Halstead Two Oxen Ahead

Pre-Mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-118-81929-6
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 384 Seiten, E-Book

This revealing study shows how careful analysis of recentfarming practices, and related cultural traditions, in communitiesaround the Mediterranean can enhance our understanding ofprehistoric and Greco-Roman societies.
* Includes a wealth of original interview material and data fromfield observation
* Provides original approaches to understanding past farmingpractices and their social contexts
* Offers a revealing comparative perspective on Mediterraneansocieties' agronomy
* Identifies a number of previously unrecorded climate-relatedcontrasts in farming practices, which have important socio-economicsignificance
* Explores annual tasks, such as tillage and harvest;inter-annual land management techniques, such as rotation; andintergenerational issues, including capital accumulation

Autoren/Hrsg.

Halstead, Paul

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface viii
Acknowledgments x
1 Introduction: Mediterranean farming between longuedurée and contingency 1
1.1 Fieldwork 3
1.2 Scales of analysis 8
2 Working the Earth: Tillage and Sowing 11
2.1 Two-oxen households in Paliambela 14
2.2 Scratching a living in the hills of Messenia 19
2.3 Tillage time and sowing season from Assiros to Asturias21
2.4 Juggling with seedcorn 28
2.5 Flexible farmers 31
2.6 Ard, hoe, and scale of cultivation 33
2.6.1 Ard versus hoe: benefits 33
2.6.2 Ard versus hoe: costs 47
2.6.3 On balance: hoe or ard, cows or oxen? 55
2.7 Tillage and sowing in the past 57
3 Harvest Time 67
3.1 Amorgos: from field to threshing floor 68
3.2 When to reap 71
3.3 What and how to reap 77
3.4 After reaping: Binding, drying, and transporting the harvest89
3.5 Who and how many to reap 102
3.6 Harvest ceremonies 112
3.7 Reaping in the past 113
4 Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff 127
4.1 Amorgos: On and after the threshing floor 127
4.2 Ways of threshing 136
4.3 Ways of winnowing and coarse sieving 151
4.4 Cleaning for storage and consumption 154
4.5 Storage 157
4.6 Consumption 163
4.7 Questions of scale: Labor and time stress 166
4.8 Threshing floor customs 173
4.9 Crop processing in the past 174
5 Managing the Land: coping with failure and planning forsuccess 191
5.1 Watching the corn grow 191
5.2 Planning for success: Fallowing and rotation 199
5.2.1 Fallowing 199
5.2.2 Crop rotation 201
5.2.3 Fallowing and rotation in space 206
5.2.4 Hedging bets: Mixed cropping 210
5.3 Planning for success: Manuring 212
5.3.1 Stall manure 213
5.3.2 Manuring by folded livestock 226
5.3.3 Manuring by grazing livestock 229
5.4 Planning for success, mitigating failure: Irrigation 230
5.5 Averting failure: Weeding 233
5.6 Crop husbandry and crop yields 238
5.7 Crop husbandry and yields in the past 244
6 Family Planning: land, labor and livestock 259
6.1 Clearance 260
6.1.1 Uprooting deciduous woodland
in lowland northern Greece 260
6.1.2 Opening up the maquis in southern Greece 264
6.1.3 Shifting cultivation: From Crete to Asturias 267
6.1.4 Slashing, burning, and shifting 269
6.2 Long-term improvement: Deep tillage, terracing, andenclosure 271
6.3 Extending and improving cultivable land: Drainage andirrigation 277
6.4 Counting the cost of extension and improvement 281
6.5 Subsistence and cash crops 283
6.6 Mixed farming: Livestock 289
6.7 Labor, land, and livestock: The domestic cycle 295
6.8 Household and community 304
6.9 Land, labor, and livestock in the past 311
7 Homo agronomicus? Mediterranean Farming, Present and Past329
7.1 Analogies for the past: "Matters of fact" and "matters ofinterest" 330
7.2 Cultural reason 332
7.3 Environmental and technological constraints 336
7.4 Practical reason: Costs, benefits, and knowledgeable farmers338
7.5 Ancient farmers: Knowledgeable and rational? 346
7.6 Farming in the Mediterranean: Analogy and change 347
Glossary 360
Index 362

Über Autor(innen)

Paul Halstead is Professor of Archaeology at theUniversity of Sheffield. He has edited and contributed to numerouspublications, including Bad Year Economics (with JohnO'Shea), Neolithic Society in Greece (1999), andFood, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece (with JohnBarrett, 2004).