This volume presents an overview of the results of a European Union integrated program in which approximately two hundred earth scientists participated, drawn from all fields related to exploration.Two classes of modeling were addressed - geological modeling - the relationship between the conditions of sedimentation and the resulting reservoir conditions; and wave-propagation modeling - the investigation of wave-propagation through media of various degrees of complexity. Wave-propagation modeling was carried out either mathematically or physically with the most modern tools. An important aspect of the project was the inversion of seismic data, that is the determination of the parameters of the medium from observations. This problem is closely related to modeling since it is based on the inversion of the mathematical steps and often uses modeling for verification and updating.The geological data presents novel concepts with a coverage that is both broad in area and in discipline. The geophysical investigations are at the leading edge of current research. Although detailed results have been published separately by investigators, this volume is the only source of reference which summarises the results; but incorporating sufficient detail to enable the reader to follow the scientific reasoning.
1;Front Cover;1
2;Modeling the Earth for Oil Exploration;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Editor's preface;8
6;CHAPTER 1. THE CEC GEOSCIENCEI PROGRAM: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TARGETED PROGRAM IN EXPLORATION R&D (1990-1993);26
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;26
6.2;2. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS;27
6.3;3. GEOLOGICAL MODELING AND INTERPRETATION;28
6.4;4. SEISMIC MODELING;32
6.5;5. SEISMIC INVERSION;37
6.6;6. SOFTWARE;40
6.7;7. TECHNICAL RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM;40
6.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;41
7;CHAPTER 2. FROM SEDIMENTOLOGY TO GEOSTATISTICAL RESERVOIR MODELING;44
7.1;ABSTRACT;44
7.2;1. GENERAL PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT;46
7.3;2. GEOLOGICAL PRESENTATION OF THE OUTCROPS;51
7.4;3. DATA ACQUISITION AND DIGITIZATION;69
7.5;4. CONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF THE REFERENCE MODELS;86
7.6;5. RECONSTRUCTING THE REFERENCE MODELS FROM A LIMITED DATASET;122
7.7;6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS;136
7.8;REFERENCES;138
7.9;APPENDIX: PRESENTATIONS AND REPORTS PRODUCED IN THE FRAME OF THE JOUF-0034 PROJECT;139
8;CHAPTER 3. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS;140
8.1;ABSTRACT;140
8.2;1. INTRODUCTION (TUD);143
8.3;2. GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (IGE-CSIC/UCM);145
8.4;3. FLUVIAL ARCHITECTURE (TUD AND IGE-CSIC/UCM);152
8.5;4. SANDSTONE PETROGRAPHY (IGE-CSIC/UCM;183
8.6;5. PERMEABILITY ANALYSIS (TUD ANDTNO);189
8.7;6. GAMMA-RAY ANALYSIS (TUD AND IGE-CSIC/UCM);201
8.8;7. STOCHASTIC MODELING (TUD AND TNO);208
8.9;8. SEISMIC MODELING (TNO);214
8.10;REFERENCES;225
9;CHAPTER 4. SYSTEMATICS OF FAULTS AND FAULT ARRAYS;230
9.1;ABSTRACT;230
9.2;1. INTRODUCTION;233
9.3;2. FAULT SYSTEMATICS;237
9.4;3. DEFINITION AND ANALYSIS OF FAULT-RELATED HORIZON AND SEQUENCE GEOMETRIES;279
9.5;4. MODELING OF THE DISPLACEMENT GEOMETRIES ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL FAULTS;310
9.6;REFERENCES;336
10;CHAPTER 5. WAVE PROPAGATION IN RANDOM MEDIA;342
10.1;ABSTRACT;342
10.2;1. RANDOM-MEDIA RESEARCH;344
10.3;2. MODELING ID RANDOM MEDIA;349
10.4;3. PARAMETERIZATION OF 3D RANDOM MEDIA;358
10.5;4. ACCURATE AND EFFICIENT S EISMIC MODELING IN RANDOM MEDIA;364
10.6;5. SCALAR WAVE TRANSMISSION AND LOCALIZATION IN LAYERED MEDIA;372
10.7;6. SCATTERING ATTENUATION FROM VSP DATA: A NUMERICAL STUDY;379
10.8;7. MODEL STUDIES OF COHERENCE AND BANDWIDTH;390
10.9;8. ATTENUATION: ANALYSIS OF NORTH SEA DATA;397
10.10;9. ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC WAVES;402
10.11;10. ATTENUATION TOMOGRAPHY;414
10.12;11. TOMOGRAPHY FOR ANISOTROPIC VELOCITY PARAMETERS;423
10.13;12. DATA PROCESSING;432
10.14;REFERENCES;437
11;CHAPTER 6. EXPLORATION ORIENTED SEISMIC MODELING;458
11.1;ABSTRACT;458
11.2;1. INTRODUCTION;460
11.3;2. ADVANCED SEISMIC MODELING;462
11.4;3. DIRECTED SEISMIC INVERSION;542
11.5;REFERENCES;563
12;CHAPTER 7. SEISMIC INVERSION AND THE IMPACT OF A PRIORI INFORMATION;566
12.1;ABSTRACT;566
12.2;1. IMPACT OF A PRIORI INFORMATION;569
12.3;2. 2D LINEARIZED ELASTIC INVERSION - EVALUATION OF SYNTHETIC DATA;630
12.4;3. THE MESA VERDE OUTCROP: SEISMIC MODELING, PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION;657
12.5;REFERENCES;673
13;CHAPTER 8. PHYSICAL MODELING OF 3D SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION;678
13.1;ABSTRACT;678
13.2;INTRODUCTION;679
13.3;1. SEISMIC MODELING: A STATE-OF-THE-ART;679
13.4;2. LASER ULTRASONICS, A BREAKTHROUGH IN SEISMIC MODELING;681
13.5;3. SOME ASPECTS OF SEISMIC MODELING: LASER ULTRASONICS VERSUS NUMERICAL MODELING;688
13.6;4. SOME ASPECTS OF SEISMIC MODELING AND IMAGING IN (ANISOTROPIC MEDIA USINGA MIXED LASER/PIEZOELECTRIC SYSTEM;693
13.7;5. THREE-COMPONENT RECORDING USING SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY;699
13.8;6. CRITICAL Å VALU Á¹ÏÍ OF THE LASER TECHNIQUE AND PROSPECTIVE VIEWS;703
13.9;7. CONCLUSIONS;705
13.10;APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL MODELING USING LASER SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY;706
13.11;REFERENCES;726
14;CHAPTER 9. AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR RESERVOIR CHARACTE;728
14.1;ABSTRACT;728
14.2;1. INTRODUCTION;729
14.3;2. S YSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY;732
14.4;3. THE DISTRIBUTED PROBLEM-SOLVING ENVIRONMENT;738
14.5;4. A TASK MODEL FOR SUBSURFACE MODELING;742
14.6;5. E&P KNOWLEDGE MODULE IMPLEMENTATION: ELL CORRELATION BASED ON SILICICLASTIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY;744
14.7;6. E&P KNOWLEDGE MODULE IMPLEMENTATION: STRATIGRAPHIC SEISMIC INTERPRETATION;757
14.8;7. CONCLUSION;769
14.9;REFERENCES;769
15;CHAPTER 10. AN EXCHANGE FORMAT FOR GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA;770
15.1;ABSTRACT;770
15.2;1. INTRODUCTION;771
15.3;2. THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS;774
15.4;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;779
15.5;4. POSC ACTIVITIES;780
15.6;5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;781
15.7;REFERENCES;782
16;APPENDIX: THE RESEARCH CONTRACTS;784
17;INDEX;810
