Heinrichs / Oser / Lovat Handbook of Moral Motivation

Theories, Models, Applications
2013
ISBN: 978-94-6209-275-4
Verlag: SensePublishers
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 1, 650 Seiten

Reihe: Moral Development and Citizenship Education

The Handbook of Moral Motivation offers a contemporary and comprehensive appraisal of the age-old question about motivation to do the good and to prevent the bad. From a research point of view, this question remains open even though we present here a rich collection of new ideas and data. Two sources helped the editors to frame the chapters: first they looked at an overwhelmingly fruitful research tradition on motivation in general (attribution theory, performance theory, self-determination theory, etc.) in relationship to morality. The second source refers to the tension between moral judgment (feelings, beliefs) and the real moral act in a twofold manner: (a) as a necessary duty, and, (b) as a social but not necessary bond. In addition, the handbook utilizes the latest research from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives, wishing to suggest by this that the answer to the posed question will likely not come from one discipline alone. Furthermore, our hope is that the implicit criticism that the narrowly constructed research approach of the recent past has contributed to closing off rather than opening up interdisciplinary lines of research becomes in this volume a strong counter discourse. The editors and authors of the handbook commend the research contained within in the hope that it will contribute to better understanding of humanity as an inherently moral species.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Heinrichs, Karin

Oser, Fritz

Lovat, Terence

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Handbook of Moral Motivation: Theories, Models, Applications;3
1.1;TABLE OF CONTENTS;5
1.2;INTRODUCTION;9
1.2.1;REFERENCES;12
1.3;MODELS OF MORAL MOTIVATION;14
1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;14
1.3.2;A STORY TO BEGIN WITH:;16
1.3.3;A MISSING FACTOR: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY;18
1.3.4;12 MODELS (OR ELEMENTS OF A RESPECTIVE MODEL);18
1.3.4.1;Model 1: A Vision as MM;18
1.3.4.2;Model 2: The Moral Act as the Criterion for MM (Kohlberg & Candee);19
1.3.4.3;Model 3: Deontological and Responsibility Judgment in One as MM;20
1.3.4.4;Model 4: The Component III (of the Four Component) Model of MM;21
1.3.4.5;Model 5: The Self as a Regulating Power in MM;22
1.3.4.6;Model 6: Reconciling Agency and Communion as MM;23
1.3.4.7;Model 7: Forming Intentions and Respective Actions as MM;24
1.3.4.8;Model 8: Moral Emotion Attributions as Indicators for Individual Moral Motivation;24
1.3.4.9;Model 9: Justice Motives as Bridges from the Situation to MM;25
1.3.4.10;Model 10: Informed Social Reflection as MM;26
1.3.4.11;Model 11: Motivation by Content: Moral Motifs as MM;26
1.3.4.12;Model 12: Procedural Morality and MM;27
1.3.5;OVERRIDING MORAL MOTIVATIONAL MODEL;28
1.3.6;REFERENCES;30
1.3.7;AFFILIATION;31
1.4;PART 1: FOUNDATIONS OF MORAL MOTIVATION;32
1.4.1;I. “WHY BE MORAL?” A PHILOSOPHICAL TAXONOMY OF MORAL MOTIVATION;33
1.4.1.1;INTRODUCTION;33
1.4.1.2;WHY BE MORAL?;34
1.4.1.2.1;The Functions of Conscience;36
1.4.1.2.2;Moral Motives and Moral Motivation;37
1.4.1.3;MORAL MOTIVATION: ITS SUMMARY AND CONSTITUTIVE CONCEPTIONS;39
1.4.1.3.1;The Plausibility of a Real Difference;40
1.4.1.4;MORAL MOTIVES: INTERNALIST AND EXTERNALIST PERSPECTIVES;40
1.4.1.5;THE MORAL DOMAIN: CONTENTS AND CORE FEATURES;42
1.4.1.6;TAKING STOCK;45
1.4.1.7;PERSONS IN RELATION;46
1.4.1.8;CONCLUSION;50
1.4.1.9;NOTES;50
1.4.1.10;REFERENCES;51
1.4.1.11;AFFILIATION;53
1.4.2;II. MORAL MOTIVATION AND THE FOUR COMPONENT MODEL;54
1.4.2.1;INTRODUCTION;54
1.4.2.2;MORAL MOTIVATION AND REST’S FOUR COMPONENT MODEL;54
1.4.2.2.1;Moral Motivation in the Rest Model;57
1.4.2.2.2;Research Programs Influenced by Rest’s Component III;59
1.4.2.2.3;The Professional Role Orientation Inventory (PROI);60
1.4.2.3;SUMMARY;66
1.4.2.3.1;A Focus on Development;66
1.4.2.3.2;A Focus on Education;68
1.4.2.3.3;An Acknowledgment of Settings;68
1.4.2.4;CONCLUSION;69
1.4.2.5;NOTE;70
1.4.2.6;REFERENCES;70
1.4.2.7;AFFILIATIONS;72
1.4.3;III. DEONTIC AND RESPONSIBILITY JUDGMENTS: An Inferential Analysis;73
1.4.3.1;INTRODUCTION;73
1.4.3.2;THE RECEIVED VIEW(S) OF MORAL FUNCTIONING: AGREEMENT ON THE SURFACE, INCONSISTENCIES ON THE GROUND;75
1.4.3.3;THE TRUE PROBLEM OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY AND THE PARADOX OF MORAL MOTIVATION;76
1.4.3.4;THE INFERENTIAL APPROACH;78
1.4.3.5;INFERENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PHASES OF MORAL FUNCTIONING;80
1.4.3.6;COGNITION AND AFFECTIVITY;81
1.4.3.7;CONCLUSION;83
1.4.3.8;NOTES;83
1.4.3.9;REFERENCES;84
1.4.3.10;AFFILIATION;86
1.4.4;IV. MOTIVATION AS THE READINESS TO ACT ON MORAL COMMITMENTS;87
1.4.4.1;INTRODUCTION;87
1.4.4.2;INTENTIONAL STRUCTURES;89
1.4.4.2.1;Understanding Why;90
1.4.4.2.2;Understanding How;90
1.4.4.3;INTENTIONAL MODELS OF MORAL MOTIVATION;92
1.4.4.4;CONCLUSION;97
1.4.4.5;REFERENCES;98
1.4.4.6;AFFILIATION;100
1.5;PART 2: MOTIVATIONAL THEORY AND MORAL MOTIVATION;101
1.5.1;I. ULTIMATE AND PROXIMAL (ATTRIBUTION-RELATED)MOTIVATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF MORAL BEHAVIOUR;102
1.5.1.1;INTRODUCTION;102
1.5.1.2;DISTAL (ULTIMATE) VERSUS PROXIMAL (IMMEDIATE) MOTIVATORS;103
1.5.1.2.1;What are the Ultimate (Real) Determinants of Behaviour?;103
1.5.1.2.2;Genetic Survival;104
1.5.1.2.3;Survival of the Social System;104
1.5.1.3;PROXIMAL (IMMEDIATE) DETERMINANTS OF MORAL BEHAVIOUR;105
1.5.1.4;ATTRIBUTIONS AND MORAL ACTIONS;106
1.5.1.4.1;The Structure of Phenomenal Causality;107
1.5.1.4.2;Relating Causal Structure to Moral Responsibility and Moral Emotions;108
1.5.1.4.3;Altruistic Actions;109
1.5.1.4.4;Theoretical Generality;110
1.5.1.5;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS; DOUBTS AND UNCERTAINTIES;111
1.5.1.5.1;Must the Sight of a Person in Need Give Rise to an Attribution Process? Isn’t Help Giving an Immediate Reaction without Complex Cognitive and Affective Mediators?;111
1.5.1.5.2;Given an Attribution for a Need, must that Ascription be Classified According to Controllability? Isn’t it the Case that Consequences may be Linked to the Cause Itself?;112
1.5.1.5.3;Must Perceptions of Control Give Rise to Affects? Must Control be Linked to Anger and Lack of Control to Sympathy ? Can’t One be Sympathetic at the Plight of Another Regardless of the Cause and its Controllability?;112
1.5.1.5.4;Must Anger Give Rise to Anti-Social Reactions (e.g., Neglect) and Sympathy to Pro-Social Behaviour (Altruism and Help-Giving)? Can’t One Help Another Even Though Angry or Ignore Another Even Though Sympathetic?;113
1.5.1.5.5;Can’t Parts within this Sequence be Reversed so that, for Example, Affects Produce Attributions? If One is Angry, for Example, Might That Give Rise to Attributions of Responsibility Rather than Vice-Versa?;113
1.5.1.5.6;Aren’t Individual and Cultural Differences Being Neglected? Some People Help more than Others, and in Some Cultures Altruism is More Evident than in Others.;114
1.5.1.6;CONCLUSION;114
1.5.1.7;REFERENCES;114
1.5.1.8;AFFILIATION;115
1.5.2;II. MORAL MOTIVATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY AND THE PERSON-OBJECT THEORY OF INTEREST;116
1.5.2.1;INTRODUCTION;116
1.5.2.2;A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO INTERPRETING THE CONCEPT OF MORAL MOTIVATION;117
1.5.2.3;A GENERAL MODEL FOR DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THEORETICALLY IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF MORAL MOTIVATION;120
1.5.2.3.1;Acting in Morally Relevant Situations;120
1.5.2.3.2;The Main Features of a Theoretical Frame Model;121
1.5.2.3.3;Different Perspectives of Analysis in Psychological Research Approaches;125
1.5.2.3.4;Summary;126
1.5.2.4;THE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF THE SDT AND THE POI WHICH SEEM TO BE RELEVANT FOR A PSYCHOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CONCEPT OF MORAL MOTIVATION;126
1.5.2.4.1;(1) A Dynamic Approach to Personality and the Concept of Self;127
1.5.2.4.2;The Concept of Organismic Integration;128
1.5.2.4.3;(2) Types of Autonomous Motivation;130
1.5.2.4.4;Further Questions;133
1.5.2.4.5;(3) Interest-Based Acquisition of Moral Knowledge;134
1.5.2.4.6;(4) The Hypothesis of a Dual Regulation System and the Concept of Basic Needs;135
1.5.2.4.7;(5) The Concept of Basic Needs;136
1.5.2.5;CONCLUSION;138
1.5.2.6;REFERENCES;140
1.5.2.7;AFFILIATION;143
1.5.3;III. HOW DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS CAN AFFECT MORAL BEHAVIOUR;144
1.5.3.1;INTRODUCTION;144
1.5.3.2;WHY DO PEOPLE HELP?;145
1.5.3.3;MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS FOR MORAL BEHAVIOUR;146
1.5.3.3.1;Self-Initiated, Spontaneous Activity;147
1.5.3.3.2;Externally Controlled Activity;148
1.5.3.3.3;Activity Without Result;149
1.5.3.3.4;Activity Without Incentives;149
1.5.3.3.5;Activity does not Influence Result;150
1.5.3.3.6;Self-Regulated Activity;150
1.5.3.3.7;Self-Directed Activity;151
1.5.3.4;BULLYING - MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS FOR IMMORAL BEHAVIOUR;151
1.5.3.4.1;Bullying is not Self-Initiated, Spontaneous Activity;152
1.5.3.4.2;Bullying is no Externally Controlled Activity;152
1.5.3.4.3;Bullying as an Activity Leading to a Result;153
1.5.3.4.4;Bullying as an Activity with Rewarding Consequences;154
1.5.3.4.5;Bullying as an Activity Influencing Results;154
1.5.3.4.6;Bullying as a Self-Regulated Activity and More;155
1.5.3.4.7;Bullying as a Self-Directed Activity;155
1.5.3.5;CONCLUSION;156
1.5.3.5.1;Significance for Research;156
1.5.3.5.2;Significance for Intervention;157
1.5.3.6;REFERENCES;157
1.5.3.7;AFFILIATIONS;159
1.5.4;IV. JUSTICE AS A MORAL MOTIVE: Belief in a Just World and Justice Sensitivity as Potential Indicators of the Justice Motive;161
1.5.4.1;INTRODUCTION;161
1.5.4.2;JUSTICE AND MORALITY;161
1.5.4.3;THE JUSTICE MOTIVE;162
1.5.4.3.1;Refuting Reductionism;162
1.5.4.3.2;Perceptions of Injustice as Moral Motivation;163
1.5.4.3.3;Individual Differences in the Justice Motive;164
1.5.4.4;BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD;164
1.5.4.4.1;Individual Differences in the Belief in a Just World;165
1.5.4.4.2;Belief in a Just World and Information Processing;166
1.5.4.4.3;Belief in a Just World and the Justice Motive;167
1.5.4.5;JUSTICE SENSITIVITY;168
1.5.4.5.1;Four Perspectives on Injustice;169
1.5.4.5.2;Justice Sensitivity and Information Processing;171
1.5.4.5.3;Justice Sensitivity and the Justice Motive;171
1.5.4.6;DISCUSSION;172
1.5.4.6.1;Belief in a Just World and Justice Sensitivity as Indicators of the Justice Motive?;172
1.5.4.6.2;The Justice Motive and Moral Motivation;175
1.5.4.7;CONCLUSION;176
1.5.4.8;REFERENCES;176
1.5.4.9;AFFILIATION;180
1.5.5;V. TEMPORAL CONSTRUAL AND MORAL MOTIVATION;182
1.5.5.1;INTRODUCTION;182
1.5.5.2;CONSTRUAL LEVEL THEORY;183
1.5.5.3;EFFECTS OF TEMPORAL DISTANCE ON LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION;183
1.5.5.4;MORAL VALUES AS ABSTRACT MOTIVATIONAL CONSTRUCTS;184
1.5.5.5;THE LINK BETWEEN TEMPORAL DISTANCE AND MORAL MOTIVATION;185
1.5.5.6;TEMPORAL DISTANCE AND CONSTRUAL OF MORAL EVENTS;186
1.5.5.7;TEMPORAL DISTANCE AND THE MOTIVATION TO BLAME MORAL TRANSGRESSORS;187
1.5.5.8;TEMPORAL DISTANCE AND THE MOTIVATION TO ACT MORALLY;188
1.5.5.9;THE MODERATING ROLE OF VALUE STRENGTH;190
1.5.5.10;THE ROLE OF ABSTRACTION IN MORAL MOTIVATION;190
1.5.5.11;PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS;191
1.5.5.12;CONCLUSION;192
1.5.5.13;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;193
1.5.5.14;REFERENCES;193
1.5.5.15;AFFILIATIONS;194
1.6;PART 3: MORAL SELF, IDENTITY AND MORAL MOTIVATION;195
1.6.1;I. MORAL MOTIVATION THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF EXEMPLARITY;196
1.6.1.1;INTRODUCTION;196
1.6.1.2;THE PERSPECTIVE OF EXEMPLARITY;197
1.6.1.3;ALIGNMENT OF MORALITY WITH THE SELF;198
1.6.1.4;DISPOSITIONS VERSUS SITUATIONS;199
1.6.1.5;FOUNDATIONAL CORE OF MORAL FUNCTIONING;201
1.6.1.6;AGENCY AND COMMUNION RECONCILED?;202
1.6.1.7;THE QUEST FOR THE HOLY GRAIL OF INTEGRATION;204
1.6.1.8;THE HIERARCHICAL INTEGRATION OF AGENCY AND COMMUNION;206
1.6.1.9;CONCLUSION;208
1.6.1.10;REFERENCES;209
1.6.1.11;AFFILIATION;212
1.6.2;II. MORAL MOTIVATION, RESPONSIBILITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MORAL SELF;213
1.6.2.1;INTRODUCTION;213
1.6.2.2;INTEGRATING SELF AND MORALITY: THE CHALLENGE;214
1.6.2.3;THE MORAL SELF AS INTENTIONAL, VOLITIONAL AND IDENTIFIED AGENT;216
1.6.2.3.1;The Moral Self as Intentional Agent;216
1.6.2.3.2;The Moral Self as Volitional Agent;217
1.6.2.3.3;The Moral Self as Identified Agent;218
1.6.2.4;THREE LAYERS IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF MORAL SELFHOOD;219
1.6.2.5;MORAL RESPONSIBILITY AND THE INTEGRATION OF SELF AND MORALITY: COMPARING DIFFERENT MODELS;221
1.6.2.6;CONCLUSION;223
1.6.2.7;REFERENCES;224
1.6.2.8;AFFILIATION;226
1.6.3;III. THE SELF AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MORAL LIFE;227
1.6.3.1;INTRODUCTION;227
1.6.3.2;THE NOTION OF SELF-MANAGEMENT;227
1.6.3.3;THE MANY TASKS OF MANAGING ONE’S MORAL LIFE;229
1.6.3.3.1;Formulating Moral Judgments;231
1.6.3.3.2;From Moral Judgment to Moral Action;236
1.6.3.3.3;The Moral Life;237
1.6.3.4;THE ROLE OF THE SELF IN MANAGING ONE’S MORAL LIFE;241
1.6.3.5;CONCLUSION;244
1.6.3.6;NOTES;244
1.6.3.7;REFERENCES;245
1.6.3.8;AFFILIATION;246
1.6.4;IV. PRACTICAL MYSTICISM, SELF-KNOWING AND MORAL MOTIVATION;247
1.6.4.1;INTRODUCTION;247
1.6.4.2;CASE STUDIES: MORE AND BONHOEFFER;247
1.6.4.3;SPIRITUALITY, MYSTICISM AND MORAL MOTIVATION IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES;249
1.6.4.4;PRACTICAL MYSTICISM AND MORAL MOTIVATION;252
1.6.4.5;KNOWING SELF AND MORAL MOTIVATION IN HABERMAS;257
1.6.4.6;CONCLUSION;259
1.6.4.7;REFERENCES;260
1.6.4.8;AFFILIATION;261
1.7;PART 4: DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS, EMOTIONS AND MORAL MOTIVATION;262
1.7.1;I. MORAL MOTIVATION AND THE HAPPY VICTIMIZER PHENOMENON;263
1.7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;263
1.7.1.2;REVISING KOHLBERG;263
1.7.1.2.1;Critique of the Pre-Conventional Stage;264
1.7.1.2.2;Measuring Children’s Moral Understanding – First Results;264
1.7.1.3;EXCURSUS: THE HAPPY VICTIMIZER PHENOMENON;265
1.7.1.3.1;Variations in Assessment Procedures;266
1.7.1.3.2;Cognitive Interpretations;267
1.7.1.3.3;Motivational Interpretation;269
1.7.1.4;THE THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF MORAL MOTIVATION;272
1.7.1.4.1;Strength of Moral Motivation;272
1.7.1.4.2;Type of Motive;273
1.7.1.4.3;Structure of Moral Motivation;274
1.7.1.5;AN INTERNALIST CRITIQUE OF THE CONCEPT OF MORAL MOTIVATION;277
1.7.1.6;REFERENCES;280
1.7.1.7;AFFILIATION;283
1.7.2;II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL IDENTITY AND MORAL MOTIVATION IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE;284
1.7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;284
1.7.2.2;THEORETICAL BACKGROUND;284
1.7.2.2.1;The Moral Identity and Moral Motivation;284
1.7.2.2.2;The Development of Moral Identity and Moral Motivation;285
1.7.2.3;THE STUDY;288
1.7.2.3.1;Sample;288
1.7.2.3.2;Moral Centrality;289
1.7.2.3.3;Moral Motivation;290
1.7.2.3.4;Analysis of Age Cohorts;292
1.7.2.4;DISCUSSION;294
1.7.2.5;CONCLUSION;297
1.7.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;298
1.7.2.7;REFERENCES;298
1.7.2.8;AFFILIATION;300
1.7.3;III. MORAL EMOTION ATTRIBUTIONS AND MORAL MOTIVATION;301
1.7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;301
1.7.3.2;WHAT ARE MORAL EMOTIONS?;302
1.7.3.3;THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORAL EMOTION ATTRIBUTIONS AND IMMORAL BEHAVIOUR;303
1.7.3.4;RESEARCH ON MORAL EMOTION ATTRIBUTIONS AND IMMORAL BEHAVIOUR;304
1.7.3.4.1;Moral Emotion Attributions and Conduct Disorder;305
1.7.3.4.2;Moral Emotion Attributions, Proactive Aggression, and Bullying;307
1.7.3.4.3;Can Moral Emotion Attributions Serve as Indicators of Moral Motivation?;309
1.7.3.5;DISCUSSION;310
1.7.3.6;CONCLUSION;312
1.7.3.7;REFERENCES;313
1.7.3.8;AFFILIATIONS;315
1.7.4;IV. NEUROBIOLOGY AND MORAL MINDSET;317
1.7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;317
1.7.4.2;MORAL MOTIVATIONAL MINDSETS;317
1.7.4.2.1;The Safety Ethic: Innate Shaped Instincts;318
1.7.4.2.2;Engagement Ethic: Epigenetic Intuition;319
1.7.4.2.3;Imagination Ethic: Cultivated Deliberation and Narrative;321
1.7.4.2.4;Adaptive Moral Motivation;323
1.7.4.2.5;Personality Effects;324
1.7.4.2.6;Situational Effects;326
1.7.4.2.7;Two Research Studies;327
1.7.4.3;CONCLUSION;329
1.7.4.4;REFERENCES;330
1.7.4.5;AFFILIATION;334
1.7.5;V. A SIMILE OF MORAL MOTIVATION;335
1.7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;335
1.7.5.2;BRIEF SKETCH OF A MODEL, LOCATING KANTIAN & HUMEAN EMPHASES;336
1.7.5.3;MFT DESCRIBES PRECONSCIOUS-TO-CONSCIOUS PROCESSES;339
1.7.5.4;THE MORAL SELF -MOTIVATION MODEL DESCRIBES IDEAL CONSCIOUS FUNCTIONING;343
1.7.5.5;THE PURPOSE OF MORAL MOTIVATION;346
1.7.5.6;NATURAL MORAL REASON;350
1.7.5.7;CONCLUSION;352
1.7.5.8;NOTES;353
1.7.5.9;REFERENCES;353
1.7.5.10;AFFILIATION;355
1.8;PART 5: GOOD AND BAD MORAL MOTIVATION;356
1.8.1;I. MORAL VALUE EVALUATION: A Neglected Motivational Concept in Externalizing Behaviour Research;357
1.8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;357
1.8.1.2;MORAL VALUE EVALUATION;359
1.8.1.2.1;Moral Values;359
1.8.1.2.2;Evaluation;359
1.8.1.2.3;Previous Literature;360
1.8.1.3;ELICITOR OF MORAL COGNITION;361
1.8.1.3.1;Moral Reasoning;361
1.8.1.3.2;Moral Identity;362
1.8.1.3.3;Self-Serving Cognitive Distortions;362
1.8.1.3.4;The Current Study;363
1.8.1.4;METHOD;363
1.8.1.4.1;Sample;363
1.8.1.4.2;Measures;364
1.8.1.5;RESULTS;365
1.8.1.5.1;Descriptives;365
1.8.1.5.2;Correlations;366
1.8.1.5.3;Moral Value Evaluation;367
1.8.1.5.4;Moral Reasoning;367
1.8.1.5.5;Moral Identity and Self-Serving Cognitive Distortions;367
1.8.1.5.6;Model Path Analysis;367
1.8.1.6;DISCUSSION;369
1.8.1.6.1;Moral Value Evaluation and Externalizing Behaviour;369
1.8.1.6.2;Moral Value Evaluation and Treatment;369
1.8.1.6.3;Cognitive Distortions and Externalizing Behaviour;370
1.8.1.6.4;Morality Versus Immorality;371
1.8.1.6.5;Remaining Issues;371
1.8.1.7;CONCLUSION;372
1.8.1.8;NOTES;372
1.8.1.9;REFERENCES;373
1.8.1.10;AFFILIATIONS;375
1.8.2;II. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: Lack of Moral Motivation or Moral Ambivalence?;377
1.8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;377
1.8.2.2;THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS;378
1.8.2.2.1;Moral Motivation as a Self-Commitment to Morality;378
1.8.2.3;THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORALITY AND DELINQUENCY;380
1.8.2.4;MORALITY AND DELINQUENCY: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS;383
1.8.2.4.1;Acceptance of Moral Norms, Moral Judgment and Moral Type;383
1.8.2.4.2;Biographical Self-Presentation and Reconstruction;384
1.8.2.5;DISCUSSION: MORAL AMBIVALENCE AND WEAK MORAL MOTIVATION;390
1.8.2.6;CONCLUSION;393
1.8.2.7;NOTES;394
1.8.2.8;REFERENCES;394
1.8.2.9;AFFILIATION;396
1.8.3;III. MORAL MOTIVATION AND SPORTS;397
1.8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;397
1.8.3.2;MORAL MOTIVATION AND GOOD SPORT BEHAVIOUR;398
1.8.3.3;MORAL MOTIVATION AND TEAM UNITY;400
1.8.3.4;IS WINNING EVERYTHING?;401
1.8.3.5;THE CONSTRUCT OF MORAL MOTIVATION;404
1.8.3.6;MORAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MORAL MOTIVATION;405
1.8.3.6.1;Competition and Responsibility;406
1.8.3.6.2;Motivation and The Moral Self;407
1.8.3.7;ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY AND MORAL MOTIVATION;408
1.8.3.8;THE JOY OF SPORTS;409
1.8.3.9;PIAGET REVISITED: MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS OF CONSTRAINT AND COOPERATION;410
1.8.3.10;A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING MORAL MOTIVATION IN CONTEXT;412
1.8.3.11;CONCLUSION;414
1.8.3.12;REFERENCES;415
1.8.3.13;AFFILIATIONS;417
1.8.4;IV. FROM ETHICAL HOSTILITY TOWARD COOPERATIVE ETHICS;418
1.8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;418
1.8.4.2;STANDARD ETHICS;418
1.8.4.3;ETHICAL HOSTILITY;421
1.8.4.4;A REMARKABLE OBSERVATION;422
1.8.4.5;FEAR AND MORALITY;425
1.8.4.6;INSTRUMENT OF POWER;427
1.8.4.7;THE TALKING OF “THE THEY”;429
1.8.4.8;STRATEGIC ETHICS;430
1.8.4.9;THE FEAR OF LOSING ALL MORALITY;432
1.8.4.10;CONCLUSION;433
1.8.4.11;NOTES;434
1.8.4.12;REFERENCES;435
1.8.4.13;AFFILIATION;436
1.8.5;V. HOW POWERFUL ARE MORAL MOTIVATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?: An Integrated Model Framework;437
1.8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;437
1.8.5.2;ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SEEN AS A MORAL ACT;438
1.8.5.3;VALUES, NORMS, CONCERN AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS;438
1.8.5.3.1;Basic Values;440
1.8.5.3.2;Environmental values;442
1.8.5.3.3;Environmental Concern - A Worldview Perspective;443
1.8.5.3.4;Social Norms;444
1.8.5.3.5;Personal Norms and Feelings of Moral Obligations;446
1.8.5.4;THE VALUE-BELIEF-NORM THEORY;447
1.8.5.5;THE NORM-ACTIVATION THEORY;449
1.8.5.6;AN INTEGRATED MODEL FRAMEWORK;451
1.8.5.7;MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN;455
1.8.5.8;INTERVENTIONS FOCUSSING ON MORAL MOTIVATIONS;456
1.8.5.9;NOTES;458
1.8.5.10;REFERENCES;458
1.8.5.11;AFFILIATION;462
1.9;PART 6: MORAL MOTIVATION IN PROFESSIONS;463
1.9.1;I. MORAL MOTIVATION IN DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS;464
1.9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;464
1.9.1.2;MORAL MOTIVATION IN DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS;464
1.9.1.2.1;(1) What is a Profession and Who is a Professional?;466
1.9.1.2.2;(2) How are Moral Motivation and Professionalism Related?;468
1.9.1.2.3;(3) How Do Entering Professional School Students Underst and Professional and Societal Exceptions? Is Their Conception Aligned with the Professions’ Values and Expectations?;469
1.9.1.2.4;(4) How Do Exemplary Professionals Understand Professional and Societal Expectations?;471
1.9.1.2.5;(5) How Do Disciplined Colleagues Understand Professional and Societal Expectations?;473
1.9.1.2.6;(6) How are Different Levels of Integration Between Professional Expectations and the Moral Self Expressed?;476
1.9.1.2.7;(7) Is There Evidence of a Developmental Continuum of Moral Motivation and Commitment Within the Profession ? How Varied Are Conceptions of the Moral Self Within Professions?;480
1.9.1.2.8;(8) How are Professional Identity and Professional Effectiveness Connected?;481
1.9.1.3;IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION;482
1.9.1.4;IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH;483
1.9.1.5;CONCLUSION;484
1.9.1.6;NOTES;485
1.9.1.7;REFERENCES;485
1.9.1.8;AFFILIATIONS;487
1.9.2;II. MORAL MOTIVATION OF MILITARY PROFESSIONALS: A Military-Philosophical Approach;488
1.9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;488
1.9.2.2;MOTIVE AND MOTIVATION IN ETHICS – EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATION;489
1.9.2.3;MOTIVE AND MOTIVATION IN ETHICS – MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION;492
1.9.2.4;MOTIVE AND MOTIVATION IN MILITARY ETHICS;495
1.9.2.5;MORAL MOTIVATION AND MILITARY ETHICS IN EDUCATION;499
1.9.2.6;CONCLUSION;501
1.9.2.7;NOTES;502
1.9.2.8;REFERENCES;503
1.9.2.9;AFFILIATION;504
1.9.3;III. ETHICAL INTENTIONS AND THE MORAL MOTIVATION OF TEACHERS;505
1.9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;505
1.9.3.2;MOTIVATION IN PRACTICE;506
1.9.3.3;COMPELLING FORCES;508
1.9.3.4;MOTIVATION FROM WITHIN: CHARACTER AND CONSCIENCE;513
1.9.3.5;CONCLUSION;517
1.9.3.6;NOTES;519
1.9.3.7;REFERENCES;519
1.9.3.8;AFFILIATION;520
1.9.4;IV. FEMALE PRINCIPALS’ MORAL MOTIVATION AND THE MORAL ATMOSPHERE OF SCHOOLS;521
1.9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;521
1.9.4.2;MORAL MOTIVATION, MORAL JUDGMENT AND MORAL ATMOSPHERE;522
1.9.4.3;MULTIPLE APPROACHES AND FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE OF ETHICS;523
1.9.4.4;TAIWAN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING MORAL EDUCATION;525
1.9.4.5;RESEARCH DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION;526
1.9.4.6;FEMALE PRINCIPALS’ MORAL MOTIVATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MORAL JUDGMENT AND STRATEGIES OF MORAL ATMOSPHERE;527
1.9.4.6.1;Moral Motivation of Female Principals Were Derived from Passion, Voluntarism and Responsibility Respectively;527
1.9.4.6.2;Female Principals Shared Comprehensive Moral Values as a Core of Moral Motivation;529
1.9.4.6.3;Female Principals Confronted Resembling Moral Conflicts and Made Decisions Based on Reason, Laws and Emotion , which would Influence their Moral Motivation;529
1.9.4.6.4;Female Principals had Resembling Visions of Moral Motivation for their School Moral Atmosphere;530
1.9.4.6.5;Female Principals Fostered their School Moral Atmosphere and Moral Motivation by Fruitful and Creative Strategies;530
1.9.4.6.6;A Few Female Principals Uncovered the Dark Side of Moral Atmosphere and Collision of Moral Motivation in their Present/Previous Schools;531
1.9.4.6.7;FACTORS INFLUENCING FEMALE PRINCIPALS’ MORAL LEADERSHIP AND MORAL MOTIVATION;532
1.9.4.6.8;A Number of Personal Factors Influencing Moral Experience and Moral Motivation of Female Principals;532
1.9.4.6.9;The Structural Factors Influenced Moral Experience and Moral Motivation of Female Principals Disclosed Ideologies of Traditional Patriarchy and Gender Inequality;533
1.9.4.6.10;Female Principals Still Face Challenges of a Number of Cultural and Gender Issues on Moral Motivation;534
1.9.4.7;CONCLUSION;534
1.9.4.8;REFERENCES;535
1.9.4.9;AFFILIATION;536
1.10;PART 7: MORAL MOTIVATION AND MORAL EDUCATION;537
1.10.1;I. MORAL REASONING, MORAL MOTIVATION AND INFORMED SOCIAL REFLECTION;538
1.10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;538
1.10.1.2;DO GOOD INTENTIONS REALLY PAVE THE ROAD TO HELL? MORAL MOTIVATION AND MORAL ACTION;539
1.10.1.3;INFORMED SOCIAL REFLECTION: UNDERSTANDING MORAL REASONING IN THE REAL WORLD;540
1.10.1.4;MORAL REASONING IN THE WILD: THE SOCIAL SIDE OF MORAL CHOICES;542
1.10.1.5;RECOGNIZING THE OFFSPRING: KNOWING WHAT TO LOOK FOR;543
1.10.1.6;THE LESSONS OF THE “HIDDEN CURRICULUM”;546
1.10.1.6.1;Same “Objective” Choice, “Different” Motivations;546
1.10.1.6.2;Different Choices, “Similar” Motivations;547
1.10.1.6.3;Different Choices, Different Justifications (or are they?);547
1.10.1.7;A SENSE OF PURPOSE;549
1.10.1.8;CONCLUSION;549
1.10.1.9;NOTES;551
1.10.1.10;REFERENCES;551
1.10.1.11;AFFILIATIONS;552
1.10.2;II. CHARACTER AND CIVIC EDUCATION AS A SOURCE OF MORAL MOTIVATION;553
1.10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;553
1.10.2.2;WHERE MOTIVATION FITS IN FRAMEWORKS OF CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP;553
1.10.2.3;INTRINSIC VS. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION;554
1.10.2.4;WORKING MODELS OF STUDENT MOTIVATION;557
1.10.2.5;A TALE OF TWO MODELS;558
1.10.2.6;CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND MORAL MOTIVATION;559
1.10.2.7;THE “HOW TO”;560
1.10.2.7.1;Educating for a Moral Self -System;562
1.10.2.7.2;Educating for Pro-social Relationships;563
1.10.2.7.3;Educating for Pro-social Communities;564
1.10.2.7.4;Educating by Role Models;564
1.10.2.7.5;Educating for Reflectivity and Autonomous Reasoning;565
1.10.2.8;CONCLUSION;565
1.10.2.9;REFERENCES;566
1.10.2.10;AFFILIATIONS;569
1.10.3;III. MORAL MOTIVATION AND THE ROLE OF THE INTERNSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION;570
1.10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;570
1.10.3.2;MORAL MOTIVATION TOWARD PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY;570
1.10.3.3;ROLE OF THE INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION;571
1.10.3.3.1;Cultivating a Professional Identity during the Internship;572
1.10.3.4;A STUDY OF HOW INTERNS LEARN TO BE MORALLY MOTIVATED;573
1.10.3.4.1;Recreation Management as a Helping Profession;573
1.10.3.4.2;Internship Themes Related to Moral Motivation;574
1.10.3.5;THEME I: PRESSURES TO CONFORM TO AGENCY NORMS AND CORE VALUES OF THE INTERNSHIP SETTING;575
1.10.3.5.1;Core Values of the Internship Agency;577
1.10.3.5.2;Mediating Conformity Constraints;579
1.10.3.6;THEME II: DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY THROUGH SIGNIFICANT SUPERVISION AND MENTORING;580
1.10.3.6.1;Mediating Lack of Mentoring;582
1.10.3.7;THEME III: CULTIVATING A PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY THROUGH GUIDED REFLECTION OPPORTUNITIES;583
1.10.3.8;DISCUSSION;584
1.10.3.9;CONCLUSION;586
1.10.3.10;NOTES;587
1.10.3.11;REFERENCES;588
1.10.3.12;AFFILIATIONS;590
1.10.4;IV. WHY MORAL EDUCATION IS MOTIVATING BY NATURE;591
1.10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;591
1.10.4.2;WHERE MOTIVATION IN MORAL EDUCATION IS SITUATED AT PRESENT;592
1.10.4.3;KEY ASPECTS OF THE LIBERAL-COMMUNITARIAN DEBATE FOR A MORAL EDUCATION;594
1.10.4.3.1;Topics Of Discussion and their Impact on Moral Education;595
1.10.4.4;WHY MORAL EDUCATION IS MOTIVATING BY NATURE. THREE POSSIBLE REASONS;598
1.10.4.4.1;The Person as a Reason for Moral Education;599
1.10.4.4.2;Rationality as a Reason for Moral Education;600
1.10.4.4.3;Fellowship as a Reason for Moral Education;602
1.10.4.5;CONCLUSION;603
1.10.4.6;NOTES;604
1.10.4.7;REFERENCES;604
1.10.4.8;AFFILIATION;605
1.10.5;MORAL MOTIVATION IN THE LIGHT OF ACTION THEORY: Perspectives on Theoretical and Empirical Progress;606
1.10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;606
1.10.5.2;MORAL MOTIVAITON IN REST’S FOUR COMPONENT MODEL;607
1.10.5.3;GOING BEYOND REST’S MODEL: CONTRASTING ASSUMPTIONS ON MORAL MOTIVATION;607
1.10.5.3.1;Core Assumptions of the Process Model of Acting;608
1.10.5.3.2;Concept of Moral Motivation in Line with the Process Model of Acting;609
1.10.5.4;THE ROLE OF MOTIVATION AND VOLITION ON THE WAY TO FORMING AN INTENTION – AN ACTION-BASED VIEW;610
1.10.5.4.1;Constituting a (Moral) Situation – Reconstructed Referring to the Process Model of Acting;612
1.10.5.4.2;Constituting a Morally Relevant Situation – Perspectives for Studying Moral Motivation;613
1.10.5.4.3;Anticipating Objectives and Action Plans – Reconstructed Referring to the Process Modell of Acting;623
1.10.5.4.4;Anticipating Objectives and Action Plans – Perspectives for Studying Moral Motivation;625
1.10.5.4.5;Motivational Power - Reconstructed Referring to the Process Model of Acting;627
1.10.5.4.6;Motivational Power - Perspectives for Studying Moral Motivation;628
1.10.5.4.7;Volitional Power - Perspectives for Studying Moral Motivation;632
1.10.5.5;CONCLUSION;634
1.10.5.5.1;On a Way to a New Concept of Moral Motivation;634
1.10.5.5.2;Perspectives for Further Research on Moral Motivation;635
1.10.5.6;NOTES;637
1.10.5.7;REFERENCES;637
1.10.5.8;AFFILIATION;640
1.11;INDEX;641