Ho Nanodiamonds

Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0531-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 286 Seiten

Nanodiamonds: Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine highlights the translation of nanodiamonds toward clinical relevance and medical applications. Integrating a spectrum of internationally-recognized experts currently developing these technologies, this book fits as a cornerstone of this exciting field. These include contributions from clinician scientists working at the interface of medicine and nanotechnologies which discuss the critical and requisite properties of nanomaterials, in a concise and cohesive manner. Nanodiamonds: Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine provides a multidisciplinary overview of nanodiamonds and there uses for scientific, engineering and clinical audiences alike.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ho, Dean

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Prof. Dean Ho Biography;7
3;Contents;8
4;Contributors;10
5;Chapter 1;13
5.1;Single-Nano Buckydiamond Particles;13
5.1.1;1.1 .Introduction;13
5.1.2;1.2 .Formation and Isolation;16
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 .Detonation and Agglutination;16
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 .Isolation of Primary Particles;18
5.1.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 .Operation of Beads-Milling;21
5.1.2.2.1.1;.Operation Under the Optimum Condition;21
5.1.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 .Other Methods of Disintegrating Agglutinates;23
5.1.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 .Miniature Beads-Mill for Laboratory Testing;24
5.1.3;1.3 .Characteristics;25
5.1.3.1;1.3.1 .Spontaneous Polarization;25
5.1.3.2;1.3.2 .Hydration;26
5.1.3.3;1.3.3 .Mechanism of Ligand Exchange;28
5.1.3.4;1.3.4 .Core-Shell Structure;30
5.1.3.5;1.3.5 .Black Color;32
5.1.4;1.4 .Applications;32
5.1.4.1;1.4.1 .Three Major Uses Under Developments;32
5.1.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 .Inactivated Drug Carrier/Slow-Releaser;33
5.1.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 .CVD Seeding;33
5.1.4.1.2.1;.Experimental Procedure Involving Si-Wafer as the Substrate of Seeding;34
5.1.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 .Nanospacer Colloid Lubrication;36
5.1.4.2;1.4.2 .Other Favorable Assets of SNBD as Industrial Material;38
5.1.5;1.5 .Perspectives and Conclusions;42
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 .Cost Perspectives;42
5.1.5.2;1.5.2 .Conclusions;43
5.2;References;43
6;Chapter 2;46
6.1;Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanodiamond Graphitization;46
6.1.1;2.1 .Introduction;46
6.1.2;2.2 .Computational Method;48
6.1.3;2.3 .Nanodiamond Structures;49
6.1.4;2.4 .Results;50
6.1.4.1;2.4.1 .Graphitization Mechanism;50
6.1.4.2;2.4.2 .Factors Affecting Graphitization;55
6.1.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 .Annealing Temperature;55
6.1.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 .Nanodiamond Shape;56
6.1.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 .Nanodiamond Size;58
6.1.4.2.4;2.4.2.4 .Hydrogen Termination;59
6.1.4.3;2.4.3 .Onion-Like Carbons;59
6.1.4.4;2.4.4 .Vibrational Spectra;62
6.1.5;2.5 .Summary and Outlook;63
6.2;References;64
7;Chapter 3;66
7.1;The Fundamental Properties and Characteristics of Nanodiamonds;66
7.1.1;3.1 .Introduction;66
7.1.2;3.2 .Detonation Nanodiamond Technology;67
7.1.2.1;3.2.1 .Technology of Synthesis;67
7.1.2.2;3.2.2 .Isolation of Diamond from Detonation Carbon;69
7.1.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 .Removal of Impurities and of the sp.2. Phase;69
7.1.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 .Deaggregation of Detonation Nanodiamond Particles;73
7.1.3;3.3 .Structure of the Detonation Soot and DND Particles;74
7.1.4;3.4 .Methods for Characterization and Modification of Detonation Nanodiamonds;77
7.1.4.1;3.4.1 .Electron Spin Resonance and Magnetic Studies;78
7.1.4.2;3.4.2 .Characterization of DND Surface by Infrared Absorption;79
7.1.4.3;3.4.3 .Functionalization of DND Surface;83
7.1.5;3.5 .Conclusion;85
7.2;References;85
8;Chapter 4;89
8.1;Detonation Nanodiamond Particles Processing, Modification and Bioapplications;89
8.1.1;4.1 .Introduction: Types of Nanodiamonds;89
8.1.2;4.2 .Detonation Nanodiamond Synthesis, Processing, and Modification;91
8.1.2.1;4.2.1 .Synthesis;92
8.1.2.2;4.2.2 .DND Postsynthesis Processing;93
8.1.2.3;4.2.3 .Detonation Nanodiamond Modification;95
8.1.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 .Deep Purification;96
8.1.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 .Fractionation;96
8.1.2.3.3;4.2.3.3 .Deagglomeration;99
8.1.2.3.4;4.2.3.4 .DND Surface Functionalization;100
8.1.2.3.5;4.2.3.5 .DND Zeta Potential;102
8.1.2.4;4.2.4 .“Modern” Detonation Nanodiamond;104
8.1.3;4.3 .Selected Biomedical Applications;106
8.1.3.1;4.3.1 .DND Optical Labels;107
8.1.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 .DND Photoluminescence;107
8.1.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 .Fluorescently Labeled DND;108
8.1.3.2;4.3.2 .DND Biofunctional Applications;110
8.1.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 .DND Electromanipulation;110
8.1.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 .DND Solid Phase Supports;112
8.1.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 .DMSO Solvent for DND;115
8.1.3.2.4;4.3.2.4 .Thermophoresis of DND;117
8.1.3.3;4.3.3 .DND Medical Applications;118
8.1.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 .DND Enterosorbents;118
8.1.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 .DND in Ballistic Delivery;118
8.1.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 .DND for Seeding of CVD Diamond Films;119
8.1.3.3.4;4.3.3.4 .DND in Health Care Products;120
8.1.4;4.4 .Future of DND Biomedical Applications;121
8.2;References;122
9;Chapter 5;127
9.1;Functionalization of Nanodiamond for Specific Biorecognition;127
9.1.1;5.1 .Introduction;127
9.1.2;5.2 .Production of Nanoscale Diamond;127
9.1.3;5.3 .The Structure of Detonation Nanodiamond;128
9.1.4;5.4 .Applications of Nanodiamond;129
9.1.5;5.5 .Functionalization of Nanodiamond with Aminophenylboronic Acid;129
9.1.5.1;5.5.1 .Suzuki Coupling Reaction;132
9.1.6;5.6 .Conclusion;134
9.2;References;135
10;Chapter 6;136
10.1;Development and Use of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds as Cellular Markers*;136
10.1.1;6.1 .Introduction;136
10.1.2;6.2 .Materials and Methods;139
10.1.2.1;6.2.1 .Nanodiamond Samples;139
10.1.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 .Synthetic Nanodiamonds;139
10.1.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 .Natural Nanodiamonds;140
10.1.2.2;6.2.2 .Production of FNDs;140
10.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 .High Energy Ion Irradiation;140
10.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 .Medium Energy Ion Irradiation;140
10.1.2.3;6.2.3 .Spectroscopic Characterization of FNDs;141
10.1.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 .Ensemble Measurements;141
10.1.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 .Single Particle Measurements;142
10.1.2.4;6.2.4 .Biological Use of FNDs;144
10.1.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 .Cell Culture;144
10.1.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 .Flow Cytometry;144
10.1.2.4.3;6.2.4.3 .Fluorescence Microscopy;144
10.1.3;6.3 .Results and Discussion;145
10.1.3.1;6.3.1 .Mass-produced FNDs;145
10.1.3.2;6.3.2 .Multicolored FNDs;146
10.1.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 .Red FNDs;146
10.1.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 .Green FNDs;147
10.1.3.3;6.3.3 .Single FNDs;148
10.1.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 .Fluorescence Spectra;148
10.1.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 .Photostability and Fluorescence Brightness;149
10.1.3.3.3;6.3.3.3 .Fluorescence Lifetimes;152
10.1.3.4;6.3.4 .Applications of FNDs as Cellular Markers;152
10.1.3.4.1;6.3.4.1 .Cellular Uptake;152
10.1.3.4.2;6.3.4.2 .Single Particle Imaging and Tracking;154
10.1.4;6.4 .Conclusion and Future Work;156
10.2;References;157
11;Chapter 7;160
11.1;Nanodiamond-Mediated Delivery of Therapeutics via Particle and Thin Film Architectures;160
11.1.1;7.1 .Introduction;161
11.1.2;7.2 .ND Preparation, Characterization, and Dispersion;164
11.1.3;7.3 .ND Thin Film Fabrication via LBL Assembly;165
11.1.4;7.4 .ND-Mediated Loading and Release of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (Dox);167
11.1.5;7.5 .Therapeutic Drug Functionalization of NDs;170
11.1.6;7.6 .Therapeutic Release from ND Thin Films;170
11.1.7;7.7 .Visualization of ND–Cell Interaction;171
11.1.8;7.8 .Examination of Innate Biocompatibility of ND Delivery Systems;173
11.1.9;7.9 .Cytotoxicity Analysis of ND–Cell Interfacing;177
11.1.10;7.10 .Dox–ND-Induced Cellular Apoptosis;178
11.1.11;7.11 .DNA Assay for Dox–ND Composite Driven Cell Death;179
11.1.12;7.12 .MTT Assay of Dox–ND Activity in HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line;180
11.1.13;7.13 .Conclusion;180
11.2;References;181
12;Chapter 8;184
12.1;Polymeric Encapsulation of Nanodiamond–Chemotherapeutic Complexes for Localized Cancer Treatment;184
12.1.1;8.1 .Introduction;185
12.1.2;8.2 .Materials and Methods;186
12.1.2.1;8.2.1 .ND Suspension and Functionalization with DOX;186
12.1.2.2;8.2.2 .Materials and Device Fabrication;186
12.1.2.3;8.2.3 .Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization;187
12.1.2.4;8.2.4 .Spectroscopic Analysis;187
12.1.2.5;8.2.5 .Contact Angle Measurements;187
12.1.2.6;8.2.6 .DNA Fragmentation Assay;187
12.1.3;8.3 .Results and Discussion;188
12.1.3.1;8.3.1 .Slow-release Analysis;191
12.1.3.2;8.3.2 .Biological Performance Assay;193
12.1.4;8.4 .Conclusions;195
12.2;References;196
13;Chapter 9;198
13.1;Protein–Nanodiamond Complexes for Cellular Surgery;198
13.1.1;9.1 .Introduction;198
13.1.2;9.2 .Nanodiamond’s Cytotoxicity;201
13.1.2.1;9.2.1 .The Cytotoxicity Test;201
13.1.3;9.3 .Using Nanodiamond as a Probe for BioDetections;204
13.1.4;9.4 .The Spectroscopic Properties of the Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond;204
13.1.4.1;9.4.1 .Infrared Spectroscopy of the Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond;204
13.1.4.2;9.4.2 .Raman Spectroscopy of Nanodiamond;211
13.1.4.3;9.4.3 .Fluorescence of Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond;213
13.1.4.4;9.4.4 .Confocal Fluorescence Imagining Using of Nanodiamond in Cell;217
13.1.4.4.1;9.4.4.1 .Confocal Fluorescence Microscopic Investigation;217
13.1.5;9.5 .Bio Molecules Conjugation to Nanodiamond;219
13.1.5.1;9.5.1 .Physical Adsorption;219
13.1.5.2;9.5.2 .Covalent Bonding;220
13.1.6;9.6 .The Interaction of ND–Protein Complex with Biological Cells;221
13.1.6.1;9.6.1 .Protein Lysozyme Interaction with Bacteria .E. coli;221
13.1.6.2;9.6.2 .Observing the Growth Hormone Receptors (GHR) Interacting with Growth Hormone (GH) through ND Labeling;223
13.1.7;9.7 .Nano Surgery Using Nanodiamond–Protein;227
13.1.8;9.8 .Conclusion;230
13.2;References;231
14;Chapter 10;234
14.1;Microfluidic Platforms for Nanoparticle Delivery and Nanomanufacturing in Biology and Medicine;234
14.1.1;10.1 .Introduction;235
14.1.2;10.2 .Tools for High Resolution Functional Nanoparticle Delivery;236
14.1.2.1;10.2.1 .Nanopatterning on Solid Substrates;236
14.1.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 .Directed Self-assembly;236
14.1.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 .Direct-write Nanopatterning;237
14.1.2.2;10.2.2 .In vitro Nanoparticle Injection;237
14.1.3;10.3 .Case Study: Nanofountain Probes for Functional Nanoparticle Delivery;238
14.1.3.1;10.3.1 .Direct-write Patterning of Functionalized Nanodiamonds;238
14.1.3.2;10.3.2 .Direct In vitro Injection;239
14.1.4;10.4 .Discussion and Concluding Remarks;240
14.2;References;241
15;Chapter 11;244
15.1;Biomechanics of Single Cells and Cell Populations;244
15.1.1;11.1 .Approaches in Single Cell Biomechanics;245
15.1.2;11.2 .Molecular Linkage to Cell Biomechanical Properties;246
15.1.3;11.3 .Biomechanics for Numerous Cells in a Population- An Emerging Need?;248
15.1.4;11.4 .Optical Profilometry for Higher Throughput Single Cell Biomechanical Profiling;250
15.2;References;254
16;Chapter 12;257
16.1;Design of Nanodiamond Based Drug Delivery Patch for Cancer Therapeutics and Imaging Applications;257
16.1.1;12.1 .Introduction;257
16.1.2;12.2 .The Drug Delivery Patch;260
16.1.2.1;12.2.1 .Number Effect in Nanoparticles;261
16.1.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 .What is the Number Effect?;261
16.1.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 .Nanospacers Lubrication;263
16.1.2.1.3;12.2.1.3 .Remarks on the Number Effect;265
16.1.3;12.3 .Materials and Manufacturing;266
16.1.3.1;12.3.1 .High Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) for ND Particles and Film Synthesis and Processing;266
16.1.4;12.4 .Device Design Roadmap;269
16.1.5;12.5 .Structure and Surface Electrostatics of Nanodiamonds;270
16.1.5.1;12.5.1 .Uncertainty Quantification of ND charge;270
16.1.5.2;12.5.2 .Multiscale Analysis of ND charge;272
16.1.5.2.1;12.5.2.1 .Charge and Potential on (100) Surface;274
16.1.5.2.2;12.5.2.2 .Charge and Potential on (111) Surface;276
16.1.6;12.6 .ND–Drug Interactions;277
16.1.6.1;12.6.1 .Functionalization of Nanodiamonds;277
16.1.6.2;12.6.2 .Conjugation With Single-Stranded DNA Through .p.-Stacking;277
16.1.6.3;12.6.3 .Electrostatic Interactions Between Doxorubicin and Functionalized Nanodiamond;278
16.1.6.4;12.6.4 .Fundamental Theory of Electrostatic Interactions Between Charged Particles;278
16.1.6.5;12.6.5 .pH-Dependent Adsorption–Desorption;279
16.1.7;12.7 .ND-Drug Diffusion Through Porous Parylene;280
16.1.7.1;12.7.1 .Fundamental Theory;280
16.1.7.2;12.7.2 .Diffusion Through Porous Parylene and Continuum Model;281
16.1.8;12.8 .Diagnostic Nanodiamonds;284
16.1.8.1;12.8.1 .Imaging Applications as BioMarkers;284
16.1.8.2;12.8.2 .Imaging Functionality of Nanodiamond;284
16.1.9;12.9 .Summary and Conclusions;287
16.2;References;288