Guccione / Ratcliffe / Kassab Computational Cardiovascular Mechanics

Modeling and Applications in Heart Failure
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0730-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 320 Seiten

Computational Cardiovascular Mechanics provides a cohesive guide to creating mathematical models for the mechanics of diseased hearts to simulate the effects of current treatments for heart failure. Clearly organized in a two part structure, this volume discusses various areas of computational modeling of cardiovascular mechanics (finite element modeling of ventricular mechanics, fluid dynamics) in addition to a description an analysis of the current applications used (solid FE modeling, CFD). Edited by experts in the field, researchers involved with biomedical and mechanical engineering will find Computational Cardiovascular Mechanics a valuable reference.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ratcliffe, Mark

Guccione, Julius M.

Kassab, Ghassan

Ratcliffe, Mark B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors ;8
4;Introduction;11
4.1;1 Heart Failure;11
4.2;2 Cardiac Surgery;12
4.3;3 New Devices and Operations;13
4.3.1;3.1 Mechanical Circulatory Support;13
4.3.2;3.2 Surgical Remodeling;14
4.3.3;3.3 Passive Constraint;15
4.4;4 Remaining Problems;15
4.4.1;4.1 Emboli from Intravascular Devices;16
4.4.2;4.2 The Effect of Device Therapy on Ventricular Function;16
4.5;5 Cardiovascular Applications of the Finite Element Method;16
4.5.1;5.1 A Brief History;16
4.6;6 Computational Fluid Dynamics;18
4.6.1;6.1 A Brief History;18
4.6.2;6.2 Applications to Cardiovascular System;19
4.7;7 Our Method of Approach;19
4.8;8 Introduction to Book Chapters;20
4.9;9 Future Directions;22
4.9.1;References;22
5;Part I Computational Modeling of Cardiovascular Mechanics;26
5.1;1 In Vivo Left Ventricular Geometry and Boundary Conditions;27
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;27
5.1.2;1.2 Anatomy of a Good Grid;28
5.1.3;1.3 Mesh Generation of an Axisymmetric Truncated Ellipsoid Using TrueGrid ;29
5.1.4;1.4 Mesh Generation of an Axisymmetric Truncated Ellipsoid with Polymeric Injections Using TrueGrid ;11
5.1.5;1.5 Mesh Generation of a Full 3-D Non-axisymmetric LV Using TrueGrid ;12
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 Contouring the Epicardium and Endocardium of the Left Ventricle;34
5.1.5.2;1.5.2 Defining Aneurysm, Border Zone and Remote Regions, and Converting 2-D Contour Data to 3-D Data;13
5.1.5.3;1.5.3 Generating IGES Curves for Different Material Areas and IGES Surface for Endocardium and Epicardium;14
5.1.5.4;1.5.4 Creation of FE Mesh Using TrueGrid ® and Closer;15
5.1.6;1.6 Create FEA Mesh Using LaGriT-PNNL and MeshMAGIC;15
5.1.7;1.7 A Brief Discussion of Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions;42
5.1.8;References;22
5.2;2 Imaging-Based Assessment and Modeling of the Structures of the Myocardium;46
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;46
5.2.2;2.2 Principles of MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging;47
5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Basis of Diffusion Encoding in MRI;47
5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Anisotropic Diffusion Measurements by MRI;48
5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Strategies and Practical Considerations of DTI;50
5.2.3;2.3 DTI Assessments of Myocardial Structures;51
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Prior Developments;51
5.2.3.2;2.3.2 Histological Validation of DTI Measurements of Myocardial Fiber Orientation;51
5.2.3.3;2.3.3 DTI of Normal Hearts;52
5.2.3.4;2.3.4 DTI and the Myocardial Laminar Structure;53
5.2.3.5;2.3.5 Scalar DTI Measurements and Myocardial Structure;54
5.2.3.6;2.3.6 DTI of Diseased Hearts;55
5.2.3.7;2.3.7 In Vivo DTI of the Beating Heart;56
5.2.4;2.4 Applications of MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging;56
5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Image-to-Grid Mapping of MR-DTI Data;56
5.2.4.2;2.4.2 Anatomical and Pathological Variations in Fiber Organization;58
5.2.5;2.5 Future Directions;59
5.2.6;References;60
5.3;3 Constitutive Equations and Model Validation;63
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;63
5.3.2;3.2 Passive Material Properties of Intact Ventricular Myocardium Determined from a Cylindrical Model;64
5.3.3;3.3 Mechanics of Active Contraction in Cardiac Muscle;65
5.3.4;3.4 Constitutive Relations for Fiber Stress That Describe Deactivation;65
5.3.5;3.5 Cylindrical Models of the Systolic Left Ventricle;67
5.3.6;3.6 The Effects of Cross-Fiber Deformation on Axial Fiber Stress in Myocardium;72
5.3.7;3.7 Experimental Measurements Used to Validate Regional Ventricular Mechanics Models;73
5.3.8;References;75
5.4;4 Determination of Myocardial Material Propertiesby Optimization;77
5.4.1;4.1 Introduction;77
5.4.2;4.2 Epicardial Suction: An Approach to Mechanical Testing of the Passive Ventricular Wall;78
5.4.3;4.3 Akinetic Myocardial Infarcts Must Contain Contracting Myocytes, Material Parameter Estimation;80
5.4.4;4.4 Informal Optimization of Regional Myocardial Contractility in a Sheep with Left Ventricular Aneurysm;85
5.4.5;4.5 A Computationally Efficient Formal Optimization of Regional Myocardial Contractility in a Sheep with Left Ventricular Aneurysm;87
5.4.6;4.6 Future Directions;92
5.4.7;References;93
5.5;5 Computational Models of Cardiac Electrical Activation;95
5.5.1;5.1 Introduction;95
5.5.2;5.2 Modeling History;96
5.5.3;5.3 Major Components of Electrical Models;97
5.5.3.1;5.3.1 The Cardiac Source Model;98
5.5.3.2;5.3.2 The Volume Conductor Model;99
5.5.3.3;5.3.3 Model Assumptions;99
5.5.3.4;5.3.4 Model Theory;99
5.5.4;5.4 Forward Models of Electrocardiography;101
5.5.5;5.5 The Inverse Problem of Electrocardiography;102
5.5.6;5.6 Limitations of Forward and Inverse Models;102
5.5.7;5.7 Clinical Application of Inverse Models;104
5.5.8;5.8 Future Directions for Electrical Modeling;105
5.5.9;5.9 Conclusion;107
5.5.10;References;107
5.6;6 Geometrical Features of the Vascular System;111
5.6.1;6.1 Introduction;111
5.6.2;6.2 Significance of Vessel Geometry;112
5.6.3;6.3 Coronary Vasculature;112
5.6.3.1;6.3.1 Reduction of Coronary Morphology;113
5.6.3.2;6.3.2 Integration of Coronary Vasculature;114
5.6.4;6.4 StructureFunction Relation;114
5.6.4.1;6.4.1 Volume Scaling;117
5.6.4.2;6.4.2 Resistance Scaling;117
5.6.5;6.5 Functional Hierarchy;118
5.6.5.1;6.5.1 Possible Mechanisms for the Functional Hierarchy;120
5.6.6;6.6 Potential Clinical Applications;120
5.6.7;6.7 The Cardiome Project: Integration of Cardiac Structure and Function;121
5.6.8;6.8 Summary and Conclusions;122
5.6.9; References ;122
5.7;7 Vascular Geometry Reconstruction and Grid Generation;125
5.7.1;7.1 Introduction;125
5.7.2;7.2 Image Processing;126
5.7.2.1;7.2.1 Segmentation of the Vessel Boundary;127
5.7.2.2;7.2.2 Segmentation Under Topological Control;128
5.7.3;7.3 Centerline Detection;128
5.7.3.1;7.3.1 Vector Field;130
5.7.3.2;7.3.2 Determination of the Centerlines;130
5.7.3.3;7.3.3 Geometric Reconstruction;132
5.7.4;7.4 Grid Generation;133
5.7.4.1;7.4.1 Definition of GLFS;134
5.7.4.2;7.4.2 Layered Anisotropic Tetrahedra;136
5.7.4.3;7.4.3 Hybrid Prismatic/Tetrahedral Grids;137
5.7.4.4;7.4.4 Element Quality;138
5.7.5;7.5 Summary;138
5.7.6;References;139
5.8;8 Governing Equations of Blood Flow and Respective Numerical Methods;142
5.8.1;8.1 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics;142
5.8.2;8.2 Governing Equations;143
5.8.3;8.3 General CFD Methods;143
5.8.4;8.4 Finite Difference Method;145
5.8.5;8.5 Finite Element Method;148
5.8.5.1;8.5.1 Two-Dimensional Flow Patterns in the Epicardial LAD Arterial Tree;152
5.8.5.2;8.5.2 Three-Dimensional Flow Patterns in the Epicardial LAD Arterial Tree;153
5.8.6;8.6 Conclusion;159
5.8.7;References;159
5.9;9 FluidStructure Interaction (FSI) Modeling in the Cardiovascular System;161
5.9.1;9.1 Introduction;161
5.9.2;9.2 The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) Method;162
5.9.2.1;9.2.1 Governing Equations;162
5.9.2.2;9.2.2 Material Models;162
5.9.2.3;9.2.3 The ALE Formulation for Fluid--Structure Interaction;163
5.9.2.4;9.2.4 A Numerical Procedure for ALE Solutions;164
5.9.2.5;9.2.5 Alternative Approach for Treatment of Fluid with Moving Boundary;164
5.9.2.6;9.2.6 Discretization and Numerical Solution of the Discrete Equations;165
5.9.2.7;9.2.7 Formulations for Fluid--Structure Coupling;166
5.9.2.8;9.2.8 Finite Element Equations of the Coupled System;166
5.9.2.9;9.2.9 Iterative Computing of Two-Way FSI Coupling;166
5.9.3;9.3 The Immersed Boundary (IB) Method;167
5.9.3.1;9.3.1 Introduction;167
5.9.3.2;9.3.2 Mathematical Formulation;168
5.9.3.3;9.3.3 Discretization and Numerical Methods;169
5.9.4;9.4 Applications;169
5.9.4.1;9.4.1 Application of the ALE FSI to Surgical Devices;169
5.9.4.2;9.4.2 Computational Studies;170
5.9.4.3;9.4.3 Possible Injury Mechanisms;170
5.9.4.4;9.4.4 Fluid Dynamics;171
5.9.4.5;9.4.5 Application of the IB Method;172
5.9.4.6;9.4.6 Valveless Pumping;172
5.9.4.7;9.4.7 Flexible Fiber in a Flow Field;173
5.9.5;9.5 Conclusion;174
5.9.6; References ;175
5.10;10 Turbulence in the Cardiovascular System: Aortic Aneurysm as an Illustrative Example;178
5.10.1;10.1 Introduction;178
5.10.2;10.2 Simulation of Aortic Aneurysm Flow;179
5.10.3;10.3 Simulation Results;182
5.10.3.1;10.3.1 Two-Dimensional Instantaneous Flow Field;182
5.10.3.2;10.3.2 Three-Dimensional Flow Structures;184
5.10.3.3;10.3.3 Transition to Turbulence Due to Interaction Between Vortex Ring and Aortic Wall;187
5.10.3.4;10.3.4 Time History of the Instantaneous Velocity Field;188
5.10.3.5;10.3.5 Impact of Turbulence on Shear Stress Distribution in the Flow Domain;188
5.10.3.6;10.3.6 Impact of Turbulence on WSS;190
5.10.3.7;10.3.7 Model Limitations;192
5.10.4;10.4 Implications;192
5.10.5;10.5 Future Studies;193
5.10.6;10.6 Summary and Conclusions;193
5.10.7;References;194
6;Part II Applications in Heart Failure;196
6.1;11 Noninvasive Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling: Geometry, Wall Stress, and Function;197
6.1.1;11.1 Introduction;197
6.1.1.1;11.1.1 Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling;198
6.1.1.2;11.1.2 Left Ventricular Functional Remodeling;199
6.1.1.3;11.1.3 Changes in Left Ventricular Wall Stress After MI;200
6.1.2;11.2 LV Imaging and 3D Reconstruction;202
6.1.3;11.3 Computation of 3D Surface Shape Descriptors;202
6.1.3.1;11.3.1 Local Surface Patch Fitting;203
6.1.3.2;11.3.2 Computation of LV Surface Curvatures;206
6.1.4;11.4 Regional Peak Systolic Wall Stress and Wall Thickening;208
6.1.5;11.5 Comparison Between Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy LV and Normal LV;208
6.1.5.1;11.5.1 Global LV Function Between IDCM LV and Normal LV;208
6.1.5.2;11.5.2 Variation of Curvedness, Peak Systolic Wall Stress, and Wall Thickening from Base to Apex in Normal LV;209
6.1.5.3;11.5.3 Comparison of Curvedness, Peak Systolic Wall Stress, and Wall Thickening in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy LV and Normal LV;211
6.1.6;11.6 Summary;212
6.1.7; References ;212
6.2;12 Surgical Left Ventricular Remodeling Procedures;215
6.2.1;12.1 Introduction;215
6.2.2;12.2 Residual Stress Produced by Ventricular Volume Reduction Surgery Has Little Effect on Ventricular Function and Mechanics;215
6.2.3;12.3 Effect of Ventricular Size and Patch Stiffness in Surgical Anterior Ventricular Restoration;218
6.2.4;12.4 MRI-Based Finite Element Stress Analysis of Linear Repair of Left Ventricular Aneurysm;222
6.2.5;References;227
6.3;13 Passive Left Ventricular Constraint Devices;229
6.3.1;13.1 Introduction;229
6.3.2;13.2 Acorn CorCap Cardiac Support Device on the Failing Left Ventricle: Original Polyester Mesh Fabric Design ;231
6.3.3;13.3 Acorn CorCap Cardiac Support Device on the Failing Left Ventricle: Modified Polyester Mesh Fabric Design ;234
6.3.4;13.4 Adjustable Passive Constraint on the Failing Left Ventricle;236
6.3.5;13.5 Myosplint Decreases Wall Stress Without Depressing Function in the Failing Heart;239
6.3.6;13.6 Conclusion;240
6.3.7;References;243
6.4;14 Left Ventricular Implantation of Biomaterials;245
6.4.1;14.1 Introduction;245
6.4.2;14.2 FE Studies of Non-contractile Material Addition to the Infarct-Injured Ventricle;246
6.4.3;14.3 FE Studies of Non-contractile Material Addition to a Globally Failing Ventricle;249
6.4.4;14.4 A Method for Automatically Optimizing the Pattern of Injected Non-contractile Material for Treating Heart Failure;250
6.4.5;References;256
6.5;15 Computational Modeling of Heart Failure with Application to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy;257
6.5.1;15.1 Introduction;257
6.5.1.1;15.1.1 Heart Failure;258
6.5.1.2;15.1.2 Dyssynchronous Heart Failure;258
6.5.1.3;15.1.3 Patient-Specific Modeling;259
6.5.2;15.2 Computational Modeling of Cardiac Electromechanics;259
6.5.2.1;15.2.1 Ventricular Anatomy and Fiber Architecture;259
6.5.2.2;15.2.2 Impulse Conduction;261
6.5.2.3;15.2.3 Cardiac Mechanics;262
6.5.2.3.1;15.2.3.1 Estimation of Properties from Global Measurements;263
6.5.2.3.2;15.2.3.2 Estimation of Properties from Regional Measurements;264
6.5.2.4;15.2.4 Scar Tissue;264
6.5.2.5;15.2.5 Hemodynamics;266
6.5.3;15.3 Model Prediction of CRT;266
6.5.4;References;267
6.6;16 Computational Modeling of Aortic Heart Valve Mechanics Across Multiple Scales;272
6.6.1;16.1 Introduction;272
6.6.2;16.2 Background on Modeling the Aortic Valve;273
6.6.3;16.3 Regional Differences in the Aortic Valve;277
6.6.4;16.4 Examining Aortic Root Compliance;279
6.6.5;16.5 The Importance of the Sinuses of Valsalva;281
6.6.6;16.6 Fiber-Reinforcement of Aortic Cusps;284
6.6.7;16.7 Multiscale Studies;285
6.6.8;16.8 Conclusion;289
6.6.9;References;290
6.7;17 Blood Flow in an Out-of-Plane Aorto-left Coronary Sequential Bypass Graft;293
6.7.1;17.1 Introduction;293
6.7.2;17.2 CFD Analysis;294
6.7.2.1;17.2.1 Geometry;294
6.7.2.2;17.2.2 Material Properties and Flow Conditions;295
6.7.2.3;17.2.3 Computational Setup;297
6.7.3;17.3 Simulation Results;297
6.7.3.1;17.3.1 Sequential Bypass Graft;297
6.7.3.2;17.3.2 Comparison of Sequential and Multiple Bypass Graft;302
6.7.3.3;17.3.3 Critique of Simulation;305
6.7.4;17.4 Implications and Limitations of Simulations;306
6.7.4.1;17.4.1 Patency of CABG Procedures;306
6.7.4.2;17.4.2 WSS, Spatial WSSG, and Atherosclerosis;307
6.7.5;17.5 Summary and Conclusions;309
6.7.6;References;310
6.8;18 Computational Fluid Dynamics Models of Ventricular Assist Devices;312
6.8.1;18.1 Introduction;312
6.8.2;18.2 Clinical Impact;312
6.8.3;18.3 History of VAD Use;313
6.8.4;18.4 Design Concerns with VADs;318
6.8.4.1;18.4.1 Blood Damage Models;320
6.8.5;18.5 CFD Modeling of VADs;321
6.8.5.1;18.5.1 Turbulence Models;322
6.8.5.2;18.5.2 Validation With Experimental Data;322
6.8.6;18.6 CFD Model Results;322
6.8.6.1;18.6.1 Pediatric VADs;325
6.8.6.2;18.6.2 Host--VAD Interaction;326
6.8.7;18.7 Conclusions;328
6.8.8;References;328
7;Index;332