1.2.1;4.2.1 Urbanization in Uganda;60
7.1.2.2;4.2.2 Study Methods;62
7.1.3;4.3 Central Problems in Urban Environmental Service Provision;63
7.1.4;4.4 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework for Sanitation;66
7.1.4.1;4.4.1 Policy and Legislation;66
7.1.4.2;4.4.2 Institutional Arrangements;68
7.1.4.3;4.4.3 Institutional Innovations in the Water and Sanitation Sector;69
7.1.5;4.5 Funding;71
7.1.6;4.6 Social and Cultural Issues;72
7.1.7;4.7 Conclusions;72
7.2;References;74
8;Chapter 5;78
8.1;A Flowstream Approach for Sustainable Sanitation Systems;78
8.1.1;5.1 Introduction;78
8.1.2;5.2 Concept Development and Methodology;82
8.1.2.1;5.2.1 System Design;82
8.1.2.2;5.2.2 Products;83
8.1.2.3;5.2.3 Process;84
8.1.2.4;5.2.4 Technology;85
8.1.2.5;5.2.5 Flowstream;85
8.1.2.6;5.2.6 Sanitation System;85
8.1.2.7;5.2.7 System Diagrams;87
8.1.3;5.3 Assessment;90
8.1.4;5.4 Conclusions;93
8.2;References;94
9;Chapter 6;96
9.1;A Learning and Decision Methodology for Drainage and Sanitation Improvement in Developing Cities;96
9.1.1;Abstract In urban areas in the South drainage and sanitation systems in various states of development coexist. At a certain sta;96
9.1.2;6.2 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA);98
9.1.3;6.3 Stakeholder Roles in Design of Sanitation System Options;98
9.1.4;6.4 Objectives in Sanitation Systems Improvement;99
9.1.5;6.5 Building Blocks for the Development of Sanitation Options;101
9.1.6;6.6 Selection of Sanitation Options by Screening and Comparison;102
9.1.7;6.7 Evaluating Experiences with MCDA in Sanitation Improvement;109
9.1.8;6.8 Conclusions;110
9.2;References;112
10;Chapter 7;113
10.1;Perceptions of Local Sustainability in Planning Sanitation Projects in West Africa;113
10.1.1;7.1 Introduction;113
10.1.2;7.2 West African Case Studies;115
10.1.3;7.3 Methodology;115
10.1.4;7.4 The Local Perspective;118
10.1.4.1;7.4.1 Socio-cultural Criteria;120
10.1.4.2;7.4.2 Economic Criteria;121
10.1.4.3;7.4.3 Process Criteria;122
10.1.4.4;7.4.4 Technical Criteria;123
10.1.5;7.5 Expert Perspectives in Literature;123
10.1.6;Box 7.1 Criteria for sustainable sanitation;124
10.1.7;7.6 Case Study Perspectives;125
10.1.7.1;7.6.1 WaterAid, Mali;125
10.1.7.2;7.6.2 National Office of Water and Sanitation, Burkina Faso;128
10.1.8;Box 7.2 WaterAid planning approach;125
10.1.9;Box 7.3 ONEA approach;129
10.1.10;7.7 Conclusions;130
10.2;References;131
11;Chapter 8;133
11.1;Interactions Between Urban Forms and Source-Separating Sanitation Technologies;133
11.1.1;8.1 Introduction;134
11.1.2;8.2 Source-Separating Technologies and Systems;135
11.1.3;8.3 Types of Urban Form;137
11.1.3.1;8.3.1 Selected Neighborhoods;139
11.1.3.2;8.3.2 Socio-Economic Differences;139
11.1.4;8.4 Basic Data and Assumptions on Waste Water Generation and Urban Form;145
11.1.5;8.5 General Suitability Check of the Systems;146
11.1.5.1;8.5.1 System 1;146
11.1.5.2;8.5.2 System 2;146
11.1.5.3;8.5.3 System 3;147
11.1.5.4;8.5.4 System 4;147
11.1.6;8.6 Cost Assessment for Urine Separation;148
11.1.7;8.7 Factors Affecting the Ease of Implementation;150
11.1.7.1;8.7.1 Physical Aspects;150
11.1.7.2;8.7.2 Socio-economic Aspects;150
11.1.8;8.8 Conclusion;151
11.2;References;151
12;Chapter 9;153
12.1;Reconsidering Urban Sewer and Treatment Facilities in East Africa as Interplay of Flows, Networks and Spaces;153
12.1.1;9.1 Introduction;153
12.1.2;9.2 Conceptual Framework and Methodology;154
12.1.3;9.3 Sanitary Flows in Kampala and Kisumu;156
12.1.3.1;9.3.1 Configurations in the Making: Base Flow and Population Density as Determinants of Sewerage Development;157
12.1.3.2;9.3.1.1 Kampala City;158
12.1.3.2.1;9.3.1.2 Kisumu City;160
12.1.4;9.4 Sanitary Networks in Kampala and Kisumu;161
12.1.5;9.5 Sanitary Space Demands in Kampala and Kisumu;163
12.1.6;9.6 Reconfiguring Sanitation Flows, Networks and Spaces in Kampala and Kisumu City;165
12.1.7;9.7 Conclusions;169
12.2;References;169
13;Chapter 10;171
13.1;Meeting the Sanitation Challenge in Sub-Saharan Cities: Lessons Learnt from a Financial Perspective;171
13.1.1;10.1 Introduction;171
13.1.2;10.2 The Sanitation Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa;172
13.1.2.1;10.2.1 Africa Lags Behind;172
13.1.2.2;10.2.2 Level of Service;173
13.1.2.3;10.2.3 Main Obstacles;174
13.1.3;10.3 Financing Sanitation;174
13.1.3.1;10.3.1 What Is to Be Financed?;174
13.1.3.2;10.3.2 How Much Will It Cost?;175
13.1.3.3;10.3.3 Obstacles to Financing Sanitation;175
13.1.4;10.4 Donors’ Perspective;176
13.1.4.1;10.4.1 Camdessus Panel (2001–2003);176
13.1.4.2;10.4.2 Gurria Task Force (2005–2006);176
13.1.4.3;10.4.3 European Water Initiative (2003–…);177
13.1.5;10.5 Where Do We Stand Today?;177
13.1.6;10.6 pS-Eau and Hydroconseil Financing Sanitation Case Studies;178
13.1.6.1;10.6.1 Objective and Methodology;178
13.1.6.2;10.6.2 Preliminary Findings;179
13.1.6.2.1;10.6.2.1 Stimulating Private Investment: Microfinance Versus Household Subsidies;179
13.1.6.3;10.6.3 Cost Recovery;181
13.1.6.3.1;10.6.3.1 Selling Compost from Recycled Faecal Matter from Sludge Treatment Plants;181
13.1.6.3.2;10.6.3.2 Charge Households a Monthly Fee to Maintain Mini-Sewers and Their Small-Scale Waste Water Plants;182
13.1.6.4;10.6.4 Involving Local Authorities;182
13.1.7;10.7 Conclusions;183
13.2;References;183
14;Chapter 11;186
14.1;Role of Farmers in Improving the Sustainability of Sanitation Systems;186
14.1.1;11.1 Introduction;186
14.1.2;11.2 Methods of Analysis;188
14.1.3;11.3 Investigated Systems;188
14.1.3.1;11.3.1 Case 1. Stockholm-Centralized System for Urine Spreading;188
14.1.3.2;11.3.2 Case 2. Håga-Ecovillage with Neighbouring Farm;188
14.1.3.3;11.3.3 Case 3. Norrköping – Urine Separation with Strict Division of Responsibility;189
14.1.3.4;11.3.4 Case 4. Tanum – A Municipal Pioneer on Urine Separation;189
14.1.3.5;11.3.5 Case 5. Lund-Black Water Irrigation;190
14.1.3.6;11.3.6 Case 6. Kvicksund-Liquid Composting at Farm Level;190
14.1.3.7;11.3.7 Case 7. Sewage Sludge Recycling;190
14.1.4;11.4 Analyzing Drivers and Restrictions for Stakeholders;191
14.1.5;11.5 Farmers as Entrepreneurs for Handling and Reuse;192
14.1.6;11.6 Recommendations;193
14.1.6.1;11.6.1 Include the Farmers in the Initial Planning;193
14.1.6.2;11.6.2 Organize an Arena for Feed-Back and Interaction;194
14.1.7;11.7 Conclusions;194
14.2;References;195
15;Chapter 12;196
15.1;Governing Peri-Urban Waste Water Used by Farmers: Implications for Design and Management;196
15.1.1;12.1 Introduction;196
15.1.2;12.2 Agricultural Use of Waste Water;198
15.1.3;12.3 Alternative Approaches to Waste Water Management;200
15.1.4;12.4 Waste Water Governance in Peri-Urban Areas;201
15.1.5;12.5 Implications for the Design of Treatment Facilities;204
15.1.6;12.6 Implications for Waste Water Institutions;205
15.1.7;12.7 Discussion;206
15.2;References;207
16;Chapter 13;210
16.1;End User Perspectives on the Transformation of Sanitary Systems;210
16.1.1;Abstract In various Western European countries pilot projects have been set-up in which new waste water management technologies;210
16.1.2;13.2 Modernized Mixture Approach and Sustainable Sanitary Infrastructures in Western Society;211
16.1.3;13.3 An End-User Perspective on Innovation in Sanitation;213
16.1.4;13.4 Innovation in Sanitation: Dutch Pilot Projects Sneek and Culemborg;215
16.1.4.1;13.4.1 Successful Expert-Led Innovation: Lemmerweg-Oost – Sneek;216
16.1.4.2;13.4.2 Successful Citizen-Consumer Driven Innovation:EVA-Lanxmeer – Culemborg;217
16.1.4.3;13.4.3 Innovation in Sanitation: A Systemic Perspective;217
16.1.5;13.5 Analyzing Sneek and Culemborg from an End-User Perspective;218
16.1.6;13.6 Conclusions;221
16.2;References;223
17;Chapter 14;224
17.1;Conclusion and Discussion;224
17.1.1;Abstract In this concluding chapter, the aims that were formulated at the start of this volume are revisited. Drawing on the sp;224
17.1.2;14.2 The Balance of the Book;226
17.1.3;14.3 The Future Agenda of Research and Policy Making on Sanitation Systems and their End-Users;231
17.2;References;232
18;Index;233