Hameed / Obayya Computational Photonic Sensors

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-76556-3
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 446 Seiten

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the photonic sensing field by covering plasmonics, photonic crystal, and SOI techniques from theory to real sensing applications. A literature review of ultra-sensitive photonic sensors, including their design and application in industry, makes this a self-contained and comprehensive resource for different types of sensors, with high value to the biosensor sector in particular. The book is organized into four parts: Part I covers the basic theory of wave propagation, basic principles of sensing, surface plasmon resonance, and silicon photonics; Part II details the computational modeling techniques for the analysis and prediction of photonic sensors; Part III and Part IV  cover the various mechanisms and light matter interaction scenarios behind the design of photonic sensors including photonic crystal fiber sensors and SOI sensors. This book is appropriate for academics and researchers specializing in photonic sensors; graduate students in the early and intermediate stages working in the areas of photonics, sensors, biophysics, and biomedical engineering; and to biomedical, environmental, and chemical engineers.

Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed is an Associate Professor at the Center for Photonics and Smart Materials, and Nanotehcnology Engineering Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt. M. Hameed is also with Mathematics and Engineering Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Salah Obayya is Professor of Photonics and Director of the Center for Photonics and Smart Materials at the Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt. S. Obayya is also with Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hameed, Mohamed Farhat O.

Obayya, Salah

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgement;5
2;Contents;6
3;Fundamentals;8
4;1 Introduction to Optical Waveguides;9
4.1;Abstract;9
4.2;1.1 Introduction—Historical Review;10
4.3;1.2 Optical Waveguides Structures;11
4.4;1.3 Analysis of Planner Waveguides;14
4.4.1;1.3.1 Ray-Optical Approach;14
4.4.2;1.3.2 TE and TM Field Distribution—Maxwell’s Equations Approach;18
4.4.3;1.3.3 Dispersion Curves;22
4.4.4;1.3.4 Effective Thickness;24
4.5;1.4 Numerical Methods;25
4.5.1;1.4.1 Finite Element Technique (FEM) [25–27];25
4.5.2;1.4.2 Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) Method [28];26
4.5.3;1.4.3 Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) [29];26
4.5.4;1.4.4 Beam Propagation Method BPM [30];26
4.6;1.5 Coupling Techniques;27
4.6.1;1.5.1 The Transversal Coupling Techniques;27
4.6.1.1;1.5.1.1 End Coupling;27
4.6.1.2;1.5.1.2 Taper Coupling;28
4.6.2;1.5.2 The Longitudinal Coupling Techniques;29
4.6.2.1;1.5.2.1 Prism Coupling;29
4.6.2.2;1.5.2.2 Grating Coupler;30
4.7;References;31
5;2 Fundamentals of Photonic Crystals;34
5.1;Abstract;34
5.2;2.1 Introduction;35
5.3;2.2 One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals—Bloch’s Theorem;36
5.3.1;2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations in Periodic Media—Bloch–Floquet Theorem;36
5.3.2;2.2.2 Bandgap Size;39
5.3.3;2.2.3 The Relation Between the Brillouin Zone and the Reciprocal Lattice;40
5.4;2.3 Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals;42
5.5;2.4 Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals;46
5.6;2.5 Defects in Photonic Crystals;47
5.6.1;2.5.1 Photonic Crystal Fibers;49
5.6.2;2.5.2 Photonic Crystal Planar Waveguides;51
5.6.3;2.5.3 Optical Logic Circuits;52
5.6.4;2.5.4 Optical Transistors;53
5.6.5;2.5.5 Photonic Crystal Polarization Handling Devices;53
5.6.6;2.5.6 Photonic Crystal Biosensors;54
5.7;References;54
6;3 Basic Principles of Surface Plasmon Resonance;58
6.1;Abstract;58
6.2;3.1 Introduction;58
6.2.1;3.1.1 Propagating Surface Plasmons (PSPs);59
6.2.2;3.1.2 Localized Surface Plasmons (LSPs);59
6.3;3.2 Single-Interface Surface Plasmon Waveguide (SPWG);60
6.4;3.3 Thin Metallic Film Surface Plasmon Waveguide;64
6.5;3.4 Metal–Insulator–Metal (MIM) Surface Plasmon Waveguide;72
6.6;3.5 Other Types of Surface Plasmon Waveguide;72
6.7;3.6 Summary;75
6.8;References;76
7;4 Introduction to Silicon Photonics;78
7.1;Abstract;78
7.2;4.1 Silicon on Insulator (SOI): Introduction;79
7.3;4.2 Optical Waveguide Development;80
7.4;4.3 Slot Waveguide Based on Silicon on Insulator;82
7.5;4.4 Recent Technologies in Photonic Platforms;85
7.5.1;4.4.1 Silicon on Sapphire (SOS);86
7.5.2;4.4.2 Silicon on Nitride (SON);86
7.5.3;4.4.3 Silicon on Calcium Fluoride;87
7.6;4.5 Fabrication Methods;87
7.6.1;4.5.1 Separation by IMplantation of OXygen (SIMOX) Technology;87
7.6.2;4.5.2 Bonded Silicon on Insulator (BSOI) and Bond and Etch-Back Silicon on Insulator (BESOI) Processes;88
7.6.3;4.5.3 Eltran® Process;88
7.6.4;4.5.4 Smart Cut™ Technology;90
7.7;References;91
8;5 Basic Principles of Biosensing;96
8.1;Abstract;96
8.2;5.1 Introduction;97
8.3;5.2 Classifications of the Optical Sensors;98
8.3.1;5.2.1 Classification Based on the Working Principle;99
8.3.1.1;5.2.1.1 Intensity-Modulated Optical Sensors;99
8.3.1.2;5.2.1.2 Phase-Modulated Optical Sensors;100
8.3.1.3;5.2.1.3 Wavelength-Modulated (Spectrometric) Optical Sensors;100
8.3.1.4;5.2.1.4 Polarization-Modulated (Polarimetric) Optical Sensors;101
8.3.2;5.2.2 Classification Based on the Sensor’s Configuration;102
8.3.2.1;5.2.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance;102
8.3.2.2;5.2.2.2 Interferometric Optical Sensors;104
8.3.2.3;5.2.2.3 Ring Resonator Optical Sensors;106
8.3.2.4;5.2.2.4 Photonic Crystal Optical Sensors;107
8.4;5.3 Summary;107
8.5;References;108
9;Computational Modelling Techniques;111
10;6 Finite Element Method for Sensing Applications;112
10.1;Abstract;112
10.2;6.1 Introduction;113
10.3;6.2 Finite Element Method Overview;114
10.3.1;6.2.1 Finite Element Procedure;114
10.3.2;6.2.2 Computational Domain Discretization;114
10.3.3;6.2.3 Setup Element Interpolation;115
10.4;6.3 Scalar Finite Element Method for Mode Analysis;120
10.4.1;6.3.1 Galerkin Method;120
10.4.2;6.3.2 Stiffness and Mass Matrices;124
10.4.3;6.3.3 Assessment;128
10.4.4;6.3.4 Perfectly Matched Layer;129
10.4.5;6.3.5 Variations of the Conventional FEM;131
10.4.6;6.3.6 Time Domain Methods;132
10.5;6.4 Finite Element Time Domain;132
10.5.1;6.4.1 Time Domain Wave Equation;133
10.5.2;6.4.2 Beam Propagation Technique;134
10.5.2.1;6.4.2.1 Newmark-Beta Technique;135
10.5.2.2;6.4.2.2 Crank–Nicolson Technique;136
10.5.2.3;6.4.2.3 Padé Approximation;136
10.5.3;6.4.3 Assessment;138
10.5.3.1;6.4.3.1 Single Mode Slab Waveguide (Perfectly Matched Layer Assessment);138
10.5.3.2;6.4.3.2 Optical Grating Sensor;140
10.6;6.5 Full Vectorial Finite Element;142
10.6.1;6.5.1 The Penalty Function Method;142
10.6.2;6.5.2 Vector Finite Element;143
10.6.2.1;6.5.2.1 Full Vectorial Equation;144
10.6.2.2;6.5.2.2 Application;148
10.7;6.6 Summary;151
10.8;References;152
11;7 FDTD in Cartesian and Spherical Grids;155
11.1;Abstract;155
11.2;7.1 Cartesian FDTD;156
11.3;7.2 Spherical FDTD Update Equations;160
11.4;7.3 Spherical FDTD Numerical Dispersion Relation;166
11.5;7.4 Numerical Dispersion Analysis;170
11.6;7.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions;172
11.6.1;7.5.1 Perfectly Matched Layer ABC;172
11.6.2;7.5.2 Distortion-Less Absorbing Shell ABC;174
11.6.3;7.5.3 ABC Simulation Comparison;174
11.7;7.6 Conclusion;176
11.8;References;176
12;Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors;178
13;8 Temperature Sensors Based on Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber;179
13.1;Abstract;179
13.2;8.1 Introduction;180
13.3;8.2 Alcohol-Based SPR PCF Temperature Sensor;181
13.3.1;8.2.1 Design Considerations;181
13.3.2;8.2.2 Numerical Results and Discussion;182
13.4;8.3 NLC SPR PCF Temperature Sensor;191
13.4.1;8.3.1 Design Considerations;191
13.4.2;8.3.2 Numerical Results and Discussion;193
13.5;8.4 Summary;199
13.6;References;200
14;9 Microstructured Optical Fiber-Based Plasmonic Sensors;202
14.1;Abstract;202
14.2;9.1 Introduction;203
14.3;9.2 Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance;205
14.4;9.3 Optical Properties of Plasmonic Materials;206
14.5;9.4 Fiber Optic-Based Plasmonic Sensors;207
14.6;9.5 Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Plasmonic Sensors;209
14.6.1;9.5.1 Internally Metal-Coated PCF SPR Sensors;209
14.6.2;9.5.2 Externally Metal-Coated PCF SPR Sensors;213
14.6.2.1;9.5.2.1 Slotted PCF SPR Sensors;213
14.6.2.2;9.5.2.2 D-Shaped PCF SPR Sensors;216
14.6.2.3;9.5.2.3 Improved External Approach of PCF SPR Sensors;219
14.7;9.6 Future Directions;223
14.8;9.7 Conclusions;224
14.9;References;225
15;10 Multifunctional Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensors;232
15.1;Abstract;232
15.2;10.1 Introduction;233
15.3;10.2 NLC-SPR PCF Sensor;235
15.3.1;10.2.1 Design Considerations;235
15.3.2;10.2.2 Numerical Results and Discussion;237
15.4;10.3 Alcohol-Based SPR-PCF Multifunction Sensor;247
15.4.1;10.3.1 Design Considerations;247
15.4.2;10.3.2 Numerical Results and Discussion;248
15.5;10.4 Summary;257
15.6;References;258
16;11 Photonic Crystal Fiber Pressure Sensors;260
16.1;Abstract;260
16.2;11.1 Introduction;261
16.3;11.2 Photonic Crystal Fibers;263
16.4;11.3 Types and Principles of Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Pressure Sensors;266
16.4.1;11.3.1 Grating-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Pressure Sensors;268
16.4.2;11.3.2 Sagnac Interferometer-Based Pressure Sensors;270
16.4.3;11.3.3 Fabry–Pérot Interferometer-Based Pressure Sensors;273
16.4.4;11.3.4 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Based Pressure Sensors;274
16.5;11.4 Photonic Crystal Fiber Pressure Sensor Characteristics;276
16.5.1;11.4.1 Sensitivity and Resolution;276
16.5.2;11.4.2 Dynamic Range;278
16.6;11.5 Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Pressure Sensor Applications;279
16.7;11.6 Summary;280
16.8;Acknowledgements;281
16.9;References;281
17;12 Development of Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Gas/Chemical Sensors;285
17.1;Abstract;285
17.2;12.1 Introduction;286
17.3;12.2 Fundamentals of PCF-Based Sensors;289
17.3.1;12.2.1 Sensing Mechanism of PCF-Based Sensors;289
17.3.2;12.2.2 Applications of PCF-Based Sensors;292
17.3.3;12.2.3 Advantages of PCF-Based Sensors;293
17.3.4;12.2.4 Optical/Guiding Properties of PCF Sensors;293
17.4;12.3 Overview of PCF-Based Gas/Chemical Sensors;296
17.4.1;12.3.1 Conventional Optical Fiber Sensors;296
17.4.2;12.3.2 PCF-Based Sensors;297
17.5;12.4 Guiding Properties Controlling Parameters of PCFs;298
17.5.1;12.4.1 Pitch Effects on Sensing;298
17.5.2;12.4.2 Diameter Effects on Sensing;299
17.5.3;12.4.3 Air Filling Ratio Effects on Sensing;299
17.6;12.5 Core-Shaped Effects on Sensing;301
17.6.1;12.5.1 Hollow-Core PCF-Based Sensors;301
17.6.2;12.5.2 Slotted-Core PCF-Based Sensors;303
17.6.3;12.5.3 Microstructured Core PCF-Based Sensors;304
17.7;12.6 Cladding Effects on Sensing;306
17.8;12.7 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Effects on Sensing;309
17.9;12.8 Fiber Background Material Effects on Sensing;309
17.10;12.9 Future Directions and Conclusions;309
17.11;References;311
18;Silicon-on-Insulator Sensors;316
19;13 Silicon Nanowires for DNA Sensing;317
19.1;Abstract;317
19.2;13.1 Introduction;318
19.3;13.2 Design Considerations;320
19.4;13.3 Simulation Results;322
19.4.1;13.3.1 HPSW with Gold as a Plasmonic Material;322
19.4.2;13.3.2 HPSW with TiN as an Alternative Plasmonic Material;330
19.5;13.4 Summary;336
19.6;References;337
20;14 Compact Photonic SOI Sensors;339
20.1;Abstract;339
20.2;14.1 Introduction;339
20.3;14.2 Integrated Slot Waveguide for Sensing;341
20.4;14.3 Detection of DNA Hybridization by Vertical and Horizontal Slot Waveguide;345
20.4.1;14.3.1 Vertical Slot Waveguide;346
20.4.2;14.3.2 Horizontal Slot Waveguide;350
20.5;14.4 Cross-Slotted Bio-chemical Sensor;354
20.6;14.5 Straight Vertical Slotted Resonator;358
20.6.1;14.5.1 Surface Sensing;360
20.6.2;14.5.2 Bulk Sensing;362
20.7;14.6 Plasmonic Gas Sensing by Al+3 Doped ZnO Coated Au Nanowire;364
20.8;14.7 Ethanol Vapor Sensor by Composite Plasmonic Waveguide;368
20.9;14.8 Conclusions;376
20.10;References;376
21;15 Silicon Ring Resonator-Based Biochips;380
21.1;15.1 Introduction;380
21.2;15.2 Sensing with Microring Resonators;381
21.2.1;15.2.1 Photonic Waveguides;381
21.2.2;15.2.2 Microring Resonators;382
21.2.3;15.2.3 Evanescent Field Sensing with Ring Resonators;385
21.2.4;15.2.4 Applications of Microring Resonators for Label-Free Biosensing;386
21.3;15.3 Resonance Splitting in Microring Biosensors;387
21.3.1;15.3.1 Introduction;387
21.3.2;15.3.2 Origin of Resonance Splitting;388
21.3.3;15.3.3 Integrated Interferometric Circuit;389
21.3.4;15.3.4 Controlling Microring Resonance Splitting;391
21.4;15.4 Vernier-Cascade Sensor;392
21.4.1;15.4.1 Theoretical Analysis of the Vernier-Cascade Sensor;392
21.4.2;15.4.2 Design and Fabrication;397
21.4.3;15.4.3 Experimental Performance;397
21.4.4;15.4.4 Vernier-Cascade Sensor with On-chip Spectrometer;400
21.5;15.5 Dual-Polarization Biosensing;403
21.5.1;15.5.1 Introduction;404
21.5.2;15.5.2 Working Principle;404
21.5.3;15.5.3 Influence of Noise on Measurement Accuracy;406
21.5.4;15.5.4 Sensor Design;407
21.5.5;15.5.5 Proof-of-Concept: BSA Experiment;408
21.6;15.6 Conclusion;411
21.7;References;412
22;16 SOI Waveguide-Based Biochemical Sensors;417
22.1;Abstract;417
22.2;16.1 Introduction;417
22.3;16.2 SOI-Based Optical Sensing;418
22.3.1;16.2.1 Historical Sensing Approaches;419
22.3.2;16.2.2 Development, Materials, and Sensor Configurations;420
22.4;16.3 WG-Based Sensing;425
22.4.1;16.3.1 Bulk Sensing;425
22.4.2;16.3.2 Surface Sensing;426
22.5;16.4 Mode Multiplex WG Sensing;426
22.6;16.5 Micro-ring Resonator-Based Sensing and Performance Criteria;428
22.6.1;16.5.1 Materials and Configurations of Micro-ring Resonators;433
22.6.2;16.5.2 Overview of MRR Sensors;434
22.6.3;16.5.3 Micro-ring Resonator-Based Corrosion Sensing;436
22.7;16.6 Present and Future Perspectives;438
22.8;16.7 Conclusions;439
22.9;Contributions;439
22.10;References;439
23;Index;443