Heijman Regional Externalities

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-35484-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 342 Seiten

Wim Heijman Wageningen University, The Netherlands, E-mail: wim. heijman@wur. nl Generally speaking, externalities occur when a decision causes uncomp- sated costs or benefits to individuals or groups other than the person(s) making the decision. Examples of negative externalities are numerous in the area of the environment and natural resources. Some negative extern- ities result because a particular type of manufacturing technology is used (e. g. water and air pollution caused by industry). Other negative extern- ities occur because of the transportation system (e. g. air pollution caused by intensive car traffic). Though positive externalities draw less attention than negative externalities, their existence is obvious, for example, b- keepers who provide unpaid pollination services for nearby fruit growers or the positive network effects of a telephone system. The more people who own a telephone, the more useful the device is for each owner (Boardman et al. , 2001). From a social planner’s perspective, the existence of externalities - sults in an economic process outcome that is not socially optimal because marginal costs of the product involved do not equal its price. This implies that, in a well functioning market economy, negative externalities cause too much of a product to be produced, whereas positive externalities cause too little of a product to be produced.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Heijman, Wim

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;5
2;Contents;6
3;1 Regional Externalities: an Introduction;13
3.1;Literature;19
4;Part I Transport;21
4.1;2 Modelling Transport in an Interregional General Equilibrium Model with Externalities;22
4.1.1;2.1 Introduction;23
4.1.2;2.2 Positive Externalities;24
4.1.3;2.3 Proximity, Income and Externalities in Denmark;28
4.1.4;2.4 The LINE-Model – Modelling Externalities and Transport;34
4.1.5;2.5 Modelling the Redistribution of the Relative Productivity Decline Associated with Road Pricing – the Case of Denmark;41
4.1.6;2.6 Conclusions;48
4.1.7;References;55
4.2;3 External Effects in Road Traffic: the Pigou- Knight Model and its Extension to Situations With Endogenous Speed Choice and Heterogeneous Traffic;57
4.2.1;3.1 Introduction;58
4.2.2;3.2 The Pigou-Knight Model of Traffic Congestion;58
4.2.3;3.3 Speed Choice and the Determination of the Travel Cost Function;61
4.2.4;3.4 The Pigou-Knight Model with Heterogeneous Drivers;67
4.2.5;3.5 A Numerical Example;74
4.2.6;3.6 Conclusion;78
4.2.7;References;78
4.3;4 On Traffic Congestion Models à la Mohring and Harwitz;80
4.3.1;4.1 Introduction;80
4.3.2;4.2 Setting;81
4.3.3;4.3 Real World Interpretation;84
4.3.4;4.4 Existence Results;86
4.3.5;4.5 The Self Financing Result of Mohring and Harwitz;90
4.3.6;4.6 Suggestions for Further Research;94
4.3.7;4.7 Conclusions;95
4.3.8;Appendix: a Closer Look at the Setting;96
4.3.9;References;98
4.4;5 Local Collectors Versus Major Infrastructural Works;99
4.4.1;5.1 Introduction;100
4.4.2;5.2 The Importance of Local Connections;101
4.4.3;5.3 Current Policy Around Local Connections;104
4.4.4;5.4 Some Practical Experiences: the Disappearance of Local Connections;107
4.4.5;5.5 Conclusions, Recommendations and Discussion;111
4.4.6;References;112
5;Part II Clusters and Product Chains;114
5.1;6 Regional Differentiation and Location of Industrial Capacity in the Slovak Republic;115
5.1.1;6.1 Introduction;115
5.1.2;6.2 Industrial Development in the Slovak Republic with Special Impact on Technology Intensity;117
5.1.3;6.3 Regional Differentiation in Employment;120
5.1.4;6.4 Survey Study;123
5.1.5;6.5 Conclusion;133
5.1.6;6.6 Methodological Notes;134
5.1.7;References;135
5.2;7 Automobile Sector in the Slovak Republic: Current Situation and Future Prospects;137
5.2.1;7.1 Introduction;137
5.2.2;7.2 Development of Automobile Production Capacities;139
5.2.3;7.3 Preconditions for Cluster Emergence;141
5.2.4;7.4 Automobile/Automobile Parts and Components Sector and Emergence of Automobile Clusters;143
5.2.5;7.5 Model Describing Relation Between Automobile and Parts/ Components Production;149
5.2.6;7.6 Conclusions;152
5.2.7;References;152
5.3;8 IT Market and E-Commerce in Transition Economy: Network Externalities;154
5.3.1;8.1 Introduction;154
5.3.2;8.2 The Structure of Network Externalities;155
5.3.3;8.3 Network Externalities and Transaction Cost Minimization;157
5.3.4;8.4 IT Market and E-commerce Growth Effects: Lithuanian Case;166
5.3.5;8.5 Research Methodology;169
5.3.6;8.6 Results;172
5.3.7;8.7 Conclusions;174
5.3.8;References;175
5.4;9 International Outsourcing in the Netherlands;178
5.4.1;9.1 Introduction;179
5.4.2;9.2 Vertical Specialization and Outsourcing in the Dutch Economy;180
5.4.3;9.3 Outsourcing, Productivity, and Employment;187
5.4.4;9.5 Summary and Discussion;199
5.4.5;References;201
5.5;10 Regional Externalities and Clusters: a Dutch Network Case- Study;202
5.5.1;10.1 Introduction;203
5.5.2;10.2 The “KIC- Project”: a DUTCH Regional Case-Study;206
5.5.3;10.3 Creation of (Inter-Firm) Knowledge;207
5.5.4;10.4 A Variety of Disciplines;209
5.5.5;10.5 Tacit and Codified Knowledge;210
5.5.6;10.6 Some Preliminary Results;211
5.5.7;10.7 Interfirm Relations;212
5.5.8;10.8 The Regional Impact;213
5.5.9;10.9 The Spatial Relevance of Knowledge Transfer: Proximity and Distance;215
5.5.10;10.10 Theoretical Implications;217
5.5.11;10.11 Competitiveness and Knowledge;218
5.5.12;10.12 Knowledge Exchange and Trust;218
5.5.13;10.13 Regional Partners and Knowledge Exchange;219
5.5.14;10.14 Knowledge Creation in Networks Explained;220
5.5.15;10.15 Space Matters (More than Ever?);222
5.5.16;10.16 Conclusion;223
5.5.17;References;224
5.6;11 Spatial Dimension of Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Implications for Co- existence of Transgenic Crops;227
5.6.1;11.1 Introduction;228
5.6.2;11.2 Assessing the Problem of Co-existence;229
5.6.3;11.3 Co-Existence: A Coasian View;238
5.6.4;11.4 Conclusions;243
5.6.5;Acknowledgements;244
5.6.6;References;245
6;Part III Regional Policy;247
6.1;12 Abatement of Commuting’s Negative Externalities by Regional Investment in Houses and Buildings;248
6.1.1;12.1 Introduction and Research Problem;249
6.1.2;12.2 Investment in Houses and Residential Mobility;249
6.1.3;12.3 A Model of Spatial Mobility;252
6.1.4;12.4 Testing the Model;254
6.1.5;12.5 Policy Implication and Conclusion;255
6.1.6;References;256
6.2;13 Risk as an Externality in Quantitative and Marginal Approaches;258
6.2.1;13.1 Introduction;258
6.2.2;13.2 The Cobb-Douglas Equation;260
6.2.3;13.4 Externality of Management Decisions and an Alternative to Economic Intuition;264
6.2.4;13.5 Generalisation of Process P ;265
6.2.5;13.6 Application for Regional Development in the Czech Republic: Findings;267
6.2.6;13.7 Possible Strategies for Future Change;276
6.2.7;13.8 Summary of Strategies ;277
6.2.8;13.9 Conclusion;287
6.2.9;References;288
6.3;14 Macro Policies and Regional Impacts in Norway Norway;290
6.3.1;14.1 Introduction;291
6.3.2;14.2 Relevant Policy Sectors;292
6.3.3;14.3 Methods for Calculating, Comparing and Ranging Impacts;295
6.3.4;14.4 Impacts of Policies: Most Important Sectors;303
6.3.5;14.5 Concluding Remarks;307
6.3.6;Literature and References;308
6.4;15 The Economics of Tree-planting for Carbon Mitigation: A Global Assessment ;310
6.4.1;15.1 Introduction;310
6.4.2;15.2 Carbon Sequestration Costs;312
6.4.3;15.3 Data;314
6.4.4;15.4 Results;318
6.4.5;15.5 Conclusions;321
6.4.6;References;322
6.5;16 Positive Spillovers of Energy Policies on Natural Areas in Poland: an AGE Analysis;325
6.5.1;16.1 Introduction;326
6.5.2;16.2 Model Specification;328
6.5.3;16.3 Data;331
6.5.4;16.4 Scenarios;332
6.5.5;16.5 Results and Discussion;332
6.5.6;16.6 Conclusions;339
6.5.7;References;340
7;The Authors;343