Gursky / Supriatna / Gursky-Doyen Indonesian Primates

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-1560-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 410 Seiten

Indonesia possesses the second largest primate population in the world, with over 33 different primate species. Although Brazil possesses more primate species, Indonesia outranks it in terms of its diversity of primates, ranging from prosimians (slow lorises and tarsiers), to a multitude of Old World Monkey species (macaques, langurs, proboscis moneys) to lesser apes (siamangs, gibbons) and great apes (orangutans). The primates of Indonesia are distributed throughout the archipelago. Partly in response to the number of primates distributed throughout the Indonesian archipelago, Indonesia is classified as the home of two biodiversity hotspots (Wallacea and Sundaland). In order to be classified as a hotspot, an area must have a large proportion of endemic species coupled with a high degree of threat including having lost more than 70% of its original habitat. Two areas within Indonesia meet these criteria. The tremendous diversity of primates in Indonesia, in conjunction with the conservation issues facing the primates of this region, created a need for this volume.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gursky, Sharon

Supriatna, Jatna

Gursky-Doyen, Sharon

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;10
4;Introduction;14
4.1;References;19
5;Indonesia’s Apes;20
5.1;Measuring Performance of Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit: Implications for Species Conservation;21
5.1.1;Introduction;21
5.1.2;Methods Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit (OPMU);22
5.1.3;Patrolling;23
5.1.4;Wildlife Monitoring;24
5.1.5;Crime Investigation;24
5.1.6;Promoting Awareness;24
5.1.7;Data Analysis;25
5.1.8;Results and Discussion;26
5.1.9;Wildlife Encounters;30
5.1.10;Conclusions and Recommendations;33
5.1.11;References;34
5.1.12;Introduction;35
5.2;Communication, Culture and Conservation in Orangutans;35
5.2.1;Communication and Social Organization;37
5.2.2;Orangutan Vocal Communication;41
5.2.3;Culture and Social Learning;44
5.2.4;Vocal Cultures?;46
5.2.5;Conservation and Considerations;47
5.2.6;References;48
5.3;The Natural History of Sumatran Orangutan ( Pongo abelii);53
5.3.1;Introduction;53
5.3.2;Field Sites;53
5.3.3;Life History;54
5.3.4;Population Distribution;54
5.3.5;Behavioral Ecology;56
5.3.6;Activity Patterns;56
5.3.7;Diet;57
5.3.8;Meat Eating;58
5.3.9;Tool Use;58
5.3.10;Social Relationships;59
5.3.11;Male–Male Relationships;60
5.3.12;Male–Female Relationships;61
5.3.13;Female–Female Relationships;61
5.3.14;Mating Strategies;62
5.3.15;Conservation;63
5.3.16;Conclusions;63
5.3.17;References;64
5.4;Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch): Population and Conservation;68
5.4.1;Introduction;68
5.4.2;Threats to the Javan Gibbons;70
5.4.3;Distribution and Key Populations;71
5.4.4;Habitat and Remaining Forest;74
5.4.5;Conservation Measures for the Javan Gibbon Population and Habitat Viability Analysis Workshop;75
5.4.6;Rescue and Rehabilitation Program;76
5.4.7;Javan Gibbon Center;77
5.4.8;Securing More Habitat via Corridor Development;78
5.4.9;Educating People to Save the Javan Gibbon;79
5.4.10;Other Conservation Measure Needs and Recommendations;79
5.4.11;References;81
5.5;Siamang Socioecology in Spatiotemporally Heterogenous Landscapes: Do “ Typical” Groups Exist?;84
5.5.1;Introduction;84
5.5.2;Methods Study Area and Siamang Population;86
5.5.3;Behavioral Data Collection;88
5.5.4;Data Analysis;89
5.5.5;Results Intergroup Variation in General Activity Patterns;91
5.5.6;Seasonal Variation;94
5.5.7;Inter-annual Differences;96
5.5.8;Discussion;99
5.5.9;References;104
5.6;Impact of Forest Fragmentation on Ranging and Home Range of Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) and Agile Gibbons ( Hylobates agilis);108
5.6.1;Introduction;108
5.6.2;Study Area;109
5.6.3;Sungai (Sg.) Misang;109
5.6.4;Lorong (Lr.) Gambir;111
5.6.5;Sg. Mangun;111
5.6.6;Sg. Tembalun;112
5.6.7;Kulai Tanang;113
5.6.8;Methods Day Range;113
5.6.9;Home Range;114
5.6.10;Results Day Range;115
5.6.11;Home Range Size;118
5.6.12;Number of 0.25-ha Quadrats Entered;119
5.6.13;Overlap;123
5.6.14;Discussion;126
5.6.15;References;128
5.7;Behavioural Ecology of Gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in a Degraded Peat- Swamp Forest;131
5.7.1;Introduction;131
5.7.2;Historical Note;133
5.7.3;IUCN Status and Threats;134
5.7.4;Hylobates albibarbis;134
5.7.5;Study Area and Gibbons;135
5.7.6;Aims;138
5.7.7;Methods;138
5.7.8;Habituation of Gibbons;139
5.7.9;Habituation Techniques;139
5.7.10;Signs that the Gibbons are Becoming More Habituated;140
5.7.11;Searching for and Locating Gibbons;140
5.7.12;Home Range Size, Group Encounter Rates and Territorial Overlap;141
5.7.13;Activity Patterns and Time Budgets;143
5.7.14;Secondary Activities (Fig. 8.5);145
5.7.15;Social Interactions Within the Group;146
5.7.16;Conflict Between Groups;148
5.7.17;Ranging Behaviour and Travel Distances;149
5.7.18;Vertical Use of Forest Canopy;152
5.7.19;Diet and Feeding Ecology;153
5.7.20;Energy Intake;157
5.7.21;Sleeping Trees;158
5.7.22;Singing;159
5.7.23;Conclusions;160
5.7.24;Conservation Recommendations;160
5.7.25;References;162
5.8;Effect of Habitat Quality on Primate Populations in Kalimantan: Gibbons and Leaf Monkeys as Case Studies;167
5.8.1;Introduction;167
5.8.2;Study Site and Subjects;168
5.8.3;Field Methods;171
5.8.4;Habitat-Specific Population Densities;173
5.8.5;What Determines Habitat Quality for Primates?;173
5.8.6;Effects of Variation in Habitat Quality;175
5.8.7;Discussion;179
5.8.8;Future Directions;181
5.8.9;References;183
6;Indonesia’s Monkeys;188
6.1;Predator Recognition in the Absence of Selection;189
6.1.1;Introduction;189
6.1.2;Case Study: Relaxed Predation Pressure in a Wild Primate Pig- tailed Langurs;193
6.1.3;Hypotheses and Predictions;194
6.1.4;Field Site and Experimental Procedure;195
6.1.5;Results and Discussion;196
6.1.6;Evaluating Predator Recognition;199
6.1.7;Predator Presentations;199
6.1.8;Reintroductions;199
6.1.9;Ontogeny;200
6.1.10;Conclusions;200
6.1.11;References;201
6.2;The Relationship Between Nonhuman Primate Densities and Vegetation on the Pagai, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia;206
6.2.1;Introduction;206
6.2.2;Hypotheses and Predictions;208
6.2.3;Methods;209
6.2.4;Data Analysis;210
6.2.5;Results;211
6.2.6;Discussion Relationship Between Vegetation Variables and Specific Hypotheses and Predictions;211
6.2.7;Relationship Between Other Vegetation Variables and Primate Densities;214
6.2.8;Conclusions;216
6.2.9;Appendix. Primate Densities and Vegetation Variables. Key is at Bottom of Appendix;217
6.2.10;Key;218
6.2.11;References;219
6.3;Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus): Bio- ecology and Conservation;223
6.3.1;Introduction;223
6.3.2;Habitat Distribution;224
6.3.3;Population Density;225
6.3.4;Population Threats;227
6.3.5;Geometric and Biomass;229
6.3.6;Daily Activities and Energy Requirement;230
6.3.7;Food and Mineral Requirement;232
6.3.8;In Situ Conservation;234
6.3.9;Ex Situ Conservation;235
6.3.10;Conservation Programs;235
6.3.11;Conclusions;237
6.3.12;References;237
6.4;Pests, Pestilence, and People: The Long-Tailed Macaque and Its Role in the Cultural Complexities of Bali;240
6.4.1;Introduction;240
6.4.2;Macaque Geographical Distribution;241
6.4.3;The Bali Macaque;241
6.4.4;An Anthropogenic Ecology;242
6.4.5;Population Dynamic Structure: Dispersal;245
6.4.6;Phylogeny and Population Structure;246
6.4.7;Population Management and Conservation Genetics;248
6.4.8;Humans and Macaques on Bali: Ethnoprimatology and Shared Ecologies;249
6.4.9;Conclusion;252
6.4.10;References;252
6.5;The Not-So-Sacred Monkeys of Bali: A Radiographic Study of Human- Primate Commensalism;254
6.5.1;Introduction;254
6.5.2;Bali’s Sacred Monkeys;255
6.5.3;Methods;256
6.5.4;Results;257
6.5.5;Discussion and Conclusions;257
6.5.6;Sacred?;260
6.5.7;References;260
6.6;Male–Male Affiliation in Sulawesi Tonkean Macaques;262
6.6.1;Introduction;262
6.6.2;Study Site and Species;265
6.6.3;Methods Data Collection;266
6.6.4;Data Analysis;267
6.6.5;Results Affiliation: Nearest Neighbor;267
6.6.6;Affiliation: Grooming;268
6.6.7;Affiliation: Between-Group Comparisons;268
6.6.8;Agonism Rates;269
6.6.9;Discussion;269
6.6.10;References;271
6.7;Ecology and Conservation of the Hose’s Langur Group ( Colobinae: Presbytis hosei, P. canicrus, P. sabana): A Review;274
6.7.1;Introduction;274
6.7.2;Methods Study Species;275
6.7.3;Data Acquisition;276
6.7.4;Assessment of Remaining Habitat;277
6.7.5;Results and Discussion Ecology and Habitat Use;278
6.7.6;Distribution and Densities;280
6.7.7;Habitat Loss, Selective Logging and Hunting;283
6.7.8;Conclusions;286
6.7.9;References;286
6.8;Thomas Langurs: Ecology, Sexual Conflict and Social Dynamics;290
6.8.1;Introduction;290
6.8.2;Thomas Langurs and the Study Areas;291
6.8.3;Distribution and Conservation Status;291
6.8.4;Ecology;293
6.8.5;Thomas Langur Demography;298
6.8.6;Food Competition and Social Behavior;298
6.8.7;Social Dynamics;300
6.8.8;Male and Female Sexual Strategies;302
6.8.9;Male Loud Calls and Male Sexual Strategies;304
6.8.10;Assessing Male Quality;306
6.8.11;Cues of Male Quality;307
6.8.12;Conclusions;309
6.8.13;References;310
6.9;Dominance and Reciprocity in the Grooming Relationships of Female Long- Tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Indonesia;314
6.9.1;Introduction;314
6.9.2;Grooming in Female Relationships;315
6.9.3;Seyfarth’s Model of Female Grooming;317
6.9.4;Methods Location and Study Group;318
6.9.5;Data Collection and Compilation;319
6.9.6;Matrix Analysis;320
6.9.7;Testing for Time-Matching;327
6.9.8;Comparing Up and Down-Rank Grooming;327
6.9.9;Testing Dominance Rank’s Effect on Grooming;328
6.9.10;Testing Rank Effects in Adjacently Ranked Partners;328
6.9.11;Testing the Influence of Rank on each Individual’s Grooming;328
6.9.12;Results Grooming Reciprocity;329
6.9.13;Group-Level Grooming Reciprocity;329
6.9.14;Time-Matching in Grooming Relationships;330
6.9.15;Rank Direction and Grooming Balance;331
6.9.16;Dominance and Grooming;333
6.9.17;Rank Adjacency and Grooming;334
6.9.18;Individual Rank and Grooming;334
6.9.19;Discussion;334
6.9.20;Grooming Reciprocity;338
6.9.21;Grooming and Dominance;339
6.9.22;Understanding the Social Function of Grooming;340
6.9.23;References;342
6.10;Selamatkan Yaki! Conservation of Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques Macaca nigra;347
6.10.1;Introduction;347
6.10.2;Current and Historical Status of M. nigra;348
6.10.3;Why Are M. nigra Numbers Declining?;349
6.10.4;Threats: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation;351
6.10.5;Threats: Hunting;353
6.10.6;Threats: Health;354
6.10.7;Mitigating Threats Which Endanger the Survival of M. nigra;355
6.10.8;Mitigation: Education and Awareness;356
6.10.9;Mitigation: Ecotourism;356
6.10.10;Hope for the Future;357
6.10.11;References;358
7;Indonesia’s Prosimians;361
7.1;The Function of Scentmarking in Spectral Tarsiers;362
7.1.1;Introduction;362
7.1.2;Methods Study Site;363
7.1.3;Study Species;364
7.1.4;Capture and Attachment;364
7.1.5;Data Collection;364
7.1.6;Results;365
7.1.7;Discussion;369
7.1.8;Conclusions;370
7.1.9;References;370
7.1.10;Introduction;373
7.1.11;Taxonomic History;373
7.2;The Population Ecology of Dian’s Tarsier;373
7.2.1;Distribution;374
7.2.2;Vocalizations;374
7.2.3;Group Composition;375
7.2.4;Sleeping Tree Choice;376
7.2.5;Population Densities;377
7.2.6;Ranging Patterns;378
7.2.7;Dian’s Tarsiers in Plantations;381
7.2.8;Population Genetics;381
7.2.9;Conservation Status;381
7.2.10;References;382
7.3;Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises ( Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia;385
7.3.1;Introduction;385
7.3.2;Methods;387
7.3.3;Results Studies from the Wild;388
7.3.4;Facial Masks;391
7.3.5;Discussion;391
7.3.6;References;396
7.4;Conclusions;399
7.4.1;References;401
8;Index;402