Helsen / Missirlis Biomaterials

A Tantalus Experience
2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12532-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 340 Seiten

Reihe: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering

Replacement of a failing hip joint or other defective organs in the human body by artificial 'spare parts' has significantly improved our quality of life. These spare parts have to meet a wide spectrum of mechanical, chemical and design requirements.  In this book, the properties and selection of materials for such `spare parts' are deduced from case studies at the start of each chapter. Hard tissue replacements (joints, long bones, dental), soft tissue (heart valves) and tissue engineering are included. The chapters also detail the three generic classes of materials: alloys (including shape memory alloys), ceramics & glasses and polymers. Separate chapters are devoted to the toxicity of implants, the metals zirconium(-zirconium oxide), tantalum, niobium and metallic glasses, soluble metals and Rapid Prototyping techniques for the fabrication of custom made prostheses.  The book concludes by a chapter on water as water is always 'there' and conditions the interaction between body and implant. Water is the very matrix of life on earth.   A peculiarity of the book is its 'perspective view', meaning that the authors looked behind the present biomaterials' décor and included historical backgrounds (real and mythological), future developments, and the relation to nature (plants and geology).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Helsen, Jozef A.

Missirlis, Yannis

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;14
4;Chapter 1:The Perfect Human Machine;18
4.1;1.1 Biomaterials: Philosophical Background;18
4.2;1.2 Staying Alive Despite the Second Law;21
4.3;1.3 Scaling of Plants and Animals;21
4.4;1.4 Definitions;29
5;Chapter 2:The Failing Human Machine;36
5.1;2.1 A Total Hip Replacement;36
5.2;2.2 Strength and Response to Load;42
5.2.1;2.2.1 Stainless Steel;44
5.2.2;2.2.2 Cobalt–Chrome alloys;47
5.2.3;2.2.3 Titanium Alloys;49
5.3;2.3 Skeletal Tissue;54
5.3.1;2.3.1 Cartilage;55
5.4;2.4 Total Hip Replacement Register;62
5.5;2.5 Homage to a Pioneer: Sir John Charnley;66
6;Chapter 3:Corrosion;68
6.1;3.1 It Should not Have Happened;68
6.2;3.2 Water Does not Flow Uphill;70
6.2.1;3.2.1 Electrochemical Series;72
6.2.2;3.2.2 Pourbaix Diagram;73
6.2.3;3.2.3 Corrosion Rate;75
6.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Anodic and Cathodic Currents;77
6.2.4;3.2.4 Styles in Corrosion;79
6.3;3.3 Does It All Fit the Practice of Implants?;85
6.4;3.4 A Conclusion;86
7;Chapter 4:Intoxicated by Implants?;88
7.1;4.1 Trace and Essential Trace Elements;89
7.2;4.2 Toxicity;90
7.2.1;4.2.1 Complex Formation;91
7.2.2;4.2.2 Metallothionein;92
7.2.3;4.2.3 Multiple Interactions;93
7.3;4.3 Immunotoxicology;96
7.4;4.4 Gulliver and the Lilliputians;98
7.5;4.5 Sensitivity to Metal Implants;102
7.5.1;4.5.1 Stainless Steels;103
7.5.2;4.5.2 Cobalt–Chromium Alloys;105
7.5.3;4.5.3 Titanium Alloys;108
7.6;4.6 Wear Debris;111
7.7;4.7 And the Answer Is?;112
7.8;4.8 Postscriptum;113
8;Chapter 5:Zirconium and Other Newcomers;115
8.1;5.1 Excellent But Just not Enough?;115
8.2;5.2 Zirconium, a Newcomer?;117
8.3;5.3 Tantalum and Niobium;125
8.4;5.4 Alloys with a Future?;134
8.5;5.5 Postscript;136
9;Chapter 6:Long Bones;137
9.1;6.1 Plaster of Paris;137
9.2;6.2 Corollary Between Mineral and Biological Evolution: An Excursion in the Dark Ages;138
9.3;6.3 Thermoplastic Polymers;141
9.4;6.4 External Fixators;141
9.5;6.5 Exploring the Future;145
9.6;6.6 Osteosynthesis;149
9.7;6.7 G.A. Ilizarov;151
10;Chapter 7:Layer by Layer;153
10.1;7.1 Computer-Aided Design;153
10.2;7.2 Electron Beam Melting;155
10.3;7.3 Selective Laser Melting of Metal Powder;158
10.4;7.4 Stereolithography of Polymers;160
10.5;7.5 Characterization of Porous Structures;163
10.6;7.6 Conclusion;164
11;Chapter 8:Metal Implants Bound to Disappear;166
11.1;8.1 Soluble Metals?;167
11.2;8.2 Prospecting for the Best;171
11.3;8.3 Hope?;172
11.4;8.4 Mg Foams;175
11.5;8.5 In Vitro and In Vivo;176
11.6;8.6 Conclusion;177
12;Chapter 9:A 7,000 Year Old Story: Ceramics;179
12.1;9.1 Greek Pottery, a Useful Intermezzo?;179
12.2;9.2 Ceramics, Impossible to Define?;181
12.3;9.3 Ceramics;182
12.3.1;9.3.1 High Performance;182
12.3.2;9.3.2 Low Performance;196
12.4;9.4 Glass and Glass–Ceramics;196
12.4.1;9.4.1 Bioactive Glasses;197
12.4.2;9.4.2 Glass–Ceramics;199
12.5;9.5 Coatings;200
12.6;9.6 General Conclusion;202
13;Chapter 10:Dental Materials;205
13.1;10.1 Difficulties to ``Bridge';206
13.2;10.2 Amalgam;207
13.3;10.3 Composite Alternatives;210
13.3.1;10.3.1 Adhesives;213
13.3.2;10.3.2 Restorative Composites;217
13.4;10.4 Orthodontics;219
13.5;10.5 Implants;225
13.6;10.6 Ceramics;225
13.7;10.7 Calcium Phosphates;227
13.8;10.8 Postscript;231
14;Chapter 11:The Perfect Prosthesis?;233
14.1;11.1 The Isoelastic Prosthesis;233
14.2;11.2 Polymers for Implants;235
14.3;11.3 Why Is a Polymer Like PMMA Transparent to Visible Light?;243
14.4;11.4 Polyethyleneterephtalate;244
14.5;11.5 Polyamide;245
14.6;11.6 Was the Isoelastic Concept a Good Idea?;245
14.7;11.7 Heraclitus, 2500 Years Old and Still Alive;247
14.8;11.8 We Shall Overcome…Do We?;249
14.9;11.9 Thermoplastic Elastomers;252
14.9.1;11.9.1 Polyurethane;252
14.9.2;11.9.2 Thermoplastic Polyolefins;252
14.10;11.10 Conclusion;256
15;Chapter 12:Heart Valve Substitutes;257
15.1;12.1 Introduction: Valve Explants;257
15.2;12.2 The Natural Heart Valves;258
15.2.1;12.2.1 The Aortic Valve;259
15.2.2;12.2.2 Aortic Valve Substitutes;261
15.3;12.3 Soft Tissue Biomechanics;268
15.4;12.4 Blood-Material Interactions;269
15.5;12.5 Anticoagulants;276
15.6;12.6 Blood Flow Through the Heart Valves;278
15.7;12.7 Epilogue-Future;280
16;Chapter 13:Tissue Engineering: Regenerative Medicine;283
16.1;13.1 It Has Been Described Before!;283
16.2;13.2 Basic Scheme of Tissue Engineering;284
16.3;13.3 Scaffolds;286
16.3.1;13.3.1 Materials;286
16.3.2;13.3.2 Porosity and Architecture;287
16.3.3;13.3.3 Scaffold Surface Chemistry and Topography;288
16.3.4;13.3.4 Mechanical Properties;289
16.3.5;13.3.5 Degradation Kinetics;290
16.3.6;13.3.6 Fabrication Techniques;291
16.4;13.4 Biomolecules and Cells;293
16.4.1;13.4.1 Biomolecules;293
16.4.2;13.4.2 Cells;294
16.5;13.5 Tissue Engineered Heart Valves;295
16.6;13.6 Vascular Grafts;296
16.6.1;13.6.1 Synthetic Vascular Grafts;297
16.6.2;13.6.2 Stents;299
16.6.3;13.6.3 Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels;301
17;Chapter 14:Water;304
17.1;14.1 Origin of Life;305
17.2;14.2 The Water Molecule;306
17.3;14.3 Conclusion;312
18;Chapter 15:Closing Dinner Speech;313
19;Appendix:A Physical Data;315
20;Appendix:B Crystallographic Structures;319
20.1;B.1 Crystal Systems;319
20.1.1;B.1.1 Unit Cells;319
20.1.2;B.1.2 Slip Planes;321
20.1.3;B.1.3 Dislocations;321
20.1.4;B.1.4 Diffusionless or Displacive Transformation;322
20.2;B.2 Ceramics;322
21;Appendix C:Electrochemical Series;324
21.1;C.1 Equilibrium Electrochemical Series;324
21.2;C.2 Pitting Potentials and Re-passivating Time;327
22;Appendix D:Simulated Body Fluids;328
23;References;330
24;Index;344