Hawkes The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8465-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 654 Seiten, Web PDF

The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy presents the technical development of electron microscope. This book examines the mechanical as well as the technical problems arising from the physical properties of the electron. Organized into 19 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the history of scanning electron microscopy and electron beam microanalysis. This text then explains the applications and capabilities of electron microscopes during the war. Other chapters consider the classical techniques of light microscopy. This book presents as well the schematic outline of the preparation techniques for investigation of nerve cells by electron microscopy. The final chapter deals with the historical account of the beginnings of electron microscopy in Russia. This book is a valuable resource for scientists, technologists, physicists, electrical engineers, designers, and technicians. Graduate students as well as researcher workers who are interested in the history of electron microscopy will also find this book extremely useful.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hawkes, Peter W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Beginnings of
Electron Microscopy;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;CONTRIBUTORS TO SUPPLEMENT 16;12
6;FOREWORD;14
7;PREFACE;18
8;Chapter 1. On the History of Scanning Electron Microscopy, of the Electron Microprobe, and of Early
Contributions to Transmission Electron Microscopy;22
8.1;I. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Microprobe;22
8.2;II. Early Contributions to Transmission Electron Microscopy;32
8.3;III. Conclusion;40
8.4;References;40
9;Chapter 2. Random Recollections of the Early Days;44
9.1;I. How I Came into the Subject;44
9.2;II. These I Met along the Way;54
9.3;III. Aid from America;78
9.4;IV. Final Word;81
9.5;References;81
10;Chapter 3. Early History of Electron Microscopy in Czechoslovakia;84
10.1;I. Introduction;84
10.2;II. Construction of the First Electron Microscope in Czechoslovakia;89
10.3;III. Desk Transmission Electron Microscope BS 242;90
10.4;IV. Production of Electron Microscopes in Czechoslovakia;95
10.5;V. Conclusion;97
10.6;Appendix A: Bibliography of Related Publications;97
10.7;Appendix B: Publications from the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science in Brno (in Czech);98
10.8;References;100
11;Chapter 4. Personal Reminiscences of Early Days in Electron Microscopy;102
11.1;I. Preamble;102
11.2;II. Beginnings in Britain;103
11.3;III. The Microscope at the Shirley Institute;104
11.4;IV. Inconveniences of Early Electron Microscopes;107
11.5;V. Group Contacts in Britain during the War;108
11.6;VI. Immediate Postwar Conferences in Europe;109
11.7;VII. Specimen
Preparation and "The Practice of Electron Microscopy;110
11.8;VIII. Grids;111
11.9;IX. A Problem with Photographic Plates;112
11.10;X. Capabilities and Use of Electron Microscopes during the
War;113
11.11;XI. Shadowcasting;115
11.12;XII. Section Cutting;115
11.13;XIII. Replicas and Metallurgy;118
11.14;XIV. Optics of the Electron Microscope;119
11.15;XV. Later Instrumental Developments;120
11.16;XVI. Conclusion;121
11.17;References;121
12;Chapter 5. Megavolt Electron Microscopy;124
12.1;I. Introduction;124
12.2;II. Early Developments in Electron Microscopy;126
12.3;III. How I Came to Electron Microscopy;128
12.4;IV. Megavolt Electron Microscopy;136
12.5;V. Applications of HVEM;146
12.6;VI. Resolution and Contrast in Megavolt Electron Microscopy;179
12.7;VII. Future Prospects;182
12.8;References;183
13;Chapter 6. Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Ultramicrotomy: Reminiscences and Reflections;188
13.1;I. Introduction;188
13.2;II. The Nobel Institute for Physics;190
13.3;III. The Diamond Knife;199
13.4;IV. The
Venezuelan Institute for Neurology and Brain Research;208
13.5;V. Low-Temperature
Electron Microscopy and Ultramicrotomy;222
13.6;VI. Cryo-Electron Microscopy;227
13.7;VII. Reflections and Outlook;237
13.8;References;241
14;Chapter 7. The French Electrostatic Electron Microscope (1941-1952);246
14.1;I. Introduction;246
14.2;II. Electron Optics in Occupied France;251
14.3;III. The Liberation of
the North of France and the Transition to Peace;277
14.4;References;290
15;Chapter 8. Recollections from the Early Years: Canada-USA;296
15.1;I. Introduction;296
15.2;II. Initial Work: University of Toronto (1935-1936);298
15.3;III.
Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, New York (1937 -1941);301
15.4;IV. Massachusetts Institute of Technology;308
15.5;V. Transition from the Early Years;314
15.6;References;317
16;Chapter 9. My Recollection of the Early History of Our Work on Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope;318
16.1;I. Emission Microscope;318
16.2;II. Studies of Specimen Techniques for Electron Microscopy;320
16.3;III. Electron-Microscopic Observations of Ionic Crystals;323
16.4;IV. The Pointed Filament and Its Application;327
16.5;V. Interference and Coherence;330
16.6;References;335
17;Chapter 10. Reminiscences of the Development of Electron Optics and Electron Microscope Instrumentation in Japan;338
17.1;I. Historical Survey of the Early Stages of Electron Microscopy in Japan;338
17.2;II. Lens Aberrations;348
17.3;III. Practical Magnetic Lens Design;362
17.4;IV. Formation of Caustic and Shadow Images;379
17.5;V. Stigmators;388
17.6;VI. Electron Phase Microscope;397
17.7;VII. High-Voltage Electron Microscopes;400
17.8;References;402
18;Chapter 11. Early Electron Microscopy in The Netherlands;408
18.1;Text;408
18.2;References;437
19;Chapter 12. The Industrial Development of the Electron Microscope by the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company and AEI Limited;438
19.1;I. Introduction;438
19.2;II. Cathode Rays and Electron Images—Gabor and the Ironclad Concentration Coil;439
19.3;III. The First Commercial Electron Microscope—EMI;441
19.4;IV. Wartime Developments;445
19.5;V. The EM2 Electron Microscope;446
19.6;VI. A Three-Stage Electron Microscope—EM3;447
19.7;VII. A Simple Electron Microscope—EM4;448
19.8;VIII. High-Voltage Electron Microscopy—The EM5;450
19.9;IX. Improving the Resolving Power—EM3A and the Emergence of Electron Holography;451
19.10;X. High-Resolution Microscopes—EM6;457
19.11;XI. The Image Intensifier;458
19.12;XII. The Electron Microscope in Biology;460
19.13;XIII. Very High-Resolution Microscopy;460
19.14;References;461
20;Chapter 13. The Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope;464
20.1;I. Introduction;464
20.2;II. The Initial Aims of the Three Groups;465
20.3;III. The Cambridge Microscope;467
20.4;IV. Uses of the Microscope;483
20.5;References;499
21;Chapter 14. Some Recollections of Electron Microscopy in Britain from 1943 to 1948;504
21.1;Text;504
21.2;References;521
22;Chapter 15. L. L. Marton, 1901–1979;522
22.1;Text;522
22.2;Bibliographical Appendix: Publications of L. L. Marton;539
22.3;References;544
23;Chapter 16. 1950-1960: A Decade from the Viewpoint of an Applications Laboratory;546
23.1;I. Introduction;546
23.2;II. Experience with Testing a New Microscope;547
23.3;III. A Microscope with Higher Resolving Power;555
23.4;IV. Development and Improvement of Preparation Methods;563
23.5;V. Teaching Duties in an Applications Laboratory for Electron Microscopy;572
23.6;VI. Final Remarks;575
23.7;References;577
24;Chapter 17. From the Cathode-Ray Oscillograph to the High-Resolution Electron Microscope;578
24.1;I. Introduction;578
24.2;II. Developments up to the End of World War II;579
24.3;III. Period of Transition;588
24.4;IV. Improvements in the Electron Microscope after 1945;593
24.5;V. Concluding Remarks;602
24.6;References;603
25;Chapter 18. Reminiscences;604
25.1;Text;604
25.2;References;608
26;Chapter 19. Complementary Accounts of the History of Electron Microscopy;610
26.1;Text;610
26.2;Appendix;623
26.3;References;630
27;INDEX.;640