Grünewald Chemistry for the Future

Proceedings of the 29th IUPAC Congress, Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany, 5-10 June 1983
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7910-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 468 Seiten, Web PDF

Chemistry for the Future covers the proceedings of the 29th IUPAC Congress on the Chemistry for the Future, held in Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany on June 5-10, 1983. The contributors consider the advances in inorganic, organic, physical, and theoretical chemistry. This book is organized into seven parts encompassing 59 chapters that also look into the progress in the production of chemical basic materials and education in chemistry. The opening parts survey the advances in complexation chemistry, photoelectrochemical energy conversion, biotechnology, and some aspects of inorganic chemistry. The succeeding part deals with the reactions, synthesis, and structure and properties determination of various organic compounds. Other parts evaluate the application of molecular quantum mechanics, laser studies, electrochemical energy conversion, microemulsion, adsorption, and progress in the production of chemical basic materials. The remaining parts explore the teaching of molecular geometry by the VSEPR method, the role of experiments in teaching chemistry, chemistry as a basis for the life sciences. These parts also examine the flow of information chemistry through databases, IUPAC, and chemical information services. This book will prove useful to organic, inorganic, physical, and theoretical chemists

Autoren/Hrsg.

Grünewald, H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Chemistry for the Future;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Scientific Committee;10
6;PREFACE;12
7;PART 1:
PLENARY LECTURES;14
7.1;CHAPTER 1.
HOST-GUEST COMPLEXATION CHEMISTRY;16
7.1.1;Abstract;16
7.1.2;INTRODUCTION;16
7.1.3;CHIRAL RECOGNITION IN COMPLEXATION;17
7.1.4;CHIRAL CATALYSIS;18
7.1.5;PROGRESS TOWARD A SERINE ESTERASE MIMIC;19
7.1.6;SPHERANDS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF PREORGANIZATION;20
7.1.7;CAVITANDS, SYNTHETIC MOLECULAR VESSELS;22
7.1.8;CONCLUSIONS;23
7.1.9;Acknowledgment;23
7.1.10;REFERENCES;23
7.2;CHAPTER 2.
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION;24
7.2.1;Abstract;24
7.2.2;INTRODUCTION;24
7.2.3;PRINCIPAL PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES;24
7.2.4;PREVENTION OF THE BACK REACTIONS;25
7.2.5;ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION BY PHOTOELECTROLYSIS;28
7.2.6;GENERATION OF CHEMICALLY STORED ENERGY;29
7.2.7;PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF SOLIDS;31
7.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;33
7.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;33
7.2.10;REFERENCES;34
7.3;CHAPTER 3.
TREATMENT OF NUCLEAR WASTES;36
7.3.1;Abstract;36
7.3.2;INTRODUCTION;36
7.3.3;ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARISING FROM PLANT MAINTENANCE;38
7.3.4;ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF WASTE ARISING IN WATER PURIFICATION;39
7.3.5;TRANSPORT AND TEMPORARY STORAGE OF FUEL ELEMENTS;41
7.3.6;ORIGINS AND TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC WASTES ARISING IN THE REPROCESSING OF NUCLEAR FUELS;42
7.3.7;DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS;43
7.3.8;STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE;44
7.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;45
7.3.10;LITERATURE;45
7.4;CHAPTER 4.
EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW CHEMISTRY: A TEACHING CHALLENGE;46
7.4.1;EXCITING TIMES IN CHEMISTRY;46
7.4.2;CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT
!;47
7.4.3;BAD VIBES;48
7.4.4;NEEDED: SCIENTIFIC LITERACY
!;49
7.4.5;REPRISE;52
7.5;CHAPTER 5.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE;54
7.5.1;Abstract;54
7.5.2;INTRODUCTION;54
7.5.3;HIGHLIGHTS OF PAST ACHIEVEMENTS;56
7.5.4;RECENT DEVELOPMENTS;58
7.5.5;FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;63
7.6;CHAPTER 6.
Ci CHEMISTRY: PRESENT STATUS AND ASPECTS FOR THE FUTURE;66
7.6.1;Abstract;66
7.6.2;Introduction;66
7.6.3;SUMMARY;74
7.6.4;REFERENCES;75
7.7;CHAPTER 7.
REMOVAL OF CHEMICAL WASTE;76
7.7.1;Abstract;76
7.7.2;INTRODUCTION;76
7.7.3;POST-PROCESS POLLUTION CONTROL;77
7.7.4;RECYCLING;85
7.7.5;NEW PROCESSES;87
7.7.6;NEW PRODUCTS;90
7.7.7;CONCLUSIONS;91
7.7.8;REFERENCES;91
7.8;CHAPTER 8.
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER;94
7.8.1;Abstract;94
7.8.2;INTRODUCTION;94
7.8.3;MICROBIOLOGY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION;95
7.8.4;ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS;98
7.8.5;COMPOSITION OF WASTEWATERS;101
7.8.6;REFERENCES;103
8;PART 2:
NEW ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY;104
8.1;CHAPTER 9.
ASPECTE DER ORGANOPHOSPHOR - CHEMIE;106
8.1.1;Abstract;106
8.1.2;LITERATUR;111
8.2;CHAPTER 10.
METAL ATOM PHOTOCHEMISTRY; ALKANE ACTIVATION USING EXCITED STATE METAL ATOMIC REAGENTS;112
8.2.1;Abstract;112
8.2.2;INTRODUCTION;112
8.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;113
8.2.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;118
8.2.5;REFERENCES;118
8.3;CHAPTER 11.
POLYLITHIUM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A RESEARCH AREA OF EMERGING SIGNIFICANCE;120
8.3.1;Abstract;120
8.3.2;Acknowledgment;125
8.3.3;REFERENCES;125
8.4;CHAPTER 12.
ASSEMBLY OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT IRON-SULFUR CLUSTERS;128
8.4.1;Abstract;128
8.4.2;INTRODUCTION;128
8.4.3;IRON THIOLATES;129
8.4.4;CLUSTER ASSEMBLY;131
8.4.5;NEW CLUSTER STRUCTURAL TYPES;132
8.4.6;ANALOGUES OF REDUCED
Fe4S4 PROTEIN SITES;134
8.4.7;Acknowledgement;136
8.4.8;REFERENCES;136
8.5;CHAPTER 13.
ZINTL POLYANIONS. HOMO- AND HETEROATOMIC EXAMPLES;138
8.5.1;Abstract;138
8.5.2;INTRODUCTION;138
8.5.3;HOMOPOLYATOMIC
ANIONS;139
8.5.4;HETEROPOLYATOMIC
ANIONS;140
8.5.5;STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC REQUIREMENTS;141
8.5.6;THE D3h
CONFIGURATION WITH 20-22-ELECTRONS;142
8.5.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;143
8.5.8;REFERENCES;143
8.6;CHAPTER 14.
THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL POLYHEDRAL METALLOBORANES;144
8.6.1;Abstract;144
8.6.2;REFERENCES;144
8.7;CHAPTER 15.
CATALYSIS WITH METALLACARBORANES;148
8.7.1;Abstract;148
8.7.2;INTRODUCTION;148
8.7.3;SYNTHESES, STRUCTURES AND REACTIONS
OF CLOSO-BIS(PHOSPHINE)RHODACARBORANES;148
8.7.4;SYNTHESES, STRUCTURES AND REACTIONS OF EXQ-NIDO-BIS(PHOSPHINE)RHODA-CARBORANES;149
8.7.5;EXO-NIDO/CLOSO-TAUTOMERISM;150
8.7.6;EXQ-NIDQ-ALKENE(TRIPHENYLPHQSPHINE)RHQDACARBQRANES AS INTERMEDIATES IN ALKENE ISOMERIZATION AND HYDROGENATION;150
8.7.7;MECHANISM OF ALKENE ISOMERIZATION;151
8.7.8;HYDROGENATION
OF 3-METHYL-3-PHENYLBUTENE-1 WITH CLOSO-CATALYST PRECURSORS (I AND III) ;152
8.7.9;HYDROGENATION OF 3-METHYL-3-PHENYLBUTENE-1 AND 1-HEXENE WITH EXO-NIDO-CATALYST PRECURSOR (VII);154
8.7.10;STEREOELECTRONIC
PROPERTIES OF THE EXO-NIDO-C2B9H12- LIGAND FAMILY;154
8.7.11;CONCLUSIONS;154
8.7.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;154
8.7.13;REFERENCES;154
8.8;CHAPTER 16.
MULTIDECKER SANDWICH METAL COMPLEXES;156
8.8.1;Abstract;156
8.8.2;INTRODUCTION;156
8.8.3;REFERENCES;159
8.9;CHAPTER 17.
SYNTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TRANSITION ELEMENT CLUSTER COMPOUNDS WITH BRIDGING CARBENE OR CARBYNE GROUPS;162
8.9.1;Abstract;162
8.9.2;INTRODUCTION;162
8.9.3;TUNGSTEN AND PLATINUM;162
8.9.4;COPPER AND GOLD;165
8.9.5;REFERENCES;166
8.10;CHAPTER 18.
FAST IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY;168
8.10.1;Abstract;168
8.10.2;REFERENCES;178
8.11;CHAPTER 19.
HIGH PRESSURES IN PREPARATIVE SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY;180
8.11.1;Abstract;180
8.11.2;INTRODUCTION;180
8.11.3;HIGH PRESSURE TRANSFORMATIONS OF TERNARY CHALCOGENIDES ABX2 WITH TETRAHEDRALLY CO-ORDINATED CATIONS;180
8.11.4;"PREDICTABLE" SYNTHESIS OF NEW COMPOUNDS WITH VOLATILE COMPONENTS;181
8.11.5;NEW, UNEXPECTED COMPOUNDS FROM HIGH PRESSURE DECOMPOSITIONS;181
8.11.6;"DRAMATIC" CHANGES IN PHASE DIAGRAMS AT HIGH PRESSURE;182
8.11.7;HIGH PRESSURE SYNTHESIS IN REACTIVE GAS ATMOSPHERE;182
8.11.8;CREATION OF ENERGY-RICH STATES; WHICH CAN REACT IN AN UNUSUAL WAY AT NORMAL PRESSURE;182
8.11.9;Acknowledgments;183
8.11.10;REFERENCES;183
8.12;CHAPTER 20.
IN VITRO PHOTOSYNTHESIS WITH ORGANIZED MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES AND COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTORS;184
8.12.1;Abstract;184
8.12.2;INTRODUCTION;184
8.12.3;SELF ORGANIZATION AND LIGHT INDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION;184
8.12.4;WATER CLEAVAGE CYCLES, ARTIFICIAL ANALOGUES OF GREEN PLANTS PHOTOSYSTEM II;186
8.12.5;COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTORS;186
8.12.6;Acknowledgment;191
8.12.7;REFERENCES;191
9;PART 3:
NEW ADVANCES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY;192
9.1;CHAPTER 21. TRANSITION METAL-MEDIATED [2+2+2] CYCLOADDITIONS: BETTER THAN THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION;194
9.1.1;Abstract;194
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;194
9.1.3;INTRAMOLECULAR COCYCLIZATIONS OF ALKENES AND ALKYNES;194
9.1.4;INTERMOLECULAR [2+2+2]CYCLOADDITIONS
OF ENYNES;197
9.1.5;HETEROCYCLE SYNTHESIS;197
9.1.6;COMPLEXED CYCLOPENTADIENONES IN SYNTHESIS;198
9.1.7;CONCLUSION;199
9.1.8;Acknowledgment;199
9.1.9;REFERENCES;199
9.2;CHAPTER 22.
PREPARATION OF CARBON FRAMEWORK OF MACROLIDES BY STEREOSPECI-FIC AND REGIOSELECTIVE TRANSFORMATION OF-CARBOHYDRATES;202
9.2.1;Abstract;202
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;202
9.2.3;CARBON CHAIN ELONGATION AT THE 6-POSITION OF HEXOPYRANOSIDES;202
9.2.4;PREPARATION AND REACTION OF 2, 3-ANHYDRO-a-D-HEXOPYRANOSIDES;203
9.2.5;PREPARATION AND REACTION OF GLYCALS;204
9.2.6;PREPARATION OF SECO-ACIDS OF PYRENOPHORIN AND COLLETODIOL;204
9.2.7;Acknowledgement;205
9.2.8;REFERENCES;205
9.3;CHAPTER 23. REGIOSELECTIYITY IN REACTIONS OF
AMBIDENT ANIONS AND CATIONS;206
9.3.1;Abstract;206
9.3.2;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;211
9.3.3;REFERENCES;211
9.4;CHAPTER 24.
CONFORNATIONAL CONTROL IN NATURAL PRODUCTS SYNTHESIS;212
9.4.1;ABSTRACT;212
9.4.2;Introduction;212
9.4.3;The Plan;214
9.4.4;Synthesis of the Cyclization Precursor;215
9.4.5;Macrocyclization;219
9.4.6;Conversion to Rorldln . and Baccharin;220
9.4.7;Acknowledgement;222
9.5;CHAPTER 25.
SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF AMINO ACIDS;224
9.5.1;Abstract;224
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION;224
9.5.3;SYNTHESIS AND CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF a-KETO ACIDS DERIVED FROM ARGININE, CITRULLINE AND RELATED AMINO
ACIDS;225
9.5.4;CONVERSION OF
a-AMINO ACIDS INTO a-DIKETONES VIA 3-OXAZOLIN-5-ONES;227
9.5.5;USE OF C-PHENYLGLYCINE AS A VEHICLE FOR C-C BOND FORMATION VIA 3-OXAZOLINONES;228
9.5.6;Acknowledgements;230
9.5.7;REFERENCES;231
9.6;CHAPTER 26.
ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY;232
9.6.1;Abstract;232
9.6.2;INTRODUCTION;232
9.6.3;DEFINITIONS;232
9.6.4;THE MARCUS THEORY;233
9.6.5;HOW
CAN THE MARCUS TREATMENT BE USED;235
9.6.6;EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS OF THE MARCUS THEORY;236
9.6.7;Acknowledgement;237
9.6.8;REFERENCES;237
9.7;CHAPTER 27.
GENERATION AND REACTIVITY OF CARBOCATIONS;238
9.7.1;Abstract;238
9.7.2;GENERATION OF CARBOCATIONS;238
9.7.3;REARRANGEMENTS OF CARBOCATIONS;240
9.7.4;REFERENCES;242
9.8;CHAPTER 28.
POLYPEPTIDE NEUROTOXINS;244
9.8.1;Abstract;244
9.8.2;INTRODUCTION;244
9.8.3;ISOLATION OF POLYPEPTIDE NEUROTOXINS;244
9.8.4;PRIMARY STRUCTURE;244
9.8.5;SPATIAL STRUCTURE;245
9.8.6;SYNTHESIS;247
9.8.7;CHEMICAL MODIFICATION;248
9.8.8;INTERACTION OF NEUROTOXINS WITH RECEPTORS;248
9.8.9;REFERENCES;249
10;PART 4:
NEW ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL AND THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY;252
10.1;CHAPTER 29. SYNERGETICS – THEORY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE TRANSITIONS AND FORMATION OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL
PATTERNS;254
10.1.1;Abstract;254
10.1.2;1. Introduction;254
10.1.3;2.
Levels of description;255
10.1.4;3 . The general approach;255
10.1.5;References;257
10.2;CHAPTER 30.
APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR QUANTUM MECHANICS TO PROBLEMS IN CHEMISTRY;260
10.2.1;Abstract;260
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;260
10.2.3;THEORY AND METHODS;260
10.2.4;PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY;261
10.2.5;INORGANIC CHEMISTRY;262
10.2.6;ORGANIC CHEMISTRY;263
10.2.7;Acknowledgment;264
10.2.8;REFERENCES;264
10.3;CHAPTER 31. LASER-INDUCED MULTIPLE PHOTON
PROCESSES IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY;266
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;266
10.3.2;REFERENCES;273
10.4;CHAPTER 32.
LASER STUDIES ON REACTION DYNAMICS;274
10.4.1;Abstract;274
10.4.2;TRANSLATIONAL EXCITATION;274
10.4.3;VIBRATIONAL EXCITATION;276
10.4.4;ELECTRONIC EXCITATION;276
10.4.5;REFERENCES;278
10.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;278
10.5;CHAPTER 33.
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION;280
10.5.1;Abstract;280
10.5.2;INTRODUCTION;280
10.5.3;GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;280
10.5.4;THE ALAIR CELL;281
10.5.5;T.. OXYGEN ELECTRODE POIARISATICN AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTROCATALYSIS;282
10.5.6;ELEJCTPOCHEMISTRy OF ALUMINIUM;284
10.5.7;SOME NOVELTIES IN
THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE ALAIR BATTERY;287
10.5.8;REFERENCES;287
10.6;CHAPTER 34. ION FLOW THROUGH INDIVIDUAL MEMBRANE PORES AND ITS CONTROL BY MEMBRANE
VOLTAGE AND BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS;288
10.6.1;Abstract;288
10.6.2;INTRODUCTION;288
10.6.3;THE GRAMICIDIN CHANNEL;289
10.6.4;THE ACETYLCHOLINE–ACTIVATED
CHANNEL;290
10.6.5;THE Na-CHANNEL OF NERVE MEMBRANE;291
10.6.6;REFERENCES;293
10.7;CHAPTER 35.
MICELLES AMD MICROEMULSIONS. SELF-DIFFUSION STUDIES OF IONIC SURFACTANT SELF-ASSOCIATION, OF THE CLOUDING PHENOMENON OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS AND OF THE STRUCTURE OF MICROEMULSIONS;294
10.7.1;Abstract;294
10.7.2;INTRODUCTION;294
10.7.3;IONIC SURFACTANT SELF-ASSOCIATION;295
10.7.4;MICELLES OF NONIONIC
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) DERIVATIVES;296
10.7.5;MICROEMULSIONS;299
10.7.6;REFERENCES;301
10.8;CHAPTER 36.
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF ADSORPTION LAYERS;302
10.8.1;Abstract;302
10.8.2;INTRODUCTION;302
10.8.3;PRINCIPLES;302
10.8.4;FINGERPRINTING: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;303
10.8.5;SURFACE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES: SCREENING AND BONDING;304
10.8.6;GEOMETRIC AND ELECTRONIC INFORMATION FROM ANGLE- AND ENERGY DEPENDENT
MEASUREMENTS;305
10.8.7;SUMMARY;306
10.8.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;306
10.8.9;REFERENCES;307
11;PART 5:
PROGRESS IN THE PRODUCION OF CHEMICAL BASIC MATERIALS;308
11.1;CHAPTER 37.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ALKALI CHLORIDE ELECTROLYSIS;310
11.1.1;Abstract;310
11.2;CHAPTER 38.
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF LOW GRADE ORES;314
11.2.1;Abstract;314
11.2.2;IN SITU LEACHING;314
11.2.3;IN PLACE LEACHING;315
11.2.4;DUMP LEACHING;316
11.2.5;HEAP LEACHING;317
11.2.6;REFERENCES;317
11.3;CHAPTER 39.
PRESENT STATUS OF COAL GASIFICATION;318
11.3.1;Abstract;318
11.4;CHAPTER 40.
HYDROCARBONS VIA FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS;328
11.4.1;Abstract;328
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;328
11.4.3;AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY;328
11.4.4;COMMERCIAL PLANTS;331
11.4.5;FUTURE PLANTS;332
11.5;CHAPTER 41.
STAND DER KOHLEHYDRIERUNG;334
11.5.1;Abstract;334
11.5.2;Ausgangssituation;334
11.5.3;Hauptlinien der Kohlehydrierung;335
11.5.4;Pilotanlagen zur Kohlehydrierung;336
11.5.5;Weiterverarbeitung von Kohleöl;338
11.5.6;Wirtschaftliche Aspekte;339
11.5.7;Ausblick;339
11.6;CHAPTER 42.
SHAPE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS IN AROMATICS PROCESSING;340
11.6.1;Abstract;340
11.6.2;1. INTRODUCTION;340
11.6.3;2. AROMATICS TRANSFORMATIONS;340
11.6.4;3. NEW ROUTE TO AROMATICS;345
11.6.5;4. CONCLUSION;348
11.6.6;REFERENCES;348
11.7;CHAPTER 43.
HIGH LEVEL SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS IN HETEROLOGOUS CELLS USING GENETIC ENGINEERING APPROACHES;350
11.7.1;Human Fibroblast Interferon;350
11.7.2;Immune
Interferon (IFN-.);351
11.7.3;Interleukin 2 (IL2);353
11.7.4;Conclusion;353
11.7.5;Acknowledgements;353
11.7.6;References;353
11.8;CHAPTER 44.
PRODUCTION OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS USING IMMOBILIZED .IOCATALYSTS;356
11.8.1;Abstract;356
11.8.2;INTRODUCTION;356
11.8.3;IMMOBILIZED AMINOACYLASE;356
11.8.4;IMMOBILIZED MICROBIAL CELLS;357
11.8.5;REFERENCES;359
11.9;CHAPTER 45. CHEMICALS AND FUELS FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS BYCONVERSIONS: OVERVIEW; TECHNOECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PROCESS
OPTIONS;360
11.9.1;ABSTRACT;360
11.9.2;INTRODUCTION;360
11.9.3;RAW MATERIAL COSTS;360
11.9.4;LIGN0CELLUL0SICS - A CHEAPER SUGAR SOURCE?;361
11.9.5;COMPETITIVE PROCESS OPTIONS;364
11.9.6;ETHANOL - HOW ATTRACTIVE A PRODUCT?;364
11.9.7;THE FUTURE OF BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC
BIOMASS;366
11.9.8;REFERENCES;367
12;PART 6:
EDUCATION IN CHEMISTRY;368
12.1;CHAPTER 46.
CLOSED CIRCUITS - CHEMISTRY HARMLESS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT;370
12.1.1;Abstract;370
12.2;CHAPTER 47.
CHEMISTRY ON TELEVISION WHAT SHOULD WE SAY TO WHOM AND HOW ?;378
12.2.1;Abstract;378
12.3;CHAPTER 48.
THE TEACHING OF MOLECULAR GEOMETRY BY THE VSEPR METHOD;382
12.3.1;Abstract;382
12.3.2;Basic Ideas;382
12.3.3;Multiple Bonds;384
12.3.4;Exceptions and Limitations;385
12.3.5;Transition Metal Compounds;386
12.3.6;Molecular Conformations;387
12.3.7;Deviations From Ideal Shapes;387
12.3.8;VSEPR and the Pauli Exclusion Principle;388
12.3.9;VSEPR and Hybrid Orbitals;388
12.3.10;Conclusion;389
12.4;CHAPTER 49.
THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTS IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY;390
12.4.1;Abstract;390
12.4.2;A) LECTURE DEMONSTRATIONS;392
12.4.3;B) STUDENT EXPERIMENTS;392
12.4.4;REACTION OF A WITH B;393
12.4.5;REFERENCES;394
12.5;CHAPTER 50.
TEACHING CHEMISTRY TODAY: WHAT DO WE AIM FOR ?;396
12.5.1;Abstract;396
12.5.2;INTRODUCTION;396
12.5.3;LEARNING TO FACE AND SOLVE PROBLEMS;396
12.5.4;SEARCHING FOR NEW KNOWLEDGE;397
12.5.5;USING DEFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DEVELOPING "SYSTEMS-THINKING";398
12.5.6;LEARNING TO TRANSFER KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT;401
12.5.7;DEVELOPING A CRITICAL MIND AND RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE;403
12.5.8;RESPECT TEACHING;404
12.5.9;REFERENCES;405
12.6;CHAPTER 51. CHEMISTRY AS A BASIS FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES - WHERE DID WE
GO WRONG AND HOW CAN WE DO IT RIGHT;406
12.6.1;Abstract;406
12.6.2;INTRODUCTION;406
12.6.3;THE SITUATION TODAY;406
12.6.4;CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY;407
12.6.5;REFERENCES;409
12.7;CHAPTER 52.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING:HOW TO MEET THE NEEDS;410
12.7.1;Abstract;410
12.7.2;1.
DAS SCHWEIZERISCHE SCHULSYSTEM ;410
12.7.3;2. DIE BERUFSLEHRE;410
12.7.4;3.
DIE UNTEREN KADER;412
12.7.5;4. MITTLERE UND OBERE KADER;414
12.8;CHAPTER 53.
AUSBILDUNG VON TECHNIKERN IN DEN ÖLFELDERN DER SAHARA;416
12.8.1;Abstract;416
12.9;CHAPTER 54.
TRAINING FOR CHEMISTRY VOCATIONS IN NORWAY;422
12.9.1;Abstract;422
12.9.2;Introduction;422
12.9.3;The training system;423
12.9.4;Training of apprentices;424
12.9.5;Raising the skill of existing process operators;424
12.9.6;Training by simulation;425
12.9.7;Co-operation between the vocational schools and the chemical industry;427
12.9.8;Attitudes and human resources;428
13;PART 7:
CHEMICAL INFORMATION FLOW: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE;430
13.1;CHAPTER 55.
ROLE OF IUPAC IN PROVIDING AND MAKING AVAILABLE NUMERIC DATA IN TRADITIONAL AND MACHINE READABLE FORM;432
13.1.1;Abstract;432
13.1.2;Numeric data compilations;432
13.1.3;Communication;433
13.1.4;IUPAC Publications programme;433
13.1.5;Data Banks;434
13.1.6;Near future;434
13.2;CHAPTER 56.
DATABASES - FROM REFERENCES TO FACTS;436
13.2.1;Abstract;436
13.2.2;INTRODUCTION;436
13.2.3;PROBLEMS IN USING DATABASES;437
13.2.4;NUMERICAL DATABASES;438
13.2.5;REFERENCES;442
13.3;CHAPTER 57.
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR CHEMICAL INFORMATION: UNIVERSITY VIEW;444
13.3.1;Abstract;444
13.3.2;REFERENCES;451
13.4;CHAPTER 58.
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR CHEMICAL INFORMATION: INDUSTRY VIEW;452
13.4.1;Abstract;452
13.5;CHAPTER 59.
FUTURE OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION SERVICES;464
13.5.1;Abstract;464
13.5.2;INTRODUCTION;464
13.5.3;BLURRING OF THE BOUNDARIES OF THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY INFORMATION-TRANSFER SYSTEMS;465
13.5.4;BLURRING OF THE ROLES OF PUBLISHERS, DATABASE PRODUCERS, VENDORS, AND DISTRIBUTORS;465
13.5.5;NEW CHEMICAL INFORMATION SERVICES ON THE HORIZON;467
13.5.6;INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION SERVICES;467
13.5.7;SUGGESTIONS ON ACHIEVING THE NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE;469
13.5.8;CONCLUSION;469