Hadfield / Johansson Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-24091-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 256 Seiten

Reihe: Quantum Science and Technology

This book presents the basics and applications of superconducting devices in quantum optics. Over the past decade, superconducting devices have risen to prominence in the arena of quantum optics and quantum information processing. Superconducting detectors provide unparalleled performance for the detection of infrared photons in quantum cryptography, enable fundamental advances in quantum optics, and provide a direct route to on-chip optical quantum information processing. Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions provide a blueprint for scalable quantum information processing as well as opening up a new regime for quantum optics at microwave wavelengths. With recent advances in coherent conversion between telecom and microwave frequencies, it is possible to envisage the marriage of these approaches, as superconducting qubits are embedded in long distance fiber optic communications networks. This volume, edited by two leading researchers, provides a timely compilation of contributions from top groups worldwide across this dynamic field, anticipating future advances in this domain.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hadfield, Robert

Johansson, Göran

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;11
4;Part I Superconducting Single PhotonDetectors: Technology and Applications;14
5;1 Superconducting Nanowire Architectures for Single Photon Detection;15
5.1;1.1 Introduction;16
5.2;1.2 Performance Metrics for Photon Counting Detectors;16
5.2.1;1.2.1 Detection Efficiency;16
5.2.2;1.2.2 Dark Count Rate;17
5.2.3;1.2.3 Timing Jitter;18
5.2.4;1.2.4 Recovery Time;18
5.3;1.3 Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs);19
5.3.1;1.3.1 Photodetection Mechanism;20
5.3.2;1.3.2 Detection Efficiency and Constrictions;20
5.3.3;1.3.3 Speed Limit and Latching;22
5.3.4;1.3.4 Mid-IR Detection;24
5.3.5;1.3.5 Performance Trade-Offs;25
5.4;1.4 Multi-Nanowire Detector Architectures;26
5.4.1;1.4.1 Superconducting Nanowire Avalanche Photodetectors (SNAPs);26
5.4.2;1.4.2 Parallel- and Series-Nanowire Detectors (PNDs, SNDs);33
5.4.3;1.4.3 Row-Column SNSPD Arrays;36
5.5;1.5 Conclusions;38
5.6;References;38
6;2 Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Quantum Optics;43
6.1;2.1 Introduction;43
6.2;2.2 The Optical Transition Edge Sensor;45
6.2.1;2.2.1 TES Operation;45
6.2.2;2.2.2 TES Optimization;49
6.2.3;2.2.3 Detector Characterization;55
6.3;2.3 Applications of the Optical Transition Edge Sensor;58
6.3.1;2.3.1 Key Experiments in Quantum Optics;58
6.4;2.4 Integration of Optical TES on Waveguide Structures;63
6.4.1;2.4.1 On-Chip Transition Edge Sensor;63
6.4.2;2.4.2 A New Experimental Tool: On-Chip Mode-Matched Photon Subtraction;66
6.4.3;2.4.3 On-Chip Detector Calibration;67
6.5;2.5 Outlook;68
6.6;References;69
7;3 Waveguide Superconducting Single- and Few-Photon Detectors on GaAs for Integrated Quantum Photonics;73
7.1;3.1 Introduction;73
7.1.1;3.1.1 Integrated Quantum Photonics;74
7.1.2;3.1.2 GaAs-Based Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits;75
7.1.3;3.1.3 Nanowire Detectors on GaAs;76
7.2;3.2 Fabrication of Nanowire Waveguide Detectors on GaAs;77
7.2.1;3.2.1 Deposition of NbN Thin Films on GaAs;77
7.2.2;3.2.2 Detector Nanofabrication;79
7.3;3.3 Measurement Setup for Waveguide Detectors;80
7.4;3.4 Waveguide Single-Photon Detectors;81
7.4.1;3.4.1 Design;81
7.4.2;3.4.2 Results;83
7.5;3.5 Waveguide Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors on GaAs;86
7.5.1;3.5.1 Photon-Number-Resolving (PNR) Detectors Using Superconducting NbN Nanowires;86
7.5.2;3.5.2 Design of WPNRDs;87
7.5.3;3.5.3 Experimental Results on WPNRDs;89
7.6;3.6 Conclusions;91
7.7;References;92
8;4 Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors on Silicon;96
8.1;4.1 Introduction;96
8.2;4.2 Single Photon Detection in Superconducting Nanowires;99
8.3;4.3 Silicon Photonic Circuits for SNSPD Integration;101
8.4;4.4 Silicon Nitride Photonic Circuits for Broadband Single Photon Applications;102
8.5;4.5 Absorption Engineering of Superconducting Nanowire Devices;104
8.6;4.6 Waveguide Integrated Single Photon Detectors;106
8.7;4.7 Applications;107
8.7.1;4.7.1 Ballistic Photon Transport in Silicon Microring Resonators;108
8.7.2;4.7.2 Optical Time Domain Reflectometry;110
8.7.3;4.7.3 Outlook on Applications of Waveguide Integrated SNSPDs;112
8.8;4.8 Conclusions;112
8.9;References;113
9;5 Quantum Information Networks with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors;117
9.1;5.1 Introduction;117
9.2;5.2 Quantum Key Distribution Using SNSPDs;118
9.2.1;5.2.1 Outline of the Tokyo QKD Network;119
9.2.2;5.2.2 Decoy State BB84 Protocol System with SNSPDs;120
9.2.3;5.2.3 DPS-QKD System with SNSPDs;123
9.2.4;5.2.4 Demonstration of Secure Network Operation;124
9.2.5;5.2.5 Characterization of Field Practical Fibers Using a SNSPD;125
9.3;5.3 Characterization of Single Photon Sources with SNSPDs;131
9.3.1;5.3.1 Detection of Heralded Single Photon Emission Using Twin SNSPDs;131
9.3.2;5.3.2 Demonstration of an Entangled Photon Source with SNSPDs;133
9.3.3;5.3.3 Demonstration of Interference Between Two Independent Single Photon Sources Using SNSPDs;135
9.3.4;5.3.4 Photon Source Characterization: Conclusions;135
9.4;5.4 Quantum Interface Technology Enabled by SNSPDs;136
9.4.1;5.4.1 Quantum Interface for the Coherent Wavelength Conversion of a Single Photon;137
9.4.2;5.4.2 Experiments with a Waveguide PPLN Crystal;138
9.4.3;5.4.3 HOM Interference Over the Quantum Interface with SNSPD;140
9.4.4;5.4.4 Quantum Interface Technology: Summary;140
9.5;5.5 Conclusions;141
9.6;References;142
10;Part II Superconducting Quantum Circuits:Microwave Photon Detection,Feedback and Quantum Acoustics;146
11;6 Microwave Quantum Photonics;147
11.1;6.1 Introduction;147
11.2;6.2 Key Ingredients of Superconducting Circuit;148
11.2.1;6.2.1 Superconducting Artificial Atoms;148
11.2.2;6.2.2 Coplanar Transmission Lines and Microwave Resonators;152
11.2.3;6.2.3 Amplifiers and Detection Devices;153
11.3;6.3 Interaction Between `Atoms' and Microwaves;154
11.3.1;6.3.1 Circuit QED;154
11.3.2;6.3.2 Applications: Measurement of Microwave Photons;156
11.3.3;6.3.3 Applications: Generation of Microwave Photons;166
11.4;6.4 Conclusions;167
11.5;References;168
12;7 Weak Measurement and Feedback in Superconducting Quantum Circuits;171
12.1;7.1 Introduction;171
12.2;7.2 Generalized Measurements;172
12.2.1;7.2.1 Indirect Measurements;173
12.2.2;7.2.2 Continuous Measurement;175
12.3;7.3 Quantum Measurements in the cQED Architecture;176
12.3.1;7.3.1 Dispersive Measurements;178
12.3.2;7.3.2 Parametric Amplification;179
12.3.3;7.3.3 Weak Measurement and Backaction;180
12.4;7.4 Quantum Trajectories;182
12.4.1;7.4.1 Continuous Quantum Measurement;182
12.4.2;7.4.2 Unitary Evolution;184
12.4.3;7.4.3 The Statistics of Quantum Trajectories;185
12.4.4;7.4.4 Time-Symmetric State Estimation;186
12.5;7.5 Analog Feedback Stabilization: Rabi Oscillations;187
12.5.1;7.5.1 Weak Monitoring of Rabi Oscillations;187
12.6;7.6 Conclusion;191
12.7;References;191
13;8 Digital Feedback Control;194
13.1;8.1 Digital Feedback Control in Quantum Computing;195
13.1.1;8.1.1 Classification of Quantum Feedback;195
13.1.2;8.1.2 Protocols Using Digital Feedback;196
13.1.3;8.1.3 Experimental Realizations of Digital Feedback;197
13.1.4;8.1.4 Concepts in Digital Feedback;198
13.1.5;8.1.5 Closing the Loop in cQED;199
13.2;8.2 High-Fidelity Projective Readout of Transmon Qubits;199
13.2.1;8.2.1 Experimental Setup;199
13.2.2;8.2.2 Characterization of JPA-Backed Qubit Readout and Initialization;200
13.2.3;8.2.3 Repeated Quantum Nondemolition Measurements;202
13.3;8.3 Digital Feedback Controllers;205
13.4;8.4 Fast Qubit Reset Based on Digital Feedback;208
13.4.1;8.4.1 Passive Qubit Initialization to Steady State;208
13.4.2;8.4.2 Qubit Reset Based on Digital Feedback;209
13.4.3;8.4.3 Characterization of the Reset Protocol;209
13.4.4;8.4.4 Speed-Up Enabled by Fast Reset;211
13.5;8.5 Deterministic Entanglement by Parity Measurement and Feedback;212
13.5.1;8.5.1 Two-Qubit Parity Measurement;213
13.5.2;8.5.2 Engineering the Cavity as a Parity Meter;213
13.5.3;8.5.3 Two-Qubit Evolution During Parity Measurement;215
13.5.4;8.5.4 Probabilistic Entanglement by Measurement and Postselection;216
13.5.5;8.5.5 Deterministic Entanglement by Measurement and Feedback;218
13.6;8.6 Conclusion;219
13.7;References;219
14;9 Quantum Acoustics with Surface Acoustic Waves;224
14.1;9.1 Introduction;225
14.2;9.2 Surface Acoustic Waves, Materials and Fabrication;227
14.2.1;9.2.1 Materials for Quantum SAW Devices;227
14.2.2;9.2.2 Fabrication of SAW Devices;229
14.3;9.3 Theory;230
14.3.1;9.3.1 Classical IDT Model;230
14.3.2;9.3.2 Semiclassical Theory for SAW-Qubit Interaction;233
14.3.3;9.3.3 Quantum Theory for Giant Atoms;235
14.4;9.4 SAW Resonators for Quantum Devices;238
14.4.1;9.4.1 Resonator Quality Factors at Low Temperature;238
14.4.2;9.4.2 ZnO for High Q SAW Devices at Low Temperature;240
14.5;9.5 SAW-Qubit Interaction in Experiment;242
14.6;9.6 Future Directions;246
14.6.1;9.6.1 In-Flight Manipulation;247
14.6.2;9.6.2 Coupling to Optical Photons;247
14.6.3;9.6.3 Ultrastrong Coupling Between SAWs and Artificial Atoms;247
14.6.4;9.6.4 Large Atoms;248
14.6.5;9.6.5 SAW Resonators;248
14.6.6;9.6.6 Analogues of Quantum Optics;249
14.7;9.7 Conclusions;249
14.8;References;249
15;Index;252