Holbrook / Zwieniecki Vascular Transport in Plants

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-045423-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 592 Seiten

Reihe: Physiological Ecology

Vascular Transport in Plants provides an up-to-date synthesis of new research on the biology of long distance transport processes in plants. It is a valuable resource and reference for researchers and graduate level students in physiology, molecular biology, physiology, ecology, ecological physiology, development, and all applied disciplines related to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and biotechnology. The book considers long-distance transport from the perspective of molecular level processes to whole plant function, allowing readers to integrate information relating to vascular transport across multiple scales. The book is unique in presenting xylem and phloem transport processes in plants together in a comparative style that emphasizes the important interactions between these two parallel transport systems. - Includes 105 exceptional figures - Discusses xylem and phloem transport in a single volume, highlighting their interactions - Syntheses of structure, function and biology of vascular transport by leading authorities - Poses unsolved questions and stimulates future research - Provides a new conceptual framework for vascular function in plants

Autoren/Hrsg.

Holbrook, N. Michelle

Zwieniecki, Maciej A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Preface;18
6;List of Reviewers;20
7;SECTION I: SOME SPECIAL ASPECTS OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ;22
7.1;Chapter 1. Special Features of Plant Development;24
7.1.1;1. Plants Have Evolved Some Novel Strategies For survival;24
7.1.2;2. Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis;26
7.1.3;3. Organization of the Plant Body ;27
7.1.4;4. Plant Development Involves Commitments;37
7.1.5;5. External or Internal Perturbations May Cause a Reversal of Established Commitments;39
7.1.6;6. Chapter Summary;42
7.1.7;References;42
7.2;Chapter 2. Cell Wall, Cell Division, and Cell Growth;44
7.2.1;SECTION I: CELL WALLS;44
7.2.2;SECTION II: CELL DIVISION;71
7.2.3;SECTION III: CELL GROWTH IN PLANTS;84
7.2.4;SECTION IV: CYTOSKELETON PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN CELL GROWTH, CELL SHAPE, AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION ;88
7.2.5;References;92
7.3;Chapter 3. Embryogenesis;96
7.3.1;1. Introduction;96
7.3.2;2. Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis;97
7.3.3;3. Genetic Dissection of Pattern Formation in Arabidopsis Embryos;98
7.3.4;4. Analysis of Mutant Phenotypes in Maize and Rice;101
7.3.5;5. Cloning and Characterization of Genes;101
7.3.6;6. Embryogenesis in Other Plants;102
7.3.7;7. Control of Patterning in Embryo Development;102
7.3.8;8. Somatic Embryogenesis;106
7.3.9;9. Chapter Summary;110
7.3.10;References;111
7.4;Chapter 4. Determination, Differentiation, and Dedifferentiaion in Plants;114
7.4.1;1. Commitment, Determination, and Differentiation;114
7.4.2;2. Commitment Occurs in Steps, and Choices at Each Step Are Limited to a Few Options;115
7.4.3;3. Role of Cell Divisions in Determination;118
7.4.4;4. Mechanism of Differentiation;120
7.4.5;5. Role of Cytoplasm;124
7.4.6;6. Stability and Transmission of Determined States;126
7.4.7;7. How Is the Determined State Maintained?;127
7.4.8;8. Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation;129
7.4.9;9. Chapter Summary;133
7.4.10;References;134
7.5;Appendix 1. Molecular and Genetic Tools for Study of Plant Development;138
7.5.1;1. Introduction;138
7.5.2;2. Regulation of Gene Expression;138
7.5.3;3. In Vitro Transcription;149
7.5.4;4. Genetic Techniques;149
7.5.5;5. Other Techniques;155
7.5.6;6. Nomenclature of Genes, Mutants, and Proteins;157
7.5.7;References;158
8;SECTION II: STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM OF PLANT HORMONES;160
8.1;Chapter 5. General Features of Plant Hormones, Their Analysis, and Quantitation;162
8.1.1;1. Discovery of Auxin and Other Hormones;162
8.1.2;2. Characteristics of Plant Hormones;164
8.1.3;3. Hormone vs Plant Growth Regulator;164
8.1.4;4. Hormonal Responses Are Specific to a Physiological State;165
8.1.5;5. Bioassays;166
8.1.6;6. Hormone Extraction, Analysis, and Quantitation;166
8.1.7;7. Determination of Hormone Synthetic Pathways;171
8.1.8;8. Regulation of Hormone Levels (Hormonal Homeostasis);172
8.1.9;9. Chapter Summary;173
8.1.10;References;173
8.2;Chapter 6. Auxins;176
8.2.1;1. The Term "Auxin" Includes a Variety of Structurally Unrelated Compounds;176
8.2.2;2. Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Is the Major Naturally Occuring Auxin;176
8.2.3;3. Physiological Roles of IAA;176
8.2.4;4. IAA Biosynthesis in Higher Plants;177
8.2.5;5. Regulation of IAA Levels (IAA Homeostasis);182
8.2.6;6. Inhibitors of IAA Action;187
8.2.7;7. Other Naturally Occuring Auxins;187
8.2.8;8. Synthetic Auxins;187
8.2.9;9. Structural Diversity of Auxins;189
8.2.10;10. Chapter Summary;189
8.2.11;References;189
8.3;Chapter 7. Gibberellins;192
8.3.1;1. Discovery;192
8.3.2;2. Structure of Gibberellins (GAs) in Higher Plants;193
8.3.3;3. Physiological Roles of GAs in Higher Plants;193
8.3.4;4. Terpenoid Pathway Is the Source for Many Important Compounds;194
8.3.5;5. Biosynthesis of GAs;196
8.3.6;6. Regulation of GA Levels in the Plant;204
8.3.7;7. Endogenous Levels;206
8.3.8;8. Why Are There So Many GAs?;207
8.3.9;9. Other Substances with GA-like Activity;208
8.3.10;10. Chapter Summary;209
8.3.11;References;209
8.4;Chapter 8. Cytokinins;212
8.4.1;1. Discovery;212
8.4.2;2. Biological Functions and Bioassays;213
8.4.3;3. Structure of Cytokinins;213
8.4.4;4. Cytokinins Occur Free in the Cytoplasm as Well as Components of tRNA;213
8.4.5;5. Relative Distribution of Natural Cytokinins among Plants;214
8.4.6;6. Biosynthesis in Higher Plants;216
8.4.7;7. Regulation of Cytokinin Levels;218
8.4.8;8. Synthetic Compounds with Cytokinin-like Activity;221
8.4.9;9. Cytokinin Antagonists (Anticytokinins);222
8.4.10;10. Chapter Summary;223
8.4.11;References;223
8.5;Chapter 9. Brassinosteroids;226
8.5.1;1. Discovery;226
8.5.2;2. Structure and Distribution;226
8.5.3;3. Physiological Roles and Bioassays;227
8.5.4;4. Biosynthesis of Brassinolide;228
8.5.5;5. Synthesis Mutants and Their Wild-type Genes;231
8.5.6;6. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis;232
8.5.7;7. Brassinosteroid Structure and Biological Activity;232
8.5.8;8. Regulation of Castasterone and Brassinolide Levels;233
8.5.9;9. Chapter Summary;234
8.5.10;References;234
8.6;Chapter 10. Abscisic Acid;238
8.6.1;1. Discovery;238
8.6.2;2. Structure and Occurrence in Plants and Fungi;238
8.6.3;3. Physiological Roles of Abscisic Acid (ABA);239
8.6.4;4. Biosynthesis of ABA;240
8.6.5;5. Carotenoid and/or ABA Synthesis Mutants;247
8.6.6;6. ABA Synthesis Inhibitiors;247
8.6.7;7. Regulation of ABA Levels;248
8.6.8;8. Chapter Summary;251
8.6.9;References;252
8.7;Chapter 11. Ethylene;254
8.7.1;1. Discovery as a Hormone;254
8.7.2;2. Structure, Distribution, and Internal Concentrations;255
8.7.3;3. Physiological Roles and Bioassays;255
8.7.4;4. Biosynthesis in Higher Plants;256
8.7.5;5. Ethylene Synthesis Mutants;262
8.7.6;6. Regulation of Ethylene Levels in the Plant;262
8.7.7;7. Synthetic Compounds That Produce Ethylene;264
8.7.8;8. Inhibitors of Ethylene Action;264
8.7.9;9. Production of Transgenic Plants;265
8.7.10;10. Chapter Summary;265
8.7.11;References;269
8.8;Chapter 12. Jasmonates and Other Defense-Related Compounds;272
8.8.1;1. Introduction;272
8.8.2;2. Discovery, Distribution, and Structure of Jasmonates ;272
8.8.3;3. Physiological Roles of Jasmonates;273
8.8.4;4. Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid (JA);276
8.8.5;5. JA Synthesis Mutants;284
8.8.6;6. JA Synthesis Inhibitors;284
8.8.7;7. Regulation of Endogenous Levels of JA;285
8.8.8;8. Chapter Summary;287
8.8.9;References;287
8.9;APPENDIX 2. Microbial Synthesis of Plant Hormones;290
8.9.1;1. Microbial Associations with Plants;290
8.9.2;2. Infection by Agrobacterium;291
8.9.3;3. Tumor Induction by Pseudomonas;295
8.9.4;4. Summary of Microbial Genes Involved in IAA and CK Biosynthesis;295
8.9.5;5. Expression of Bacterial Genes in Higher Plants;296
8.9.6;6. Biology of Genetic Transformation by A. tumefaciens;296
8.9.7;7. Production of Plant Hormones by Other Microorganisms;301
8.9.8;References;302
9;SECTION III: HORMONAL REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES;304
9.1;Chapter 13. Uptake and Transport of Hormones;306
9.1.1;1. Introduction;306
9.1.2;2. Characteristics of Uptake and Accumulation;306
9.1.3;3. Translocation of Hormones;311
9.1.4;4. Polar Transport of Auxin;314
9.1.5;5. Chapter Summary;321
9.1.6;References;322
9.2;Chapter 14. Apical Dominance and Some Other Phenomena Illustrating Correlative Effects of Hormones;324
9.2.1;1. Introduction;325
9.2.2;SECTION I: AUXIN AND CYTOKININ HOMEOSTASIS;325
9.2.3;SECTION II: AUXINS AND EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT;326
9.2.4;SECTION III: ROOT AND SHOOT RATIO IN PLANTS;328
9.2.5;SECTION IV: HORMONAL REGULATION OF ROOTING;330
9.2.6;SECTION V: APICAL DOMINANCE;340
9.2.7;SECTION VI: IAA AND DIFFERENTIATION OF VASCULAR TISSUES;350
9.2.8;References;357
9.3;Chapter 15. Hormonal Regulation of Cell Division and Cell Growth;362
9.3.1;1. Introduction;362
9.3.2;SECTION I: CELL DIVISION;363
9.3.3;SECTION II: CELL GROWTH;374
9.3.4;References;396
9.4;Chapter 16. Abscisic and Stress Tolerance in Plants;402
9.4.1;1. Plants Are Exposed to Stresses of Various Kinds;402
9.4.2;2. Abscisic (ABA) Plays a Crucial Role in Mediating Many Responses to Environmental Stress;405
9.4.3;3. ABA and Regulation of Physiological Processes in Shoots;407
9.4.4;4. Freezing Tolerance;411
9.4.5;5. Accumulation of Osmolytes and Stress Tolerance;416
9.4.6;6. Stress-Induced Gene Expression is Complex and Varied;419
9.4.7;7. Isolation of Stress-Related Genes Using Mutational Analysis;427
9.4.8;8. Improving Stress Tolerance of Crop Plants;427
9.4.9;9. Chapter Summary;429
9.4.10;References;429
9.5;Chapter 17. Fruit Development and Ripening;434
9.5.1;1. Fruit Development Occurs in Regulated Steps;434
9.5.2;2. Fruits Come in an Immense Variety;434
9.5.3;3. Stages in Fruit Development;435
9.5.4;4. Growth and Development to Mature Stage;435
9.5.5;5. Fruit Ripening Involves a Complex Set of Changes;441
9.5.6;6. Ripening in Climacteric Fruits;442
9.5.7;7. Ripening in Nonclimacteric Fruits;445
9.5.8;8. Postharvest Changes and Fruit Storage;446
9.5.9;9. Fruit Abscission;447
9.5.10;10. Production of Transgenic Fruit;447
9.5.11;11. Chapter Summary;447
9.5.12;References;448
9.6;Chapter 18. Seed Development and Maturation;452
9.6.1;1. A Seed Is a Marvelous Package;452
9.6.2;2. Stages in Seed Development;452
9.6.3;3. Cytokinins, Indoleacetic Acid, and Possibly Gibberellins Regulate Early Steps in Seed Development;454
9.6.4;4. Abscisic Acid (ABA) Plays a Central Role in Seed Maturation and Dormancy;456
9.6.5;5. Environmental Conditions during Seed Development Affect the Acquisition and Extent of Dormancy;461
9.6.6;6. ABA and Susceptibility or Resistance to Preharvest Sprouting;462
9.6.7;7. "Recalcitrant" Seeds;462
9.6.8;8. Hardening of the Seed Coat and Other Changes;463
9.6.9;9. Desiccation May Act as a Switch to Terminate the Developmental and Turn on the Germinative Program;463
9.6.10;10. Seed Maturation and Dormancy Affect Seed Viability and Subsequent Germination;464
9.6.11;11. Chapter Summary;465
9.6.12;References;465
9.7;Chapter 19. Seed Germination, Mobilization of Food Reserves, and Seed Dormancy;468
9.7.1;1. Introduction;468
9.7.2;SECTION I: SEED GERMINATION;469
9.7.3;SECTION II: MOBILIZATION OF FOOD RESERVES;472
9.7.4;SECTION III: SEED DORMANCY;483
9.7.5;References;490
9.8;Chapter 20. Vegetative Storage Proteins, Tuberization, Senescence, and Abscission;494
9.8.1;1. Introduction;495
9.8.2;SECTION I: VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS VSPs);495
9.8.3;SECTION II: TUBERIZATION;500
9.8.4;SECTION III: SENESCENCE;504
9.8.5;SECTION IV: ABSCISSION;513
9.8.6;References;519
9.9;APPENDIX 3. Seed Food Reserves and Their Accumulation;524
9.9.1;1. What Are Reserve Foods?;524
9.9.2;2. Different Amounts and Types of Reserve Foods Are Accumulated;524
9.9.3;3. Storage of Minerals;525
9.9.4;4. Translocation of Photoassimilate to the Endosperm and the Embryo;526
9.9.5;5. Carbohydrate Reserves;528
9.9.6;6. Lipids;532
9.9.7;7. Proteins;533
9.9.8;8. Different Food Reserves May Be Accumulate at Different Times;539
9.9.9;References;540
10;SECTION IV: MOLECULAR BASIS OF HORMONE ACTION;542
10.1;Chapter 21. Ethylene Signal Perception and Transduction;546
10.1.1;1. Ethylene Effects on Plant Growth and Development;546
10.1.2;2. Ethylene-Binding Studies;547
10.1.3;3. Entylene-Induced Gene Expression;547
10.1.4;4. Ethylene Response Mutants;548
10.1.5;5. Cloning of Wild Type Genes and Structures of Encoded Proteins;550
10.1.6;6. Evidence That ETRl Is an Ethylene Receptor;557
10.1.7;7. Homologues of ETR1 in Arabidopsis;560
10.1.8;8. Intragenic Suppressors Indicate How ETRl and Homologous Proteins Act ;561
10.1.9;9. Ethylene Signaling Pathway in Arabidopsis;562
10.1.10;10. Ethylene Signaling in Other Plants;563
10.1.11;11. Why Are There So Many Homologues of a "Receptor" Protein?;563
10.1.12;12. Inhibitors of Ethylene Response;565
10.1.13;13. Summary and Conclusions;565
10.1.14;References;566
10.2;Chapter 22. Auxin Signal Perception and Transduction ;568
10.2.1;1. Auxin-Induced Responses;568
10.2.2;2. Auxin-Binding Proteins;568
10.2.3;3. Molecular Genetic Approach;575
10.2.4;4. Auxin-Induced Genes;576
10.2.5;5. Auxin Signaling Involves Targeted Protein Degradation;582
10.2.6;6. Chapter Summary;587
10.2.7;References;587
10.3;Chapter 23. Abscisic Acid Signal Perception and Transduction;590
10.3.1;1. Abscisic Acid (ABA)-Induced Responses;590
10.3.2;2. Perception of ABA Signal;590
10.3.3;3. ABA and Stomatal Behavior;591
10.3.4;4. ABA-Regulated Gene Expression;594
10.3.5;5. ABA Response Mutants;603
10.3.6;6. Cross Talk between ABA and Ethylene Signaling;607
10.3.7;7. Chapter Summary and Conclusions References;609
10.3.8;References;609
10.4;Chapter 24. Molecular Biology of Action of Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Brassinosteroids, and Jasmonates;612
10.4.1;SECTION I: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GIBBERELLIN (GA) ACTION ;613
10.4.2;SECTION II: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CYTOKININ (CK) ACTION;628
10.4.3;SECTION III: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BRASSINOSTEROID (BR) ACTION;632
10.4.4;SECTION IV: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF JASMONATE (JA) ACTION;636
10.4.5;References;639
10.5;Chapter 25. Signal Transduction in Plants;644
10.5.1;1. Plants Are Subjected To a Wealth of Signals;645
10.5.2;2. Signal Transduction Paradigm;645
10.5.3;SECTION I: G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS) AND HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS;647
10.5.4;SECTION II: OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE G-PROTEIN SIGNALING PATHWAY;651
10.5.5;SECTION III: TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTOR ENZYMES, SMALL G PROTEINS, AND MAPK CASCADES ;660
10.5.6;SECTION IV: CALCIUM AS A SECOND MESSENGER;666
10.5.7;References;673
10.6;APPENDIX 4. Hormone-Binding Assays and Protein Purification;678
10.6.1;1. Hormone-Binding Assays;678
10.6.2;2. Purification of Receptor Proteins;681
10.6.3;References;682
11;SECTION V: ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH;684
11.1;Chapter 26. Photoperception and Signaling;686
11.1.1;1. Light Regulates Many Aspects of Plant Growth and Development;686
11.1.2;2. Plants Have Evolved an Array of Photoreceptors;687
11.1.3;3. Discovery of Phytochrome;689
11.1.4;SECTION I: PHYTOCHROMES AND CRYPTOCHROMES;691
11.1.5;SECTION II: PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF PHYTOCHROMES AND CRYPTOCHROMES;700
11.1.6;SECTION III: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;712
11.1.7;SECTION IV: PLANT HORMONES AND LIGHT SIGNALING;726
11.1.8;References;732
11.2;Chapter 27. Tropic and Nontropic Responses to Environmental Signals;738
11.2.1;1. Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli Often Involve Movement;738
11.2.2;2. Physico-chemical Bases for Movements;739
11.2.3;SECTION I: THE PHOTOTROPIC RESPONSE;739
11.2.4;SECTION II: GRAVITY-RELATED PHENOMENA;756
11.2.5;SECTION III: ASYMMETRIC GROWTH DURING PHOTO- AND GRAVITROPISM;769
11.2.6;References;773
12;Index;778