Gujer Systems Analysis for Water Technology

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-77278-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 462 Seiten

This book has a rather long history. It goes back to 1980, when environmental engineering evolved from sanitary engineering as a new and broader engineering discipline. I had the assignment to teach a course in mathematical modeling of technical systems as part of a new postgraduate course in Urban Water Mana- ment and Water Pollution Control at ETH in Zurich. I decided to teach this course on a rather abstract level, with the goal of introducing methods that are generally applicable across the different disciplines of what was then defined as envir- mental engineering. Now I teach a graduate course in methods for urban water management, which heavily relies on the material I compiled in the 1980s. This course is offered in the first semester of the master education in environmental engineering at ETH; it requires four hours of lecturing and problem sessions a week during one semester. The students earn six credit units (ECTS). Of all the engineering disciplines, environmental engineering appears to be among those that maintain the most intimate contacts with the natural science disciplines. Only a detailed understanding of chemical, physical, and microbial processes will lead to engineered systems that fulfill the requirements of society and the environment and at the same time do not require excessive economic and natural resources.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gujer, Willi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Content;7
3;Chapter 1 Introduction;14
3.1;1.1 Goal and Content of This Text;14
4;Chapter 2 Modeling and Simulation;17
4.1;2.1 System, Model, Simulation;17
4.2;2.2 Models in Natural and Engineering Sciences;18
4.3;2.3 Types of Mathematical Models;18
4.4;2.4 Systems Analysis;20
4.5;2.5 Calibration, Validation, and Verification;22
4.6;2.6 Model Structure;23
4.7;2.7 Simulation;24
4.8;2.8 Components of a Model;25
4.9;2.9 Dimensions and Units;33
5;Chapter 3 System Boundaries and Material Balances;35
5.1;3.1 System Definition;35
5.2;3.2 System Boundaries;37
5.3;3.3 General Balance Equation;38
5.4;3.4 Special Cases of the Material Balance Equation;45
5.5;3.5 Summary;51
6;Chapter 4 Transport Processes;52
6.1;4.1 Characterization of Transport Processes;53
6.2;4.2 Modeling of Transport Processes;54
7;Chapter 5 Transformation Processes;88
7.1;5.1 Case Study;88
7.2;5.2 Transformation Written in Conventional Form;89
7.3;5.3 Stoichiometric Matrix;91
7.4;5.4 Kinetics;95
7.5;5.5 State Variables;98
7.6;5.6 Composition of Materials;101
7.7;5.7 Conservation Laws;103
7.8;5.8 Summary;111
8;Chapter 6 Ideal Reactors;112
8.1;6.1 Overview of Ideal Reactors;112
8.2;6.2 The Batch Reactor;113
8.3;6.3 The Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR);116
8.4;6.4 A Cascade of Stirred Tank Reactors;119
8.5;6.5 The Plug-Flow Reactor;122
8.6;6.6 Plug-Flow Reactor with Turbulence;125
8.7;6.7 Sequencing Batch Reactor;134
8.8;6.8 Completely Mixed or Plug-Flow Reactor?;138
8.9;6.9 Summary;138
9;Chapter 7 Hydraulic Residence Time Distribution;139
9.1;7.1 RTD: A Spectrum of Retention Times;140
9.2;7.2 Characterization of Residence Time Distributions;143
9.3;7.3 Experimental Determination of an RTD;144
9.4;7.4 Residence Time Distributions of Ideal Reactors;152
9.5;7.5 Reactor Combinations;169
9.6;7.6 RTD with Stochastic Models;169
10;Chapter 8 Modeling of Real Reactors;174
10.1;8.1 Goal;174
10.2;8.2 Time of Mixing;175
10.3;8.3 Methods for Model Identification;177
10.4;8.4 Case Study;180
11;Chapter 9 Heterogeneous Systems;187
11.1;9.1 Classification of Processes and Systems;187
11.2;9.2 Multiphase Systems;188
11.3;9.3 Behavior of Individual Particles;190
11.4;9.4 Case Studies;192
12;Chapter 10 Dynamic Behavior of Reactors;218
12.1;10.1 Causes of the Dynamics;219
12.2;10.2 Adjustment to Step Changes in Load;221
12.3;10.3 Periodic Load Variation;224
12.4;10.4 Discussion of Time Constants;236
12.5;10.5 Nonstationary Effluent in Sewers;241
13;Chapter 11 Measurement and Measurement Uncertainty;244
13.1;11.1 Definitions from Descriptive Statistics;244
13.2;11.2 Measuring Systems;248
13.3;11.3 Measuring Uncertainty;250
13.4;11.4 Case Example: COD Measurement (Standard Curve);257
13.5;11.5 Identifying an Error Model;258
13.6;11.6 Uncovering Systematic Measurement Errors;260
14;Chapter 12 Parameter Identification, Sensitivity and Error Propagation;263
14.1;12.1 Parameter Identification;263
14.2;12.2 Introduction of an Extended Case Study;269
14.3;12.3 Sensitivity and Identifiability;272
14.4;12.4 Model Structure;280
14.5;12.5 Parameter Uncertainty;287
14.6;12.6 Linear Error Propagation;297
14.7;12.7 Nonlinear Error Propagation;302
14.8;12.8 Correlated Parameter Values: A Word of Caution;317
14.9;12.9 Summary of Model Identification;318
15;Chapter 13 Process Control Engineering;320
15.1;13.1 Examples of Operating Strategies;320
15.2;13.2 Control Path and Control Loop;323
15.3;13.3 Step Response of a Subsystem;326
15.4;13.4 Step Response of a Controlled System;331
15.5;13.5 Characteristic Curves of a Controlled System;336
15.6;13.6 The Standard Automatic Controller;337
15.7;13.7 Case Study: Control of Oxygenation in an Activated Sludge Plant;353
15.8;13.8 Fuzzy controllers;360
16;Chapter 14 Time Series Analysis;365
16.1;14.1 Time Series;365
16.2;14.2 Stationary Time Series;366
16.3;14.3 Case study: Yearly Variation of the Temperature;367
16.4;14.4 Conventional Statistical Characterization;368
16.5;14.5 Moving Average;369
16.6;14.6 Trend Lines;374
16.7;14.7 Removing a Trend;376
16.8;14.8 Logistic Growth;378
16.9;14.9 Discrete Fourier Transformation;379
16.10;14.10 Autocorrelation, AR(1) Model;382
16.11;14.11 Case study;392
17;Chapter 15 Design under Uncertainty;401
17.1;15.1 Dealing with Uncertainty;401
17.2;15.2 Variation and Uncertainty;403
17.3;15.3 Case Study;407
17.4;15.4 Second-Order Uncertainty;424
18;Chapter 16 Problems;427
18.1;16.1 Composition Matrix and Conservation Equation;427
18.2;16.2 Conservation of TOD;428
18.3;16.3 Breakpoint Chlorination: Stoichiometry and Composition;428
18.4;16.4 Deriving a Stoichiometric Matrix;429
18.5;16.5 Mass Balance in the Steady State;429
18.6;16.6 Ideal Reactors, Chemostats;430
18.7;16.7 Ideal Reactors, Plug Flow;431
18.8;16.8 Ideal Reactors, Sampling in Turbulent Flow;432
18.9;16.9 Ideal Reactors, Disinfection;433
18.10;16.10 Ideal Reactors, SBR;434
18.11;16.11 Residence Time Distribution, Cascade of CSTRs;434
18.12;16.12 RTD, Reactor Model;435
18.13;16.13 RTD, Activated Sludge Tank;436
18.14;16.14 RTD, Flow Rate and Dispersion in a Sewer;437
18.15;16.15 Modeling a Sewer;438
18.16;16.16 RTD, Disinfection Reactor;438
18.17;16.17 RTD, Additivity of tm and s2;438
18.18;16.18 RTD, Turbulent Plug-Flow Reactor;438
18.19;16.19 Heterogeneous Systems: Filtration;439
18.20;16.20 Substrate Profiles in a Biofilm;439
18.21;16.21 Bode Diagram;441
18.22;16.22 Dynamic Nitrification;441
18.23;16.23 Nonstationary Flow in Sewers;442
18.24;16.24 Stochastic Measurement Error;443
18.25;16.25 Systematic Measurement Error;445
18.26;16.26 Sensitivity and Parameter Identification;446
18.27;16.27 Sensitivity;447
18.28;16.28 Error Propagation with Correlated Uncertainty;447
18.29;16.29 System Identification;448
18.30;16.30 Uncertainty, Error Propagation;451
18.31;16.31 Process Control, Two-Position Controller;451
18.32;16.32 Process Control, PID Controller;452
18.33;16.33 Time Series Analysis;453
18.34;16.34 Design under Uncertainty, Nitrification;454
18.35;16.35 Integrated Problem: Nitrification in an RBC;456
18.36;16.36 Integrated Problem: Analyzing a Fish Pond;459
19;Literature;461
20;Index;463