Hoornaert Reverse Osmosis

EPO Applied Technology Series
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9072-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 4, 226 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: EPO Applied Technology Series

Reverse Osmosis covers the developments, specifically the Japanese activities in the field of reverse osmosis. This book is composed of five parts encompassing 15 chapters that consider the membranes constituting the important component of each reverse osmosis plant. The first parts treat the different kinds of reverse osmosis modules, including array of the semipermeable membranes. The next part deals with process and plant design. Another part focuses on the reverse osmosis applications, including the production of potable water and industrial water, advanced wastewater treatment, and mass separations in the industry. The last part looks into the accessories and auxiliary operations in reverse osmosis. This book will prove useful to practicing and design engineers and researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hoornaert, P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Reverse Osmosis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Introduction;16
5.1;1. Definitions; limitations;16
5.2;2. Purpose; Extent; Presentation;17
6;PART I: MEMBRANES;20
6.1;Introduction;22
6.2;Chapter § 1. Membrane form; technical fabrication;24
6.2.1;A. Hollow fiber membranes (H.F. membranes);24
6.2.2;B. Technical fabrication of unsupported flat and tubular membranes;28
6.2.3;C. Technical fabrication of supported tubular and flat membranes; supports therefor;30
6.3;Chapter § 2. Membrane manufacturing methods and membrane materials;33
6.3.1;A. Manufacturing methods;33
6.3.2;B. Membranes fabricated from specific materials;42
6.4;Chapter § 3. Membrane after-treatment;56
6.4.1;A. Treating and/or coating with polymeric substances;56
6.4.2;B. Drying;56
6.4.3;C. Treatment for storing; preservation; sterilization;57
6.4.4;D. Regenerating or restoring membrane performances;57
6.4.5;E. Converting hydrophilic membranes (to membranes for separating organic liquids);57
6.4.6;F. Repairing; bonding;57
6.4.7;G. Mechanical after-treatments;58
6.4.8;H. Marking;58
6.4.9;GENERAL CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING PART I (Membranes);58
7;PART II: REVERSE OSMOSIS DEVICES;60
7.1;Reverse Osmosis Devices;62
7.2;Chapter § 1. Hollow fiber modules; fabrication thereof;62
7.2.1;A. Fabrication of hollow fiber modules;63
7.2.2;B. Repairing and/or detecting leaks;65
7.2.3;C. Hollow fiber modules;66
7.2.4;Conclusions concerning hollow fiber modules;68
7.3;Chapter § 2. Tubular modules;69
7.3.1;A. Membranes on the inner surface of a support tube;69
7.3.2;B. Membranes on the outer surface of a support tube;72
7.3.3;C. Membranes on inner and outer surface of a support tube (coaxial membranes);72
7.3.4;D. Porous body with membrane coated passages;72
7.3.5;E. Flexible membrane tubes (on inner or outer surface of tubular support);73
7.3.6;F. Small diameter, self-supporting membrane tubes;73
7.3.7;Conclusions concerning tubular membrane modules;73
7.4;Chapter § 3. Flat membrane modules;74
7.4.1;A. Modules comprising a stack of flat, supported membranes (e.g. plate-and-frame module);74
7.4.2;B. Comprising a single supported membrane;76
7.4.3;C. Special supports; clamping arrangements;76
7.4.4;Conclusions concerning the flat membrane modules;76
7.5;Chapter § 4. Spiral-wound modules;77
7.5.1;Conclusions concerning the spiral-wound module;79
7.6;Chapter § 5. Other membrane modules such as the pleat-type module;79
7.6.1;Conclusions concerning the pleated membrane module;81
7.7;Chapter § 6. Rotary and reciprocated modules;81
7.7.1;A. Rotary-type modules;81
7.7.2;B. Reciprocated modules;82
7.7.3;Conclusions concerning the rotary and reciprocated modules;82
7.8;General conclusions concerning Part II (Reverse Osmosis Devices);83
8;PART III: REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS AND PLANT DESIGN;84
8.1;Reverse osmosis process and plant design;86
8.2;Chapter § 1. Pretreatment;86
8.2.1;A. Removing fouling substances;88
8.2.2;B. Rendering fouling substances harmless;90
8.2.3;C. Prevention of biological fouling;91
8.2.4;D. Prevention of chemical attack on the membrane;91
8.2.5;E. Prevention of membrane compacting;91
8.2.6;F. Coating the membrane with a protective layer;92
8.3;Chapter § 2. Plant design; flow sheets;92
8.3.1;A. Establishing flow at the permeate side of the membrane;92
8.3.2;B. Concentrate recycling;93
8.3.3;C. Permeate recycling;95
8.3.4;D. Multiple reverse osmosis units;95
8.3.5;E. Pressure control;96
8.3.6;F. Permeate quality control;96
8.3.7;G. Combination of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis;97
8.4;Chapter § 3. Energy considerations;97
8.4.1;A. Energy recovery in reverse osmosis plants;98
8.4.2;B. Use of low cost or special energy;100
8.4.3;General conclusions concerning Part III;102
9;PART IV: REVERSE OSMOSIS APPLICATIONS;104
9.1;Reverse Osmosis applications;106
9.2;Chapter § 1. Production of potable and industrial water;106
9.2.1;A. Desalination of sea water, brackish water and ground water by reverse osmosis;106
9.2.2;B. Small reverse osmosis units for household use;109
9.2.3;C. Sterilization and deionization of water for medical purposes;110
9.2.4;D. Production of "ultra-pure" water; production of boiler feed water;111
9.2.5;E. Production of water for food processing;111
9.3;Chapter § 2. Advanced waste water treatment by reverse osmosis;112
9.3.1;A. General processes for waste water treatment;112
9.3.2;B. Treatment of effluents from metal processing operations;113
9.3.3;C. Treatment of effluents from the pulp and paper industry;114
9.3.4;D. Treatment of effluents from the textile industry;114
9.3.5;E. Treatment of effluents from the food processing industry;115
9.3.6;F. Treatment of effluents from industries such as electric power generation and coal gasification; zero liquid discharge systems;115
9.3.7;G. Treatment of sewage (municipal and domestic waste water);116
9.3.8;H. Treatment of other effluents; removal of special contaminants;117
9.4;Chapter § 3. Mass separations in the industry;120
9.4.1;A. General processes;121
9.4.2;B. Separations in the food industry;121
9.4.3;C. Recovery of uranium;122
9.4.4;D. Other separations;122
9.4.5;General conclusions concerning Part IV (Applications);123
10;PART V: ACCESSORIES AND AUXILIARY OPERATIONS;124
10.1;Accessories and auxiliary operations;126
10.2;Chapter § 1. Membrane cleaning;126
10.2.1;A. Cleaning with solid, movable bodies (e.g. foam balls);126
10.2.2;B. Membrane washing;129
10.2.3;C. Other cleaning and/or contamination prevention methods;132
10.3;Chapter § 2. Other auxiliary operations; accessories;133
10.3.1;A. Loading, mounting and replacement of membrane modules;133
10.3.2;B. Membrane replacement;133
10.3.3;C. Sterilization of the membrane module;133
10.3.4;D. Methods for keeping the permeate side of tubular membrane clean;133
10.3.5;E. Replacing or discharging feed liquid after shut-down;134
10.3.6;F. Preventing mechanical membrane damage;134
10.3.7;G. Membrane test apparatus;134
10.3.8;H. Membrane module testing;135
10.3.9;I. Membrane module earthing;135
10.3.10;J. Heating and cooling;135
10.3.11;K. Construction of the pressure vessel;136
10.3.12;General conclusions concerning Part V;136
11;FINAL CONCLUSIONS;138
12;General References;142
13;LIST OF CITED PATENT DOCUMENTS;144
14;LIST OF PATENTEES;184
15;INDEX;224