Haresign / Cole Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0353-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 378 Seiten, Web PDF

Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition presents papers that discuss the advancement of the different areas of ruminant nutrition. The book is comprised of 20 chapters that cover topics, such as reproduction, diet, and nutrition. The coverage of the text includes growth stimulation in ruminants; protein quantity and quality for the U.K. dairy cow; and complete-diet feeding of dairy cows. The book also covers rumen fermentation related topics, such as influence of nitrogen and carbohydrate inputs on rumen fermentation; aspects of the biochemistry of rumen fermentation and their implication in ruminant productivity; and manipulation of rumen fermentation. The text will be of great use to researchers and professionals in the animal husbandry industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Haresign, W.

Cole, D J A

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;INTRODUCTION;8
6;Chapter 1. BODY CONDITION, MILK YIELD AND REPRODUCTION IN CATTLE;12
6.1;Introduction;12
6.2;The lactation cycle;13
6.3;Reproduction in dairy cows;17
6.4;Infertility problems;22
6.5;Practical recommendations;24
6.6;References;26
7;Chapter 2. DEGRAD ABILITY OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AND UTILIZATION OF UNDEGRADED PROTEIN BY HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS;28
7.1;The determination of protein degradation in the rumen;29
7.2;Protein utilization by the high-producing dairy cow;36
7.3;Conclusion;39
7.4;References;39
8;Chapter 3. MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND DIGESTION IN THE HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COW;42
8.1;Energy availability for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen;42
8.2;Energy availability for microbial protein synthesis in rumen of high-yielding cows;43
8.3;Utilization of available energy for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen;44
8.4;Reasons for reduced energy utilization when feeding extreme rations;48
8.5;Digestibility of microbial protein in the intestine of the dairy cow;50
8.6;Significance of microbial protein synthesis for high-yielding cows;50
8.7;Conclusion;57
8.8;References;57
9;Chapter 4. AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS FOR LACTATION IN HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COWS;60
9.1;The concept of amino acid requirements for dairy cows;61
9.2;The concept;70
9.3;Measurement of amino acid requirements;70
9.4;Control of amino acid supply to the intestines;83
9.5;Conclusion;86
9.6;References;88
10;Chapter 5. THE POTENTIAL OF PROTECTED PROTEINS IN RUMINANT NUTRITION;93
10.1;Proteins consumed by ruminants;94
10.2;The protection of plant and animal protein from degradation in the rumen;96
10.3;Heat treatment;97
10.4;Treatment with formaldehyde;99
10.5;The effect of protein protection on rumen function;99
10.6;Effect of protein protection on total nutrient supply;101
10.7;Protein supply and demand;102
10.8;Lactation requirements;102
10.9;Growth requirements;105
10.10;Conclusions;106
10.11;References;106
11;Chapter 6. REDUCING THE RATE OF AMMONIA RELEASE BY THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCES;110
11.1;Non-protein nitrogen products for ruminants;110
11.2;Methods of improving urea utilisation;111
11.3;Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen;111
11.4;Methods for estimating microbial protein in rumen fluid;113
11.5;Improved urea utilisation through Starea;114
11.6;Rumen ammonia concentration and its relation to ammonia toxicity;117
11.7;Relation of rumen ammonia concentration to protein synthesis;121
11.8;References;124
12;Chapter 7. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND CARBOHYDRATE INPUTS ON RUMEN FERMENTATION;126
12.1;Introduction;126
12.2;Utilisation of ammonia by rumen micro-organisms;126
12.3;Calculation of metabolizable protein;142
12.4;A feeding standard based upon metabolizable protein;146
12.5;Implications for the feed industry;149
12.6;References;149
13;Chapter 8. ASPECTS OF THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF RUMEN FERMENTATION AND THEIR IMPLICATION IN RUMINANT PRODUCTIVITY;151
13.1;Introduction;151
13.2;The breakdown of dietary nitrogenous materials;151
13.3;Breakdown of carbohydrate and carbon skeletons of amino acids;153
13.4;Protein synthesis in the rumen;157
13.5;Protozoa;157
13.6;Energy cost of bacterial protein synthesis;160
13.7;Ammonia supply and protein synthesis;160
13.8;Effects of ammonia on tissue metabolism;161
13.9;Microbial protein as a source of protein for the ruminant;162
13.10;Utilisation of absorbed amino acids;163
13.11;Conclusions;164
13.12;References;164
14;Chapter 9. MANIPULATION OF RUMEN FERMENTATION;168
14.1;Variation in the efficiency of utilisation of energy and nitrogen at different stages of digestion and metabolism;168
14.2;The sites of digestion of dietary constituents;169
14.3;The energetics of rumen fermentation;170
14.4;The composition of the ruminai mixture of short-chain fatty acids;171
14.5;Digestion of dietary protein;173
14.6;The relationship between the composition of the mixture of substrates absorbed and the efficiency of utilisation of dietary energy;175
14.7;The relationship between the composition of the mixture of nitrogen compounds absorbed and the efficiency of utilisation of dietary protein;178
14.8;Manipulation of the diet and its influences on rumen fermentation and animal performance;180
14.9;Level of feeding;183
14.10;Alteration of the ratio of forage to concentrate;184
14.11;Alteration of physical form;185
14.12;Dietary supplements;187
14.13;Dietary additives;188
14.14;Feed combinations;189
14.15;pH and clearance rate;190
14.16;Conclusions;190
14.17;References;191
15;Chapter 10. PROTEIN QUANTITY AND QUALITY FOR THE UK DAIRY COW;195
15.1;Introduction;195
15.2;Perspective in assessing protein requirements;196
15.3;Feeding experiments on protein requirements;197
15.4;Efficiency of metabolism of protein as a guide to requirements;204
15.5;Maintenance;212
15.6;Calculation of protein requirements;213
15.7;Protein intake and change of body reserves;217
15.8;General discussion;219
15.9;Acknowledgements;221
15.10;References;221
16;Chapter 11. THE APPLICATION OF NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN, PROTECTED PROTEINS AND RUMEN FERMENTATION CONTROL IN UK FEEDING SYSTEMS;226
16.1;Supplementary nutrients;227
16.2;Manipulation of rumen fermentation;232
16.3;Summary;236
16.4;References;237
17;Chapter 12. THE CONTRIBUTION OF UNDEGRADED PROTEIN TO THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY COWS;239
17.1;Introduction;239
17.2;The problem of providing a data bank on protein degradability of raw materials;242
17.3;The system in practice;251
17.4;Discussion;256
17.5;Acknowledgements;256
17.6;References;257
18;Chapter 13. CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO MILK FEVER;259
18.1;Summary;267
18.2;References;267
19;Chapter 14. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF CEREAL PROCESSING FOR RUMINANTS;269
19.1;Processing of cereals for sheep;269
19.2;Processing of grain for cattle;273
19.3;Conclusions;277
19.4;References;277
20;Chapter 15. THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SILAGES;279
20.1;Changes in composition during ensiling;279
20.2;The effect of ensiling on nutritive value;281
20.3;Silage evaluation;287
20.4;Summary;290
20.5;References;290
21;Chapter 16. FEED INPUT-MILK OUTPUT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE AUTUMN-CALVING DAIRY COW;294
21.1;Response in milk yield to variable energy input;296
21.2;Response in milk yield to variable protein input;298
21.3;References;304
22;Chapter 17. FEED INPUT–MILK OUTPUT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SPRING-CALVING DAIRY COW;306
22.1;Response to changes in total feed input;307
22.2;Response to changes in protein intake;317
22.3;Conclusion;320
22.4;References;321
23;Chapter 18. COMPLETE-DIET FEEDING OF DAIRY COWS;323
23.1;Introduction;323
23.2;Biological/nutritional considerations in the use of complete diets;323
23.3;Efficiency of utilization in relation to the formulation of complete diets;327
23.4;Formulation and preparation of complete diets;330
23.5;References;333
24;Chapter 19. CONCENTRATE : FORAGE RATIOS FOR HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COWS;336
24.1;Introduction;336
24.2;Food utilization;343
24.3;Output by the dairy cow;347
24.4;Health and fertility;356
24.5;Discussion;357
24.6;References;360
25;Chapter 20. GROWTH STIMULATION IN RUMINANTS;364
25.1;Introduction;364
25.2;Veal calves;365
25.3;Beef cattle;365
25.4;Sheep;369
25.5;The hazards;369
25.6;Mechanism of action of anabolic agents;371
25.7;Conclusions;372
25.8;References;372
26;INDEX;376