Hell / Mendel Cell Biology of Metals and Nutrients

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10613-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 306 Seiten

Plants are composed of 17 essential and at least 5 beneficial elements, and these must be taken up as metal or nutrient ions to allow for growth and cell division. Much effort has been devoted to studying the physiology and biochemistry of metals and nutrients in plants. The aspect of cell biology, however, is an emerging new field and much needs to be learned about sensing, long-distance communication within plants, and cellular signal transduction chains in response to environmental stress. Cellular malfunction and consequently disease result when any of the key steps in metal and nutrient homeostasis are disrupted. Working together, leading experts in their respective fields provide a new concept that reaches beyond plant nutrition and plasmalemma transport into cellular physiology. Each chapter contains basic information on uptake, physiological function, deficiency and toxicity syndromes, long-distance and intracellular transport. The discussion is devoted to metals and nutrients where recent progress has been made and highlights the aspects of homeostasis and sensing, signaling and regulation, drawing parallels to other organisms including humans. Finally, the book identifies gaps in our current knowledge and lays out future research directions.

Rüdiger Hell studied Biology at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany, and completed his PhD at the University of Cologne, Germany in 1989. From 1990 to 1992 he worked at the University of California in Berkeley as a postdoctoral researcher. After returning to Germany he completed his postdoctoral thesis at the University of Bochum in 1998 and held a position at the Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben. During that time he developed his ongoing interest in molecular mechanisms of plant nutrition, especially sulfur metabolism and cellular redox control. In 2003 he was appointed chair at the Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences. He served as Dean of the Faculty of Biosciences at Heidelberg University from 2005-2007, and is currently the managing director of the university's Plant Sciences Institute. Ralf R. Mendel studied biochemistry at the Humboldt University in Berlin, completed his PhD at the Martin-Luther-University Halle in 1979 and his postdoctoral thesis in 1985. During that time he held a position at the Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben. In 1992 he was appointed Full Professor of Botany at the (now) Institute of Plant Biology of the Braunschweig University of Technology, Germany. He has been the director of the Institute since 1993 and also served as Dean of Biosciences at Braunschweig from 1997 to 1999. His research focuses on the cell biology and biochemistry of molybdenum in plants and humans.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hell, Rüdiger

Mendel, Ralf-Rainer

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;About the Editors;6
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;11
5;Role of Boron in Plant Growth and its Transport Mechanisms;14
5.1;Introduction: Specialty of B;14
5.2;Physiological Significance of B;15
5.2.1;B Essentiality in Plants and Animals;15
5.2.2;B Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Plants;16
5.3;RG-II-B in Cell Wall and its Requirement for Plant Growth;16
5.3.1;Chemical Properties of B: Possible Binding Sites of B in Cell;16
5.3.2;Identification of RG-II-B Complex in Plant Cell Walls;17
5.3.3;Synthesis of RG-II and Physiological Roles of RG-II;17
5.3.3.1;A. thaliana MUR1 for Fucose Synthesis Essential for Efficient Formation of dRG-II-B;17
5.3.3.2;NpGUT1, Glucuronyltransferase 1, for Cell Adhesion and Attachment;18
5.3.4;Changes in RG-II Properties in Response to B Nutrition;18
5.4;Molecular Mechanism of B Transport in Plants;19
5.4.1;Passive Diffusion;19
5.4.2;Channel-mediated B Transport for Facilitation;19
5.4.2.1;A. thaliana NIP5;1, A Channel for Boric Acid for B Uptake Under B Limitation;20
5.4.2.2;A. thaliana NIP6;1, for Preferential Distribution of B into Growing Shoot Tissues;20
5.4.3;Active B Transport System Under Limited Supply of B;21
5.4.3.1;A. thaliana BOR1, the First Borate Transporter Identified in the Biological Systems;21
5.4.3.2;BOR1 Degradation Via Endocytosis in Response to High B Supply;22
5.4.4;Active B Transport System Under Toxic Level of B;22
5.4.4.1;Cellular B Distribution Under Adequate and Toxic Level of B;22
5.4.4.2;BOR1 Homologs Involved in High B Tolerance Through B Efflux in Plants;22
5.4.5;Retranslocation of B;23
5.5;B Transport Mechanisms in Yeast and Mammals;23
5.5.1;Function of a BOR1 Homolog in S. cerevisiae;24
5.5.2;Function of a BOR1 Homolog in Animals;24
5.6;Conclusions and Foresights;24
5.7;References;25
6;Calcium: Not Just Another Ion;29
6.1;Introduction;29
6.2;Nutritional and Structural Functions of Ca2+;30
6.2.1;Nutritional Functions of Ca2+;30
6.2.2;Structural Functions of Ca2+;31
6.3;The Evolution of Ca2+ as a Signaling Molecule;32
6.4;Calcium Release in Response to Signals and Stimuli;33
6.4.1;Calcium Responses to Abiotic, Biotic Factors and Development;33
6.4.2;Calcium Responses to Hormones;34
6.4.3;Interconnection of Ca2+ Dynamics with other Second Messengers;35
6.5;Organelles and Ca2+;35
6.5.1;Calcium Signaling within the Nucleus;37
6.5.2;Calcium Regulation by the ER;38
6.5.3;Mitochondrial Calcium Dynamics;39
6.5.4;The Role of Chloroplasts in Cellular Calcium Homeostasis;39
6.6;Channels and Transporters shaping Ca2+ Signals;40
6.6.1;Influx of Ca2+;40
6.6.1.1;Voltage Dependent Channels;41
6.6.1.2;Ligand Gated Channels;41
6.6.1.3;Vacuolar and ER Ca2+ Channels;42
6.6.2;Efflux of Calcium;43
6.6.2.1;Calcium-Proton Antiporter;43
6.6.2.2;Phosphorylated-type ATPases;44
6.7;Signal Response Coupling of Calcium;45
6.7.1;Differences in Salt and Mannitol Responses;45
6.7.2;Differences in Symbiotic Calcium Responses;46
6.8;Calcium Binding Proteins;47
6.8.1;Calmodulin;47
6.8.2;CDPKs;48
6.8.3;CBLs and CIPKs;49
6.9;Conclusions;51
6.10;References;52
7;Cell Biology of Copper;67
7.1;Introduction;67
7.2;Functions of Cu Proteins in Plants;68
7.2.1;Plastocyanin;68
7.2.2;Cytochrome c Oxidase;68
7.2.3;Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase;69
7.2.4;Ethylene Receptors;69
7.2.5;Phytocyanins;69
7.2.6;Laccase and Ascorbate Oxidase;70
7.2.7;Polyphenol Oxidase;70
7.2.8;Amine Oxidase;71
7.2.9;Other Roles of Cu in Plants;71
7.3;Cu Movement in and out of Root Cells;71
7.3.1;Cu Uptake;71
7.3.2;Cu Export and Intercellular Reallocation;72
7.3.3;Root to Shoot Cu Translocation;73
7.3.4;Excess Cu;73
7.4;Intracellular Cu Delivery to Cu Protein Targets;74
7.4.1;Chloroplast: Cu Import into the Chloroplast;74
7.4.2;Delivery of Cu to other Compartments;76
7.4.2.1;Mitochondria;76
7.4.2.2;Endomembrane and Secretory Pathway;76
7.5;Senescence, Reallocation, and Delivery to Reproductive Tissues;77
7.6;Regulation of Copper Homeostasis;78
7.6.1;Transcription Factors;78
7.6.2;The Cu microRNAs;80
7.7;Overview;80
7.8;References;81
8;Iron;87
8.1;Introduction;87
8.2;The Reduction Strategy;89
8.3;The Chelation Strategy;90
8.4;Regulation of the Reduction Strategy;92
8.5;Regulation of the Chelation Strategy;94
8.6;Fe Transport within the Plant;95
8.6.1;Intercellular Fe Transport;95
8.6.1.1;Citrate;95
8.6.1.2;Nicotianamine;96
8.6.1.3;Iron Transport Protein (ITP);97
8.6.2;Subcellular Fe Transport;97
8.6.2.1;Vacuoles;97
8.6.2.2;Chloroplasts;98
8.6.2.3;Mitochondria;99
8.7;References;100
9;Dissecting Pathways Involved in Manganese Homeostasis and Stress in Higher Plant Cells;107
9.1;Introduction;107
9.2;Importance of Mn in Plants and Consequences of Mn Deficiency and Excess;108
9.3;Uptake, Distribution and Detoxification;112
9.3.1;Uptake into the Cell;112
9.3.2;Subcellular Compartmentalisation;113
9.3.2.1;The Role of CAX (Cation Exchanger) Transporters and the MTP (Metal Tolerance Protein) Family of Transporters;113
9.3.2.2;The Role of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein Transporters;115
9.3.2.3;Role of P-type ATPases;116
9.3.2.3.1;ECA3;116
9.3.2.3.2;ECA1 and LCA1P-type ATPase;118
9.3.3;Long-Distance Transport and Seed Loading;118
9.3.4;Are There Transporters Yet to be Identified?;120
9.4;Chaperones for Mn?;121
9.5;Homeostasis and Aspects of Sensing, Signalling and Regulation;121
9.6;Conclusions and Future Directions;123
9.7;References;124
10;Cell Biology of Molybdenum;130
10.1;Introduction;131
10.2;Molybdenum Uptake into Cells;132
10.3;The Molybdenum Cofactor;132
10.3.1;Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis;135
10.3.1.1;Step 1: Conversion of GTP into cPMP;135
10.3.1.2;Step 2: Synthesis of Molybdopterin;136
10.3.1.3;Step 3: Adenlyation of Molybdopterin;137
10.3.1.4;Step 4: Molybdenum Insertion into Molybdopterin and Crosstalk to Copper Metabolism;137
10.4;Allocation of the Molybdenum Cofactor;138
10.4.1;Storage and Transfer of the Molybdenum Cofactor;138
10.4.2;Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor into Molybdenum Enyzmes;139
10.4.3;Micro-Compartmentalization and Cytoskeleton Binding;139
10.5;Molybdenum Enzymes;140
10.5.1;Xanthine Dehydrogenase;141
10.5.2;Aldehyde Oxidase;142
10.5.3;Sulfite Oxidase;143
10.5.4;Nitrate Reductase;143
10.5.5;Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducting Component;144
10.5.6;Posttranslational Sulfuration of Xanthine Oxidase Family-Enzymes;145
10.5.7;Crosstalk between Molybdenum and Iron Metabolism;146
10.6;Conclusion;147
10.7;References;148
11;Cellular Biology of Nitrogen Metabolism and Signaling;155
11.1;Introduction;155
11.2;Distribution of N Forms in Plant Cells;156
11.2.1;N in Different Tissues;156
11.2.2;N Cellular Distribution;156
11.3;N Fluxes Within a Plant Cell;158
11.3.1;Nitrate and Nitrite Fluxes;158
11.3.2;Ammonium Fluxes;160
11.3.3;Urea Transport;161
11.3.4;Organic N Transport;162
11.4;N Assimilation Pathways;162
11.4.1;N Assimilation;163
11.4.2;N Remobilization;164
11.5;Regulation of N Uptake and Metabolism;164
11.5.1;Regulation at the mRNA Level;164
11.5.2;Regulation at the Protein Level;167
11.6;N- Signaling: Nitric Oxide - A Special Case;168
11.6.1;Sources for NO in Plants;169
11.6.2;Mechanisms Through Which NO Affects Targets;171
11.7;Conclusion;173
11.8;References;174
12;Phosphorus: Plant Strategies to Cope with its Scarcity;183
12.1;Introduction;183
12.1.1;Phosphorus is Needed to Sustain Life;183
12.2;The Phosphorus Paradox;184
12.2.1;Phosphorus is Necessary for Plant Welfare;184
12.2.2;Phosphorus: Its Limited Availability;184
12.2.3;Phosphorus in Soil;185
12.2.4;Phosphorus Availability: Economical and Environmental Problems;185
12.3;Pi Uptake and Transport by Plants;186
12.3.1;Pi Uptake and Translocation in Whole Plant;186
12.3.2;Pi Transporters in Plants;187
12.4;The Plant Phosphate Starvation Response;188
12.4.1;Biochemical Adaptations of Phosphate Starved Plants;188
12.4.1.1;Gathering and Recycling Phosphorus from Organic Pi Pool;188
12.4.1.2;Solubilizing Phosphorus from Inorganic Pi Pool;189
12.4.1.3;Increasing the Pi Uptake Ratio and Translocation;190
12.4.2;Physiological Changes;190
12.4.3;Morphological Adaptations of Phosphate-Starved Plants;191
12.4.3.1;Pi Can Modify Post-Embrionary Root Development;191
12.4.3.2;RH Formation;191
12.4.3.3;Root System Architecture;192
12.4.4;Interaction with Other Organisms;192
12.5;Regulation and Signaling Mechanisms of Phosphate Starvation;193
12.5.1;Phosphate Starvation Response, a Coordinate Mechanism;193
12.5.1.1;Is There a Plant Pho Regulon?;193
12.5.1.2;Sensing Pi Status;193
12.5.1.3;Transcriptional Factors Involved in Phosphate Starvation;195
12.5.2;Phosphate Homeostasis;196
12.5.2.1;Signaling Pathway of Phosphate Starvation Dependent of PHR1, PHO2, and MicroRNA399;196
12.5.3;The Role of Sugars in Phosphate Starvation;198
12.5.4;The Role of Plant Hormones in the Regulation of Phosphate Starvation Response;199
12.6;Conclusions;201
12.7;References;202
13;Potassium;209
13.1;Potassium is an Essential Mineral Element;209
13.1.1;Physiological Functions of Potassium;209
13.1.2;Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency;211
13.1.3;Acclimatory Responses to Potassium Starvation;213
13.2;The Acquisition and Cellular Distribution of Potassium;216
13.2.1;Potassium Acquisition by Plant Roots;216
13.2.2;Thermodynamic Consideration of K+ Uptake and Distribution in Root Cells;217
13.2.3;Cellular K+ Homeostasis;218
13.3;Potassium Transport Within the Plant;218
13.4;The Molecular Biology of K+ Transporters;221
13.5;Summary;227
13.6;References;228
14;Selenium Metabolism in Plants;235
14.1;Introduction;235
14.2;Metabolism of Se;238
14.2.1;From Selenate to Selenocysteine;238
14.2.2;From Selenocysteine to Other Selenocompounds;239
14.3;Genetic Engineering of Plant Se Metabolism;240
14.3.1;Results Obtained from Various Transgenic Approaches;240
14.3.2;Obtained Insight into Rate-controlling Steps and Se Detoxification Mechanisms;241
14.3.3;Testing the Potential of the Transgenics for Phytoremediation, and as Fortified Foods;241
14.4;New Insights into Plant Se Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms;242
14.4.1;Results Using the Model Nonaccumulator Species Arabidopsis thaliana;242
14.4.2;Results Using Se Hyperaccumulators and Related Nonhyperaccumulators;243
14.5;Ecological Aspects of Plant Se Accumulation;244
14.5.1;Contribution of Microbes to Se Uptake and Volatilization;244
14.5.2;Effects of Plant Se on Ecological Partners;246
14.6;Conclusions and Future Prospects;247
14.7;References;248
15;Cellular Biology of Sulfur and Its Functions in Plants;252
15.1;Sulfur is an Essential Mineral Element;252
15.1.1;Physiological Functions of Sulfur;252
15.1.2;Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency;253
15.1.3;Acclimatory Responses to Sulfur Starvation;254
15.2;The Acquisition and Allocation of Sulfur Compounds;255
15.2.1;Sulfate Acquisition by Plant Roots;255
15.2.2;Whole Plant Allocation of Sulfur Compounds;258
15.2.3;Cellular Distribution of Sulfur-containing Compounds;260
15.3;Reductive Sulfate Assimilation;260
15.3.1;Subcellular Organization of Reactions;260
15.3.2;Signal Mechanisms and Homeostasis of Uptake and Reductive Assimilation;263
15.4;Regulation of Sulfur Amino Acids Biosynthesis;265
15.4.1;Regulation of Cysteine Biosynthesis;265
15.4.2;Catabolism, Storage and Transport of Cysteine;268
15.4.3;Biosynthesis of Methionine;269
15.4.4;Catabolism, Storage and Transport of Methionine;271
15.5;Roles of GSH in Redox Homeostasis and Detoxification;272
15.5.1;GSH Biosynthesis and Functions;272
15.5.2;GSH Degradation and Detoxification of Xenobiotics;274
15.6;References;275
16;Zn - A Versatile Player in Plant Cell Biology;289
16.1;Zn Chemistry and Biological Functions;289
16.2;Cellular Compartmentalization of Zn;291
16.3;Physiological Range of Zn Concentrations in Plants;293
16.4;Zn Acquisition;293
16.5;Cellular Zn Homeostasis;295
16.6;Long-distance Transport and Accumulation of Zn;297
16.7;Zn Toxicity and Tolerance;299
16.8;Cell Biology of Zn Hyperaccumulation;299
16.9;Regulation of Zn Homeostasis;300
16.10;Perspectives;301
16.11;References;302
17;Index;307