E-Book, Englisch, 459 Seiten, eBook
Hui Approach to Internal Medicine
3rd Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6505-9
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
A Resource Book for Clinical Practice
E-Book, Englisch, 459 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6505-9
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Feedback from users suggest this resource book is more comprehensive and more practical than many others in the market. One of its strengths is that it was written by trainees in internal medicine who understand the need for rapid access to accurate and concise clinical information, with a practical approach to clinical problem solving.
David Hui, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Clinical Research Fellow, Supportive and Palliative Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, recent recipient of the Arnold Gold Foundation Humanism and Excellence in Teaching Award and The A.M. Edwards Award for Medical Education.
Zielgruppe
Professional/practitioner
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Disclaimer;6
2;Preface;7
3;Section Editors;9
3.1;Contributors;10
4;Contents;11
5;Pulmonary Medicine;18
5.1;Asthma Exacerbation;18
5.1.1;Differential Diagnosis of Wheezing;18
5.1.2;Pathophysiology;18
5.1.3;Clinical Features;18
5.1.4;Investigations;18
5.1.5;Acute Management;18
5.1.6;Long-Term Management;19
5.1.7;Treatment Issues;19
5.1.8;Specific Entities;20
5.2;COPD Exacerbation;20
5.2.1;Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea;20
5.2.2;Pathophysiology;20
5.2.3;Clinical Features;20
5.2.4;Investigations;21
5.2.5;Prognostic Issues;21
5.2.6;Acute Management;21
5.2.7;Long-Term Management;21
5.2.8;Treatment Issues;22
5.2.9;Specific Entities;22
5.3;Pneumonia;23
5.3.1;Types of Pneumonia;23
5.3.2;Pathophysiology;23
5.3.3;Clinical Features;23
5.3.4;Investigations;23
5.3.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;24
5.3.6;Management;24
5.3.7;Treatment Issues;24
5.3.8;Specific Entities;25
5.4;Pulmonary Embolism;25
5.4.1;Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea;25
5.4.2;Pathophysiology;25
5.4.3;Clinical Features;25
5.4.4;Investigations;26
5.4.5;Diagnostic Issues;26
5.4.6;Management;26
5.4.7;Treatment Issues;26
5.4.8;Specific Entities;27
5.5;Pleural Effusion;27
5.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;27
5.5.2;Clinical Features;27
5.5.3;Investigations;28
5.5.4;Diagnostic Issues;28
5.5.5;Management;28
5.5.6;Specific Entities;28
5.6;Chronic Cough;29
5.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;29
5.6.2;Pathophysiology;29
5.6.3;Investigations;29
5.6.4;Management;29
5.6.5;Specific Entities;29
5.7;Hemoptysis;29
5.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;29
5.7.2;Pathophysiology;30
5.7.3;Clinical Features;30
5.7.4;Investigations;30
5.7.5;Management;30
5.7.6;Specific Entities;30
5.8;Solitary Pulmonary Nodule;30
5.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;30
5.8.2;Clinical Features;30
5.8.3;Investigations;30
5.8.4;Diagnostic Issues;30
5.8.5;Management;31
5.8.6;Specific Entities;31
5.9;Pulmonary Hypertension;31
5.9.1;WHO Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension;31
5.9.2;Pathophysiology;32
5.9.3;Clinical Features;32
5.9.4;Investigations;32
5.9.5;Management;32
5.9.6;Specific Entities;32
5.10;Interstitial Lung Disease;32
5.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;32
5.10.2;Clinical Features;33
5.10.3;Investigations;33
5.10.4;Diagnostic Issues;33
5.10.5;Management;33
5.10.6;Specific Entities;33
5.11;Obstructive Sleep Apnea;34
5.11.1;Differential Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders;34
5.11.2;Pathophysiology;34
5.11.3;Clinical Features;34
5.11.4;Investigations;34
5.11.5;Management;34
5.11.6;Treatment Issues;35
5.11.7;Specific Entities;35
5.12;Respiratory Acidosis: Hypoventilation;35
5.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;35
5.12.2;Pathophysiology;35
5.12.3;Investigations;35
5.12.4;Management;35
5.13;Respiratory Alkalosis: Hyperventilation;36
5.13.1;Differential Diagnosis;36
5.13.2;Pathophysiology;36
5.13.3;Investigations;36
5.13.4;Management;36
5.14;Approach to Chest Imaging;36
5.14.1;Approach to Chest X-Ray Intepretation;36
5.14.2;Chamber Enlargement;37
5.14.3;Lung Cavities;37
5.14.4;Focal Infiltrate;37
5.14.5;Diffuse Airspace Disease;37
5.14.6;Reticular Pattern;37
5.14.7;Nodular or Reticulonodular Pattern;37
5.14.8;Pleural-Based Disease;38
5.14.9;Hilar Enlargement;38
5.14.10;Mediastinal Masses;38
5.14.11;Signs for Disease Processes;38
5.14.12;CT Chest Protocols;38
5.15;Approach to Pulmonary Function Tests;38
5.15.1;Overall Approach to PFT Interpretation;38
5.15.2;Classification of Pulmonary Diseases;38
5.15.3;Terminologies;38
5.15.4;Flow-Volume Loop Patterns;39
5.15.5;Spirometry and Lung Volume Patterns;39
5.15.6;Analyzing DLCO;40
5.16;Notes;41
6;Cardiology;42
6.1;Aortic Dissection;42
6.1.1;Differential Diagnosis;42
6.1.2;Pathophysiology;42
6.1.3;Clinical Features;42
6.1.4;Investigations;43
6.1.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;43
6.1.6;Management;43
6.2;Acute Coronary Syndrome;43
6.2.1;Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain;43
6.2.2;Pathophysiology;43
6.2.3;Clinical Features;44
6.2.4;Investigations;44
6.2.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;44
6.2.6;Acute Management;45
6.2.7;Long-Term Management of Coronary Artery Disease;47
6.2.8;Treatment Issues;47
6.3;Pericardial Diseases: Pericarditis and Tamponade;49
6.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;49
6.3.2;Clinical Features;49
6.3.3;Investigations;50
6.3.4;Management;50
6.3.5;Specific Entities;50
6.4;Heart Failure;50
6.4.1;Differential Diagnosis of HF Exacerbation/Dyspnea;50
6.4.2;Pathophysiology;50
6.4.3;Clinical Features;51
6.4.4;Investigations;54
6.4.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;54
6.4.6;Acute Management;54
6.4.7;Long-Term Management;54
6.4.8;Treatment Issues;54
6.4.9;Specific Entities;55
6.5;Digoxin Intoxication;55
6.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;55
6.5.2;Pathophysiology;55
6.5.3;Clinical Features;56
6.5.4;Investigations;56
6.5.5;Diagnostic Issues;56
6.5.6;Management;56
6.5.7;Treatment Issues;56
6.6;Atrial Fibrillation;56
6.6.1;Differential Diagnosis of Palpitations;56
6.6.2;Differential Diagnosis of Narrow Complex Tachycardia;57
6.6.3;Differential Diagnosis of Irregularly Irregular Rhythm;57
6.6.4;Pathophysiology;57
6.6.5;Clinical Features of Narrow Complex Tachycardia;57
6.6.6;Clinical Features;57
6.6.7;Investigations;58
6.6.8;Acute Management;58
6.6.9;Long-Term Management;59
6.6.10;Treatment Issues;59
6.7;Syncope;60
6.8;Cardiac Examination;60
6.8.1;Pulse;60
6.8.2;Blood Pressure;60
6.8.3;Jugular Venous Pressure;60
6.8.4;Precordial Examination;61
6.8.5;Heart Sounds;61
6.8.6;Murmurs;62
6.8.7;Investigations;64
6.9;Aortic Stenosis;64
6.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;64
6.9.2;Pathophysiology;64
6.9.3;Clinical Features;64
6.9.4;Investigations;65
6.9.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;65
6.9.6;Management;65
6.9.7;Treatment Issues;65
6.10;Aortic Regurgitation;66
6.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;66
6.10.2;Pathophysiology;66
6.10.3;Clinical Features;66
6.10.4;Investigations;67
6.10.5;Prognostic Issues;67
6.10.6;Management;67
6.11;Mitral Stenosis;67
6.11.1;Clinical Features;67
6.11.2;Investigations;67
6.11.3;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;68
6.11.4;Management;68
6.11.5;Specific Entities;68
6.12;Mitral Regurgitation;68
6.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;68
6.12.2;Pathophysiology;68
6.12.3;Clinical Features;68
6.12.4;Investigations;68
6.12.5;Management;69
6.12.6;Specific Entities;69
6.13;Endocarditis;69
6.13.1;Differential Diagnosis;69
6.13.2;Pathophysiology;70
6.13.3;Clinical Features;70
6.13.4;Investigations;70
6.13.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;70
6.13.6;Management;71
6.13.7;Treatment Issues;71
6.14;Peripheral Vascular Disease;71
6.14.1;Differential Diagnosis of Claudication;71
6.14.2;Clinical Features;72
6.14.3;Investigations;73
6.14.4;Diagnostic Issues;73
6.14.5;Management;73
6.14.6;Treatment Issues;73
6.14.7;Specific Entities;73
6.15;Hypertension;74
6.15.1;Differential Diagnosis;74
6.15.2;Pathophysiology;74
6.15.3;Clinical Features;74
6.15.4;Investigations;74
6.15.5;Diagnostic Issues;75
6.15.6;Acute Management;75
6.15.7;Long-Term Management;75
6.15.8;Treatment Issues;75
6.15.9;Specific Entities;77
6.16;Hyperlipidemia;78
6.16.1;Differential Diagnosis of Hypercholesterolemia;78
6.16.2;Differential Diagnosis of Hypertriglyceridemia;78
6.16.3;Differential Diagnosis of Low HDL;78
6.16.4;Clinical Features;78
6.16.5;Investigations;78
6.16.6;Management;78
6.16.7;Specific Entities;79
6.17;Smoking Issues;79
6.18;Approach to ECG;79
6.18.1;Ten Steps to ECG;79
6.18.2;Chest Leads Placement;79
6.18.3;Rate and Rhythm;80
6.18.4;Tachycardia;80
6.18.5;Bradycardia and Prolonged PR;80
6.18.6;Prolonged QRS-Bundle Branch Block and Hemiblock;80
6.18.7;Prolonged QT;80
6.18.8;Hypertrophy Criteria;80
6.18.9;Ischemia/Infarct Morphology;81
6.18.10;Voltage Criteria;81
6.18.11;Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation;81
6.18.12;Special Conditions;82
6.19;Notes;83
7;Nephrology;84
7.1;Acute Renal Failure: Pre-renal;84
7.1.1;Differential Diagnosis;84
7.1.2;Pathophysiology;84
7.1.3;Investigations;84
7.1.4;Diagnostic Issues;84
7.1.5;Management;85
7.1.6;Treatment Issues;85
7.2;Acute Renal Failure: Renal;85
7.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;85
7.2.2;Clinical Features;85
7.2.3;Investigations;85
7.2.4;Management;86
7.2.5;Specific Entities;86
7.3;Acute Renal Failure: Post-renal;87
7.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;87
7.3.2;Investigations;87
7.3.3;Diagnostic Issues;87
7.3.4;Management;87
7.4;Glomerulopathies;87
7.4.1;Pathophysiology of Glomerulopathies;87
7.4.2;Clinical Features;87
7.4.3;Nephrotic Syndrome;88
7.4.4;Nephritic Syndrome;88
7.4.5;Specific Entities;88
7.5;Chronic Kidney Disease;90
7.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;90
7.5.2;Pathophysiology;90
7.5.3;Clinical Features;90
7.5.4;Investigations;90
7.5.5;Diagnostic Issues;90
7.5.6;Management;91
7.5.7;Treatment Issues;91
7.5.8;Specific Entities;91
7.6;Proteinuria;91
7.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;91
7.6.2;Pathophysiology;91
7.6.3;Clinical Features;92
7.6.4;Investigations;92
7.6.5;Management;92
7.6.6;Specific Entities;92
7.7;Hematuria;92
7.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;92
7.7.2;Pathophysiology;92
7.7.3;Clinical Features;92
7.7.4;Investigations;92
7.7.5;Diagnostic Issues;92
7.7.6;Management;93
7.7.7;Specific Entities;93
7.8;Cystic Kidney Diseases;93
7.8.1;Causes;93
7.8.2;Investigations;93
7.8.3;Management;93
7.8.4;Specific Entities;93
7.9;Metabolic Acidosis;94
7.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;94
7.9.2;Investigations;94
7.9.3;Diagnostic Issues;94
7.9.4;Management;95
7.9.5;Specific Entities;95
7.10;Metabolic Alkalosis;95
7.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;95
7.10.2;Pathophysiology;96
7.10.3;Investigations;96
7.10.4;Diagnostic Issues;96
7.10.5;Management;96
7.10.6;Specific Entities;96
7.11;Hyponatremia;96
7.11.1;Differential Diagnosis of Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia;96
7.11.2;Pathophysiology;97
7.11.3;Investigations;97
7.11.4;Diagnostic Issues;97
7.11.5;Management;97
7.11.6;Treatment Issues;97
7.11.7;Specific Entities;97
7.12;Hypernatremia;98
7.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;98
7.12.2;Pathophysiology;98
7.12.3;Clinical Features;98
7.12.4;Investigations;98
7.12.5;Diagnostic Issues;98
7.12.6;Management;98
7.13;Hypokalemia;98
7.13.1;Differential Diagnosis;98
7.13.2;Pathophysiology;98
7.13.3;Clinical Features;99
7.13.4;Investigations;99
7.13.5;Diagnostic Issues;99
7.13.6;Management;99
7.14;Hyperkalemia;99
7.14.1;Differential Diagnosis;99
7.14.2;Pathophysiology;99
7.14.3;Clinical Features;99
7.14.4;Investigations;99
7.14.5;Diagnostic Issues;99
7.14.6;Management;100
7.15;Hypomagnesemia;100
7.15.1;Differential Diagnosis;100
7.15.2;Pathophysiology;100
7.15.3;Clinical Features;100
7.15.4;Investigations;100
7.15.5;Diagnostic Issues;100
7.15.6;Management;100
7.16;Hypophosphatemia;100
7.16.1;Differential Diagnosis;100
7.16.2;Pathophysiology;100
7.16.3;Clinical Features;100
7.16.4;Investigations;101
7.16.5;Diagnostic Issues;101
7.16.6;Management;101
7.17;Ureteral Calculi;101
7.17.1;Causes;101
7.17.2;Pathophysiology;101
7.17.3;Investigations;101
7.17.4;Diagnostic Issues;101
7.17.5;Management;101
7.18;Hypertension;101
7.19;Approach to Dialysis;102
7.19.1;Hemodialysis;102
7.19.2;Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy;102
7.19.3;Peritoneal Dialysis (PD);102
7.20;Notes;104
8;Critical Care;106
8.1;Intensive Care Issues;106
8.1.1;ICU Admission Criteria;106
8.1.2;Preventative Strategies;106
8.1.3;Sedation, Analgesia, Paralysis in the ICU;106
8.1.4;Differential Diagnosis for Weakness in the ICU;106
8.1.5;Procedures;106
8.1.6;Central Venous Saturation;107
8.1.7;Prognostic Issues;107
8.1.8;Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation;107
8.1.9;Brain Death;108
8.2;Hypoxemia;109
8.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;109
8.2.2;Pathophysiology;109
8.2.3;Investigations;109
8.2.4;Diagnostic Issues;109
8.2.5;Management;110
8.2.6;Treatment Issues;110
8.2.7;Specific Entities;110
8.3;Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome;110
8.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;110
8.3.2;Pathophysiology;110
8.3.3;Investigations;110
8.3.4;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;111
8.3.5;Management;111
8.4;Ventilation Issues;111
8.4.1;Mechanical Ventilation;111
8.4.2;Assessment of Airway;112
8.4.3;Artificial Airways;112
8.4.4;Ventilatory Settings;112
8.4.5;Weaning Ventilation;113
8.4.6;Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia;114
8.5;Shock;114
8.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;114
8.5.2;Pathophysiology;114
8.5.3;Clinical Features;115
8.5.4;Investigations;115
8.5.5;Diagnostic Issues;115
8.5.6;Management;116
8.5.7;Treatment Issues;116
8.6;Sepsis and Septic Shock;116
8.6.1;Pathophysiology;116
8.6.2;Investigations;117
8.6.3;Management;117
8.7;Lactic Acidosis;118
8.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;118
8.7.2;Pathophysiology;118
8.7.3;Investigations;118
8.7.4;Management;118
8.8;Rhabdomyolysis;118
8.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;118
8.8.2;Pathophysiology;118
8.8.3;Investigations;118
8.8.4;Diagnostic Issues;118
8.8.5;Management;118
8.8.6;Specific Entities;119
8.9;Toxicology;119
8.9.1;Approach to Overdose;119
8.9.2;Anticholinergic Syndromes;119
8.9.3;Sympathomimetic Syndromes;119
8.9.4;Cholinergic Syndromes;120
8.9.5;Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Overdose;120
8.9.6;Acetaminophen Overdose;120
8.9.7;Salicylate Overdose;120
8.9.8;Opiate, Sedative or Ethanol Intoxication Syndromes;120
8.9.9;Blocker Overdose;120
8.9.10;Calcium Channel Blockers Overdose;121
8.9.11;Lithium Toxicity;121
8.9.12;Diagnostic Issues for Overdose;121
8.9.13;Management of Overdoses;121
8.10;Alcohol Withdrawal and Complications of Alcoholism;122
8.10.1;Pathophysiology;122
8.10.2;Clinical Features;122
8.10.3;Investigations;123
8.10.4;Acute Management of Alcohol Withdrawal;123
8.10.5;Long-Term Management of Alcoholism;123
8.10.6;Treatment Issues for Alcohol Withdrawal;123
8.10.7;Specific Entities;124
8.11;Hypothermia;124
8.11.1;Causes;124
8.11.2;Pathophysiology;125
8.11.3;Clinical Features;125
8.11.4;Investigations;125
8.11.5;Management;125
8.11.6;Specific Entities;125
8.12;Smoke Inhalation;125
8.12.1;Pathophysiology;125
8.12.2;Clinical Features;125
8.12.3;Investigations;126
8.12.4;Management;126
8.12.5;Specific Entities;126
8.13;Anaphylaxis;126
8.14;Notes;127
9;Gastroenterology;128
9.1;Nausea and Vomiting;128
9.1.1;Differential Diagnosis;128
9.1.2;Pathophysiology;128
9.1.3;Investigations;128
9.1.4;Management;128
9.2;Dysphagia;129
9.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;129
9.2.2;Clinical Features;129
9.2.3;Investigations;129
9.2.4;Management;130
9.2.5;Specific Entities;130
9.3;Dyspepsia;130
9.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;130
9.3.2;Pathophysiology;130
9.3.3;Clinical Features;130
9.3.4;Investigations;131
9.3.5;Management;131
9.3.6;Specific Entities;131
9.4;Acute Abdominal Pain;132
9.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;132
9.4.2;Pathophysiology;132
9.4.3;Clinical Features;132
9.4.4;Investigations;133
9.4.5;Diagnostic Issues;134
9.4.6;Management;134
9.4.7;Specific Entities;134
9.5;Upper GI Bleed;135
9.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;135
9.5.2;Clinical Features;135
9.5.3;Investigations;136
9.5.4;Prognostic Issues;136
9.5.5;Management;136
9.5.6;Treatment Issues;136
9.6;Lower GI Bleed;137
9.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;137
9.6.2;Clinical Features;137
9.6.3;Investigations;137
9.6.4;Diagnostic Issues;137
9.6.5;Management;137
9.7;Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbation;137
9.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;137
9.7.2;Pathophysiology;137
9.7.3;Investigations;138
9.7.4;Management;138
9.7.5;Treatment Issues;139
9.8;Acute Diarrhea;139
9.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;139
9.8.2;Pathophysiology;139
9.8.3;Clinical Features;140
9.8.4;Investigations;140
9.8.5;Management;140
9.8.6;Specific Entities;140
9.9;Chronic Diarrhea;141
9.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;141
9.9.2;Clinical Features;141
9.9.3;Investigations;141
9.9.4;Investigation Issues;141
9.9.5;Management;141
9.9.6;Specific Entities;141
9.10;Malabsorption Syndromes;142
9.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;142
9.10.2;Pathophysiology;142
9.10.3;Clinical Features;142
9.10.4;Investigations;142
9.10.5;Management;143
9.10.6;Specific Entities;143
9.11;Constipation;143
9.11.1;Differential Diagnosis;143
9.11.2;Investigations;143
9.11.3;Diagnostic Issues;143
9.11.4;Management;143
9.11.5;Specific Entities;143
9.12;Acute Liver Failure;145
9.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;145
9.12.2;Pathophysiology;145
9.12.3;Investigations;145
9.12.4;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;146
9.12.5;Management of Acute Liver Failure;146
9.12.6;Treatment Issues;146
9.12.7;Specific Entities;146
9.13;Hepatitis B;147
9.13.1;Pathophysiology;147
9.13.2;Clinical Features;147
9.13.3;Investigations;147
9.13.4;Diagnostic Issues;147
9.13.5;Management;148
9.13.6;Treatment Issues;148
9.14;Hepatitis C;148
9.14.1;Pathophysiology;148
9.14.2;Clinical Features;148
9.14.3;Investigations;149
9.14.4;Prognostic Issues;149
9.14.5;Management;149
9.14.6;Treatment Issues;149
9.15;Chronic Liver Disease: Cirrhosis;149
9.15.1;Differential Diagnosis;149
9.15.2;Pathophysiology of Chronic Liver Disease;149
9.15.3;Clinical Features;150
9.15.4;Investigations;150
9.15.5;Management;151
9.15.6;Specific Entities;151
9.16;Hepatic Encephalopathy;152
9.16.1;Differential Diagnosis;152
9.16.2;Pathophysiology;152
9.16.3;Clinical Features;152
9.16.4;Investigations;152
9.16.5;Management;153
9.17;Ascites;153
9.17.1;Differential Diagnosis;153
9.17.2;Clinical Features;153
9.17.3;Investigations;153
9.17.4;Diagnostic Issues;154
9.17.5;Management;154
9.17.6;Specific Entities;154
9.18;Jaundice;155
9.18.1;Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice/Hyperbilirubinemia;155
9.18.2;Pathophysiology;155
9.18.3;Clinical Features;155
9.18.4;Investigations;155
9.18.5;Management;155
9.18.6;Specific Entities;155
9.19;Acute Pancreatitis;156
9.19.1;Causes;156
9.19.2;Pathophysiology;156
9.19.3;Clinical Features;156
9.19.4;Investigations;156
9.19.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;156
9.19.6;Management;156
9.19.7;Specific Entities;157
9.20;Notes;158
10;Hematology;160
10.1;Polycythemia;160
10.1.1;Differential Diagnosis;160
10.1.2;Pathophysiology;160
10.1.3;Clinical Features;160
10.1.4;Investigations;160
10.1.5;Diagnostic Issues;160
10.1.6;Management;160
10.2;Microcytic Anemia;161
10.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;161
10.2.2;Pathophysiology;161
10.2.3;Clinical Features;161
10.2.4;Investigations;161
10.2.5;Diagnostic Issues;161
10.2.6;Management;161
10.2.7;Specific Entities;161
10.3;Normocytic Anemia;162
10.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;162
10.3.2;Pathophysiology;162
10.3.3;Clinical Features;162
10.3.4;Investigations;162
10.3.5;Diagnostic Issues;162
10.3.6;Management;162
10.3.7;Specific Entities;163
10.4;Macrocytic Anemia;163
10.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;163
10.4.2;Pathophysiology;163
10.4.3;Clinical Features;163
10.4.4;Investigations;163
10.4.5;Management;163
10.5;Sickle Cell Disease;164
10.5.1;Pathophysiology;164
10.5.2;Clinical Features;164
10.5.3;Investigations;164
10.5.4;Management;164
10.5.5;Specific Entities;165
10.6;Neutropenia;165
10.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;165
10.6.2;Pathophysiology;165
10.6.3;Investigations;165
10.6.4;Management;165
10.6.5;Treatment Issues;165
10.6.6;Specific Entities;165
10.7;Eosinophilia;165
10.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;165
10.7.2;Pathophysiology;166
10.7.3;Clinical Features;166
10.7.4;Investigations;166
10.7.5;Diagnostic Issues;166
10.7.6;Management;166
10.7.7;Specific Entities;166
10.8;Thrombocytosis;167
10.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;167
10.8.2;Pathophysiology;167
10.8.3;Clinical Features;167
10.8.4;Investigations;167
10.8.5;Diagnostic Issues;167
10.8.6;Management;167
10.9;Thrombocytopenia;168
10.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;168
10.9.2;Pathophysiology;168
10.9.3;Clinical Features;168
10.9.4;Investigations;168
10.9.5;Diagnostic Issues;168
10.9.6;Management;168
10.9.7;Specific Entities;168
10.10;Pancytopenia;170
10.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;170
10.10.2;Investigations;170
10.10.3;Diagnostic Issues;170
10.10.4;Management;170
10.10.5;Specific Entities;170
10.11;Bleeding Diathesis;170
10.11.1;Differential Diagnosis;170
10.11.2;Pathophysiology;171
10.11.3;Clinical Features;171
10.11.4;Investigations;172
10.11.5;Management;172
10.11.6;Specific Entities;172
10.12;Hypercoagulable States;173
10.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;173
10.12.2;Pathophysiology;173
10.12.3;Investigations;173
10.12.4;Diagnostic Issues;173
10.12.5;Management;173
10.12.6;Treatment Issues;173
10.12.7;Specific Entities;174
10.13;Deep Vein Thrombosis;175
10.13.1;Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Leg Swelling/Deep Vein Thrombosis;175
10.13.2;Pathophysiology;175
10.13.3;Investigations;175
10.13.4;Diagnostic Issues;175
10.13.5;Management;176
10.13.6;Treatment Issues;176
10.13.7;Specific Entities;176
10.14;Notes;176
10.15;Approach to Anticoagulation Therapies;177
10.15.1;Contraindications to Warfarin Therapy;178
10.15.2;Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis;178
10.15.3;Correction of Supratherapeutic INR due to Warfarin Use;178
10.16;Transfusion Reactions;179
10.16.1;Investigations;180
10.16.2;Indications for Specially Prepared Blood Products;180
10.17;Approach to the Peripheral Blood Smear;180
10.17.1;Terms;180
10.17.2;RBC Intracellular Inclusions;180
10.17.3;TellTale Morphologies;180
10.18;Splenomegaly;181
10.18.1;Differential Diagnosis;181
10.18.2;Clinical Features;181
10.18.3;Investigations;182
10.18.4;Management;182
10.18.5;Specific Entities;182
10.19;Myeloproliferative Disorders;182
10.19.1;Differential Diagnosis;182
10.19.2;Pathophysiology;182
10.19.3;Clinical Features;182
10.19.4;Investigations;182
10.19.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;182
10.19.6;Management;183
10.19.7;Treatment Issues;183
10.20;Acute Myelogenous Leukemia;183
10.20.1;Hematologic Malignancies Overview;183
10.20.2;Pathophysiology;184
10.20.3;Clinical Features;184
10.20.4;Investigations;184
10.20.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;184
10.20.6;Management;184
10.20.7;Treatment Issues;185
10.20.8;Specific Entities;185
10.21;Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia;186
10.21.1;Pathophysiology;186
10.21.2;Clinical Features;186
10.21.3;Investigations;186
10.21.4;Prognostic Issues;186
10.21.5;Management;186
10.21.6;Treatment Issues;187
10.22;Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia;187
10.22.1;Differential Diagnosis of Lymphocytosis;187
10.22.2;Pathophysiology;187
10.22.3;Clinical Features;187
10.22.4;Investigations;187
10.22.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;187
10.22.6;Management;188
10.22.7;Treatment Issues;188
10.22.8;Specific Entities;188
10.23;Hodgkin’s Lymphoma;188
10.23.1;Pathophysiology;188
10.23.2;Clinical Features;189
10.23.3;Staging;189
10.23.4;Investigations;189
10.23.5;Prognostic Issues;190
10.23.6;Management;190
10.23.7;Treatment Issues;190
10.24;Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma;190
10.24.1;Differential Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy;190
10.24.2;Pathophysiology;190
10.24.3;Clinical Features;191
10.24.4;Staging;192
10.24.5;Investigations;192
10.24.6;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;192
10.24.7;Management;192
10.24.8;Treatment Issues;193
10.24.9;Specific Entities;193
10.25;Multiple Myeloma;195
10.25.1;Types of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias;195
10.25.2;Pathophysiology;195
10.25.3;Clinical Features;195
10.25.4;Investigations;195
10.25.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;196
10.25.6;Management;197
10.25.7;Treatment Issues;197
10.25.8;Specific Entities;197
10.26;Febrile Neutropenia;197
10.27;Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant;197
10.27.1;Terminologies;197
10.27.2;Common Indications;198
10.27.3;Allogeneic Transplantation;198
10.27.4;Autologous Transplantation;199
10.28;Notes;200
11;Oncology;202
11.1;Lung Cancer;202
11.1.1;Pathophysiology;202
11.1.2;Clinical Features;202
11.1.3;Staging;203
11.1.4;Investigations;203
11.1.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;203
11.1.6;Management;204
11.1.7;Treatment Issues;204
11.2;Mesothelioma;205
11.2.1;Pathophysiology;205
11.2.2;Clinical Features;205
11.2.3;Staging;205
11.2.4;Investigations;205
11.2.5;Prognostic Issues;205
11.2.6;Management;205
11.3;Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma;206
11.3.1;Pathophysiology;206
11.3.2;Clinical Features;206
11.3.3;Staging;206
11.3.4;Investigations;206
11.3.5;Management;206
11.3.6;Treatment Issues;206
11.4;Breast Cancer;206
11.4.1;Differential Diagnosis of Breast Mass;206
11.4.2;Pathophysiology;206
11.4.3;Clinical Features;207
11.4.4;Investigations;207
11.4.5;TNM Staging;207
11.4.6;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;208
11.4.7;Management;208
11.4.8;Breast Surgery Overview;209
11.4.9;Hormonal Therapy Overview;209
11.4.10;Adjuvant Chemotherapy Overview;210
11.4.11;Palliative Chemotherapy Overview;211
11.4.12;Biological Therapy Overview;211
11.4.13;Management of Brain Metastases;212
11.5;Esophageal Cancer;212
11.5.1;Pathophysiology;212
11.5.2;Clinical Features;212
11.5.3;Staging;213
11.5.4;Investigations;213
11.5.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;213
11.5.6;Management;213
11.5.7;Treatment Issues;213
11.6;Gastric Cancer;214
11.6.1;Pathophysiology;214
11.6.2;Clinical Features;214
11.6.3;Staging;214
11.6.4;Investigations;214
11.6.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;214
11.6.6;Management;215
11.6.7;Treatment Issues;215
11.7;Colorectal Cancer;215
11.7.1;Pathophysiology;215
11.7.2;Clinical Features;216
11.7.3;Staging;216
11.7.4;Investigations;216
11.7.5;Management of Colon Cancer;216
11.7.6;Management of Rectal Cancer;217
11.7.7;Treatment Issues;217
11.8;Carcinoid Tumors;218
11.8.1;Pathophysiology;218
11.8.2;Clinical Features;218
11.8.3;Investigations;218
11.8.4;Management;219
11.8.5;Treatment Issues;219
11.9;Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor;219
11.9.1;Pathophysiology;219
11.9.2;Clinical Features;220
11.9.3;Investigations;220
11.9.4;Prognostic Issues;220
11.9.5;Management;220
11.10;Anal Cancer;220
11.10.1;Pathophysiology;220
11.10.2;Clinical Features;220
11.10.3;Staging;220
11.10.4;Investigations;221
11.10.5;Management;221
11.11;Cancer of the Exocrine Pancreas;221
11.11.1;Pathophysiology;221
11.11.2;Clinical Features;221
11.11.3;Staging;221
11.11.4;Investigations;222
11.11.5;Diagnostic Issues;222
11.11.6;Management;222
11.11.7;Treatment Issues;222
11.12;Hepatocellular Carcinoma;222
11.12.1;Differential Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesion (by Ultrasound);222
11.12.2;Pathophysiology;222
11.12.3;Clinical Features;222
11.12.4;Staging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer;223
11.12.5;Investigations;223
11.12.6;Diagnostic Issues;223
11.12.7;Management;223
11.12.8;Treatment Issues;223
11.12.9;Specific Entities;223
11.13;Renal Cancer;224
11.13.1;Differential Diagnosis of Solid Renal Mass;224
11.13.2;Pathophysiology;224
11.13.3;Clinical Features;224
11.13.4;TNM Staging;224
11.13.5;Investigations;225
11.13.6;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;225
11.13.7;Management;225
11.13.8;Specific Entities;225
11.14;Bladder Cancer;225
11.14.1;Pathophysiology;225
11.14.2;Clinical Features;226
11.14.3;TNM Staging;226
11.14.4;Investigations;226
11.14.5;Prognostic Issues;226
11.14.6;Management;226
11.15;Prostate Cancer;227
11.15.1;Pathophysiology;227
11.15.2;Clinical Features;227
11.15.3;Staging;227
11.15.4;Investigations;227
11.15.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;227
11.15.6;Management;228
11.15.7;Treatment Issues;229
11.16;Testicular Cancer;229
11.16.1;Pathophysiology;229
11.16.2;Clinical Features;230
11.16.3;Staging;230
11.16.4;Investigations;230
11.16.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;230
11.16.6;Management;231
11.16.7;Treatment Issues;231
11.17;Brain Tumors;232
11.18;Ovarian Cancer;232
11.18.1;Pathophysiology;232
11.18.2;Clinical Features;232
11.18.3;Staging;232
11.18.4;Investigations;232
11.18.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;233
11.18.6;Management;233
11.18.7;Treatment Issues;233
11.19;Endometrial Cancer;233
11.19.1;Pathophysiology;233
11.19.2;Clinical Features;234
11.19.3;Prognostic Issues;234
11.19.4;Staging;234
11.19.5;Investigations;234
11.19.6;Management;234
11.19.7;Treatment Issues;235
11.20;Cervical Cancer;235
11.20.1;Pathophysiology;235
11.20.2;Clinical Features;235
11.20.3;TNM Staging;235
11.20.4;Investigations;235
11.20.5;Management;235
11.21;Cancer of Unknown Origin;236
11.21.1;Pathophysiology;236
11.21.2;Investigations;236
11.21.3;Management;236
11.22;Tumor Markers;237
11.22.1;Pathophysiology;237
11.22.2;Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA);237
11.22.3;Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA);237
11.22.4;CA 19-9;238
11.22.5;CA 15-3;238
11.22.6;CA 125;238
11.23;Cancer Screening;239
11.23.1;Principles of Screening;239
11.23.2;Prostate Cancer Screening;239
11.23.3;Colon Cancer Screening;239
11.23.4;Breast Cancer Screening;240
11.23.5;Ovarian Cancer Screening;240
11.23.6;Cervical Cancer Screening;240
11.24;Hereditary Cancer Syndromes;241
11.24.1;Hallmarks of Hereditary Cancer;241
11.24.2;BRCA Syndromes;242
11.24.3;Li-Fraumeni Syndrome;242
11.24.4;Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome;242
11.24.5;Hereditary Malignant Melanoma;242
11.24.6;Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC);242
11.24.7;Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC, Lynch Syndrome);242
11.24.8;Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP);243
11.25;Antineoplastic Agents;243
11.26;Oncologic Emergencies;245
11.26.1;Infusion Reactions;245
11.26.2;Malignant Spinal Cord Compression;245
11.26.3;Malignant Cauda Equina Syndrome;245
11.26.4;Superior Vena Cava Syndrome;245
11.26.5;Hypercalcemia;246
11.26.6;Tumor Lysis Syndrome;246
11.27;Febrile Neutropenia;246
11.28;Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting;246
11.28.1;Pathophysiology;246
11.28.2;NCI-CTC Grading v4.0;246
11.28.3;Emetogenic Levels of Intravenously Administered Antineoplastic Agents;247
11.28.4;Management;247
11.28.5;Treatment Issues;247
11.29;Oral Mucositis;247
11.29.1;Pathophysiology;247
11.29.2;NCI-CTC Grading v4.0;247
11.29.3;Management;248
11.30;Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea;248
11.30.1;Pathophysiology;248
11.30.2;NCI-CTC Grading v4.0;248
11.30.3;Management;248
11.31;Notes;249
12;Infectious Diseases;250
12.1;Fever of Unknown Origin;250
12.1.1;Differential Diagnosis;250
12.1.2;Pathophysiology;250
12.1.3;Clinical Features;250
12.1.4;Investigations;250
12.1.5;Diagnosis and Prognostic Issues;251
12.1.6;Management;251
12.2;Fever and Rash;251
12.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;251
12.2.2;Clinical Features;251
12.2.3;Investigations;252
12.2.4;Management;252
12.2.5;Specific Entities;252
12.3;Fever and Joint Pain;253
12.4;Sepsis;253
12.5;Febrile Neutropenia;253
12.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;253
12.5.2;Pathophysiology;253
12.5.3;Clinical Features;254
12.5.4;Investigations;254
12.5.5;Management;254
12.5.6;Treatment Issues;254
12.5.7;Specific Entities;255
12.6;Fever with Travel History;255
12.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;255
12.6.2;Clinical Features;256
12.6.3;Investigations;256
12.6.4;Pre-Travel Considerations;256
12.6.5;Specific Entities;256
12.7;Pneumonia;258
12.8;Endocarditis;258
12.9;Meningitis;258
12.9.1;Differential Diagnosis for Fever and Neurological Symptoms;258
12.9.2;Pathophysiology;259
12.9.3;Investigations;259
12.9.4;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;260
12.9.5;Management;260
12.9.6;Specific Entities;260
12.10;Urinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections;261
12.10.1;Differential Diagnosis of Dysuria;261
12.10.2;Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections;261
12.10.3;Clinical Features of Urinary Tract Infections;261
12.10.4;Investigations for Urinary Tract Infections;262
12.10.5;Diagnostic Issues for Urinary Tract Infections;262
12.10.6;Management of Urinary Tract Infections;262
12.10.7;Vaginitis;262
12.10.8;Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs);262
12.11;Soft Tissue Infections;264
12.11.1;Differential Diagnosis;264
12.11.2;Pathophysiology;264
12.11.3;Investigations;264
12.11.4;Management;264
12.11.5;Specific Entities;264
12.12;Osteomyelitis;265
12.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;265
12.12.2;Pathophysiology;265
12.12.3;Clinical Features;265
12.12.4;Investigations;266
12.12.5;Diagnostic Issues;266
12.12.6;Management;266
12.12.7;Specific Entities;266
12.13;Septic Arthritis;267
12.14;Tuberculosis: Pulmonary;267
12.14.1;Pathophysiology;267
12.14.2;Clinical Features;267
12.14.3;Investigations;268
12.14.4;Diagnostic Issues;268
12.14.5;Management;268
12.14.6;Treatment Issues;269
12.15;Approach to Gram Stain, Culture, and Sensitivity;269
12.15.1;Gram-Positive Cocci;269
12.15.2;Gram-Positive Bacilli;269
12.15.3;Gram-Negative Cocci;269
12.15.4;Gram-Negative Bacilli;269
12.15.5;Specific Organisms;270
12.15.6;Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance;270
12.16;Antibiotics;271
12.16.1;Gentamicin and Tobramycin Dosing;273
12.16.2;Once-Daily Gentamicin and Tobramycin Dosing;273
12.16.3;Vancomycin Toxicity and Dosing;273
12.16.4;Penicillin Allergy;274
12.17;Approach to Empiric Antibiotics;274
12.17.1;General Approach;274
12.17.2;Specific Infections and Empiric Antibiotic Choices;274
12.18;Hepatitis B;275
12.19;Hepatitis C;275
12.20;Herpes Simplex Virus Infection;275
12.21;Human Immunodeficiency Virus;276
12.21.1;Risk Factors for HIV;276
12.21.2;Acute HIV Infection;276
12.21.3;Natural History of HIV;276
12.21.4;CNS Lesions in HIV Patients;276
12.21.5;Chronic Meningitis in HIV Patients;277
12.21.6;Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients;277
12.21.7;Esophagitis in HIV Patients;277
12.21.8;Hepatitis/Cholangitis/Pancreatitis in HIV Patients;277
12.21.9;Colitis/Diarrhea in HIV Patients;277
12.21.10;AIDS-Associated Malignancies;277
12.21.11;Education, Prophylaxis, and Immunization for HIV Patients;278
12.21.12;Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Patients;278
12.21.13;Therapeutic Decisions in HIV;278
12.21.14;Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in HIV Patients;279
12.21.15;Viral Hepatitis in HIV Co-infected Patients;279
12.22;Influenza;279
12.22.1;Differential Diagnosis;279
12.22.2;Pathophysiology;279
12.22.3;Clinical Features;280
12.22.4;Investigations;281
12.22.5;Management;281
12.22.6;Treatment Issues;281
12.23;Antiviral Agents;282
12.24;Fungal Infections;282
12.24.1;General Approach;282
12.24.2;Candidiasis;282
12.24.3;Aspergillosis;283
12.24.4;Zygomycetes (Mucormycosis);283
12.24.5;Histoplasmosis;283
12.24.6;Cryptococcosis;284
12.24.7;Coccidioidomycosis;284
12.24.8;Blastomyces;284
12.25;Antifungal Agents;285
12.25.1;Indications for Voriconazole;285
12.25.2;Indications for Caspofungin;286
12.25.3;Treatment Definitions;286
12.26;Infection Control;286
12.26.1;Nosocomial Infections;286
12.26.2;Needle Stick Injury;286
12.27;Immunization for Adults;287
12.27.1;Principles;288
12.28;Notes;289
13;Rheumatology;290
13.1;Septic Arthritis;290
13.1.1;Differential Diagnosis of Monoarthritis;290
13.1.2;Pathophysiology;290
13.1.3;Clinical Features;290
13.1.4;Investigations;291
13.1.5;Diagnostic Issues;291
13.1.6;Management;291
13.2;Gout;292
13.2.1;Causes;292
13.2.2;Pathophysiology;292
13.2.3;Clinical Features;292
13.2.4;Investigations;292
13.2.5;Diagnostic Issues;292
13.2.6;Management;292
13.2.7;Treatment Issues;292
13.2.8;Specific Entities;293
13.3;Polyarticular Joint Pain and Fever;293
13.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;293
13.3.2;Clinical Features;293
13.3.3;Investigations;293
13.3.4;Management;294
13.3.5;Specific Entities;294
13.4;Rheumatoid Arthritis;294
13.4.1;Differential Diagnosis of Polyarthritis;294
13.4.2;Pathophysiology;294
13.4.3;Clinical Features;294
13.4.4;Investigations;295
13.4.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;295
13.4.6;Management;295
13.4.7;Specific Entities;295
13.5;Systemic Lupus Erythematosus;296
13.5.1;Pathophysiology;296
13.5.2;Clinical Features;296
13.5.3;Investigations;297
13.5.4;Management;297
13.5.5;Specific Entities;297
13.6;Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies;299
13.6.1;Differential Diagnosis of Oligoarthritis;299
13.6.2;Clinical Features;299
13.6.3;Investigations;299
13.6.4;Diagnostic Issues;299
13.6.5;Management;300
13.6.6;Specific Entities;300
13.7;Back Pain;301
13.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;301
13.7.2;Clinical Features;301
13.7.3;Investigations;301
13.7.4;Diagnostic Features;301
13.7.5;Management;301
13.7.6;Specific Entities;302
13.8;Osteoarthritis;303
13.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;303
13.8.2;Pathophysiology;303
13.8.3;Clinical Features;303
13.8.4;Investigations;303
13.8.5;Diagnostic Issues;303
13.8.6;Management;303
13.8.7;Specific Entities;303
13.9;Fibromyalgia;304
13.9.1;Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Body Pain;304
13.9.2;Pathophysiology;304
13.9.3;Clinical Features;304
13.9.4;Investigations;304
13.9.5;Management;305
13.9.6;Specific Entities;305
13.10;Vasculitis;305
13.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;305
13.10.2;Pathophysiology;305
13.10.3;Clinical Features;305
13.10.4;Investigations;306
13.10.5;Management;306
13.10.6;Specific Entities;306
13.11;Approach to Serologies;309
13.11.1;Inflammatory Markers;309
13.11.2;Rheumatoid Arthritis;309
13.11.3;Lupus;309
13.11.4;Scleroderma;309
13.11.5;Sjogren’s Syndrome;309
13.11.6;Inflammatory Myopathies;310
13.11.7;Vasculitis;310
13.12;Joint Examination;311
13.13;Notes;313
14;Neurology;314
14.1;Brain Tumors;314
14.1.1;Pathophysiology;314
14.1.2;Clinical Features;314
14.1.3;Investigations;315
14.1.4;Prognostic Issues;315
14.1.5;Management;315
14.1.6;Treatment Issues;315
14.1.7;Specific Entities;315
14.2;Acute Stroke Syndromes;316
14.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;316
14.2.2;Pathophysiology;316
14.2.3;Clinical Features;317
14.2.4;Investigations;319
14.2.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;319
14.2.6;Management;319
14.2.7;Treatment Issues;319
14.2.8;Specific Entities;320
14.3;Cranial Nerve Examination;321
14.3.1;Specific Entities;322
14.4;Diplopia;323
14.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;323
14.4.2;Pathophysiology;323
14.4.3;Clinical Features;323
14.4.4;Investigations;324
14.4.5;Management;324
14.4.6;Specific Entities;324
14.5;Bell’s Palsy;324
14.5.1;Causes of Facial Droop;324
14.5.2;Pathophysiology;324
14.5.3;Clinical Features;324
14.5.4;Investigations;324
14.5.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues for Bell’s Palsy;324
14.5.6;Management of Bell’s Palsy;325
14.5.7;Specific Entities;325
14.6;Multiple Sclerosis;325
14.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;325
14.6.2;Pathophysiology;325
14.6.3;Clinical Features;325
14.6.4;Investigations;325
14.6.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;325
14.6.6;Management;326
14.7;Dementia;326
14.8;Delirium;326
14.9;Seizures;326
14.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;326
14.9.2;Pathophysiology;327
14.9.3;Clinical Features;327
14.9.4;Investigations;327
14.9.5;Diagnostic Issues;327
14.9.6;Management;327
14.9.7;Treatment Issues;328
14.10;Syncope;329
14.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;329
14.10.2;Clinical Features;329
14.10.3;Investigations;329
14.10.4;Management;329
14.10.5;Treatment Issues;329
14.10.6;Specific Entities;329
14.10.6.1;Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal) Syncope;329
14.10.6.2;Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension;329
14.11;Migraine Headaches;330
14.11.1;Differential Diagnosis of Headaches;330
14.11.2;Clinical Features;330
14.11.3;Investigations;331
14.11.4;Diagnostic Issues;331
14.11.5;Management of Migraine Headaches;331
14.11.6;Specific Entities;331
14.12;Meningitis;332
14.13;Dizziness and Vertigo;332
14.13.1;Differential Diagnosis;332
14.13.2;Clinical Features;332
14.13.3;Investigations;332
14.13.4;Diagnostic Issues;333
14.13.5;Management;333
14.13.6;Specific Entities;333
14.14;Hearing Impairment;334
14.14.1;Differential Diagnosis;334
14.14.2;Clinical Features;334
14.14.3;Investigations;334
14.14.4;Management;334
14.15;Myasthenia Gravis;335
14.15.1;Differential Diagnosis of Ptosis;335
14.15.2;Pathophysiology;335
14.15.3;Clinical Features;335
14.15.4;Investigations;336
14.15.5;Management of Myasthenia Gravis;336
14.15.6;Specific Entities;336
14.16;Ataxia;336
14.16.1;Differential Diagnosis;336
14.16.2;Clinical Features;336
14.16.3;Investigations;337
14.16.4;Management;337
14.17;Subacute Combined Degeneration;337
14.18;Parkinson’s Disease;337
14.18.1;Classification of Movement Disorders;337
14.18.2;Pathophysiology;337
14.18.3;Clinical Features;338
14.18.4;Investigations;339
14.18.5;Investigations for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders;339
14.18.6;Management;339
14.18.7;Specific Entities;339
14.19;Radiculopathy;340
14.19.1;Pathophysiology;340
14.19.2;Clinical Features;340
14.19.3;Investigations;340
14.19.4;Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy;340
14.19.5;Specific Entities;340
14.19.6;Dermatomes;341
14.19.7;Myotomes;341
14.19.8;Brachial Plexus;342
14.19.9;Muscle-Nerve Function Correlation;342
14.19.10;Differentiating between Nerve Root and Peripheral Nerve Lesions;342
14.19.11;Specific Considerations;344
14.20;Peripheral Neuropathy;344
14.20.1;Differential Diagnosis;344
14.20.2;Clinical Features;344
14.20.3;Investigations;344
14.20.4;Management;344
14.20.5;Specific Entities;345
14.20.6;Peripheral Nerves;346
14.21;Muscle Weakness;349
14.21.1;Differential Diagnosis;349
14.21.2;Clinical Features;349
14.21.3;Investigations;349
14.21.4;Management;350
14.21.5;Specific Entities;350
14.22;Approach to Neuroimaging;350
14.22.1;Modalities;350
14.22.2;Approach to CT Head;350
14.22.3;Head CT Findings in the Elderly;351
14.22.4;Head CT Findings in Stroke;351
14.23;Notes;352
14.24;Notes;353
15;Endocrinology;354
15.1;Diabetes Mellitus;354
15.1.1;Classification;354
15.1.2;Pathophysiology;354
15.1.3;Clinical Features;354
15.1.4;Investigations;355
15.1.5;Diagnostic Issues;355
15.1.6;Acute Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis;355
15.1.7;Specific Entities;356
15.1.8;Long-Term Management;356
15.1.9;Oral Hypoglycemic Agents;357
15.2;Principles of Insulin Use;358
15.2.1;Starting Insulin for New Patients;358
15.2.2;Regular Insulin Dose Adjustment Principles;358
15.2.3;Sample Sliding Scale Template;359
15.2.4;Treatment Issues;359
15.3;Hypoglycemia;359
15.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;359
15.3.2;Pathophysiology;359
15.3.3;Clinical Features;359
15.3.4;Investigations;359
15.3.5;Management;359
15.4;Hypothyroidism;360
15.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;360
15.4.2;Clinical Features;360
15.4.3;Investigations;360
15.4.4;Diagnostic Issues;360
15.4.5;Management;360
15.4.6;Treatment Issues;360
15.4.7;Specific Entities;360
15.5;Hyperthyroidism;361
15.5.1;Differential Diagnosis;361
15.5.2;Pathophysiology;361
15.5.3;Clinical Features;361
15.5.4;Investigations;361
15.5.5;Diagnostic Issues;362
15.5.6;Management;362
15.5.7;Treatment Issues;362
15.5.8;Specific Entities;362
15.6;Solitary Thyroid Nodule;362
15.6.1;Differential Diagnosis;362
15.6.2;Clinical Features;362
15.6.3;Investigations;362
15.6.4;Diagnostic Issues;363
15.6.5;Management;363
15.6.6;Treatment Issues;363
15.7;Pituitary Tumors;363
15.7.1;Differential Diagnosis of Pituitary Tumors;363
15.7.2;Differential Diagnosis of Hyperprolactinemia;363
15.7.3;Clinical Features;363
15.7.4;Investigations;363
15.7.5;Diagnostic Issues;363
15.7.6;Management;364
15.7.7;Specific Entities;364
15.8;Polyuria;364
15.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;364
15.8.2;Pathophysiology;364
15.8.3;Investigations;364
15.8.4;Management of Diabetes Insipidus;365
15.9;Adrenal Incidentaloma;365
15.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;365
15.9.2;Pathophysiology;365
15.9.3;Clinical Features;365
15.9.4;Investigations;365
15.9.5;Diagnostic Issues;365
15.9.6;Management;366
15.9.7;Specific Entities;366
15.10;Adrenal Insufficiency;366
15.10.1;Differential Diagnosis;366
15.10.2;Clinical Features;366
15.10.3;Investigations;367
15.10.4;Diagnostic Issues;367
15.10.5;Management;367
15.11;Cushing’s Syndrome;367
15.11.1;Differential Diagnosis;367
15.11.2;Clinical Features;367
15.11.3;Investigations;367
15.11.4;Diagnostic Issues;368
15.11.5;Management;368
15.11.6;Treatment Issues;368
15.11.7;Specific Entities;369
15.12;Hypocalcemia;369
15.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;369
15.12.2;Pathophysiology;369
15.12.3;Clinical Features;369
15.12.4;Investigations;369
15.12.5;Management;369
15.12.6;Specific Entities;369
15.13;Hypercalcemia;370
15.13.1;Differential Diagnosis;370
15.13.2;Pathophysiology;370
15.13.3;Clinical Features;370
15.13.4;Investigations;370
15.13.5;Diagnostic Issues;370
15.13.6;Management;370
15.13.7;Treatment Issues;371
15.13.8;Specific Entities;371
15.14;Osteoporosis;371
15.14.1;Causes;371
15.14.2;Pathophysiology;371
15.14.3;Clinical Features;371
15.14.4;Investigations;372
15.14.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;372
15.14.6;Management;372
15.14.7;Treatment Issues;372
15.14.8;Specific Entities;372
15.15;Hypertension;373
15.16;Hyperlipidemia;373
15.17;Amenorrhea;373
15.17.1;Differential Diagnosis;373
15.17.2;Pathophysiology;373
15.17.3;Clinical Features;373
15.17.4;Investigations;374
15.17.5;Management;374
15.18;Hirsutism;374
15.18.1;Differential Diagnosis;374
15.18.2;Pathophysiology;374
15.18.3;Clinical Features;374
15.18.4;Investigations;374
15.18.5;Management;375
15.18.6;Specific Entities;375
15.19;Notes;376
16;Dermatology;378
16.1;Eczema;378
16.1.1;Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus;378
16.1.2;Pathophysiology;378
16.1.3;Clinical Features;378
16.1.4;Investigations;378
16.1.5;Management;378
16.1.6;Specific Entities;378
16.2;Psoriasis Vulgaris;379
16.2.1;Differential Diagnosis of Papulosquamous Lesions;379
16.2.2;Pathophysiology;379
16.2.3;Clinical Features;379
16.2.4;Investigations;379
16.2.5;Management;379
16.2.6;Specific Entities;379
16.3;Acne Vulgaris;380
16.3.1;Differential Diagnosis of Acneiform Lesions;380
16.3.2;Pathophysiology;380
16.3.3;Clinical Features;381
16.3.4;Investigations;381
16.3.5;Management;381
16.3.6;Treatment Issues;381
16.3.7;Specific Entities;381
16.4;Exanthematous Lesions;381
16.4.1;Differential Diagnosis of Exanthematous Lesions;381
16.4.2;Clinical Features;381
16.4.3;Management;381
16.4.4;Specific Entities;382
16.5;Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis;382
16.5.1;Differential Diagnosis of Vesicles/Bullous Lesions;382
16.5.2;Pathophysiology;382
16.5.3;Clinical Features;382
16.5.4;Investigations;383
16.5.5;Prognostic Issues;383
16.5.6;Management;383
16.5.7;Specific Entities;383
16.6;Ulcers;384
16.6.1;Differential Diagnosis of Ulcers;384
16.6.2;Investigations;384
16.6.3;Management;384
16.6.4;Specific Entities;384
16.7;Melanoma and Skin Tumors;385
16.7.1;Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented Lesions;385
16.7.2;Pathophysiology;385
16.7.3;Clinical Features;385
16.7.4;Investigations;386
16.7.5;Diagnostic and Prognostic Issues;386
16.7.6;Management;386
16.7.7;Specific Entities;387
16.8;Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus;388
16.8.1;Differential Diagnosis of Photosensitivity;388
16.8.2;Clinical Features;388
16.8.3;Investigations;388
16.8.4;Management;388
16.8.5;Specific Entities;388
16.9;Drug Eruptions;389
16.9.1;Differential Diagnosis;389
16.9.2;Investigations;389
16.9.3;Management;389
16.9.4;Specific Entities;389
16.10;Erythema Nodosum;390
16.10.1;Differential Diagnosis of Painful Nodules;390
16.10.2;Pathophysiology;391
16.10.3;Clinical Features;391
16.10.4;Investigations;391
16.10.5;Management;391
16.11;Clubbing;391
16.11.1;Differential Diagnosis;391
16.11.2;Pathophysiology;391
16.11.3;Clinical Features;391
16.11.4;Investigations;391
16.11.5;Management;391
16.11.6;Specific Entities;392
16.12;Dupuytren’s Contracture;392
16.12.1;Differential Diagnosis;392
16.12.2;Pathophysiology;392
16.12.3;Clinical Features;392
16.12.4;Management;392
16.13;Notes;393
17;Geriatrics;394
17.1;Geriatric-Specific Issues;394
17.1.1;The Frail Elderly;394
17.1.2;Comprehensive Geriatrics Assessment;394
17.1.3;Comprehensive Geriatric Management;394
17.1.4;Health Care and Financial Proxy;395
17.1.5;Competency Assessment;395
17.2;Dementia and Cognitive Impairment;395
17.2.1;Differential Diagnosis;395
17.2.2;Pathophysiology;395
17.2.3;Clinical Features;396
17.2.4;Investigations;396
17.2.5;Diagnostic Issues;396
17.2.6;Management;397
17.2.7;Specific Entities;397
17.3;Delirium;397
17.3.1;Differential Diagnosis;397
17.3.2;Pathophysiology;398
17.3.3;Clinical Features;398
17.3.4;Investigations;398
17.3.5;Diagnostic Issues;399
17.3.6;Management;399
17.3.7;Treatment Issues;399
17.4;Falls;399
17.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;399
17.4.2;Pathophysiology;399
17.4.3;Clinical Features;400
17.4.4;Investigations;400
17.4.5;Management;400
17.5;Osteoporosis;400
17.6;Urinary Incontinence;400
17.6.1;Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Urinary Incontinence;400
17.6.2;Differential Diagnosis of Transient Urinary Incontinence;401
17.6.3;Pathophysiology;401
17.6.4;Investigations;401
17.6.5;Management of Chronic Urinary Incontinence;401
17.7;Hearing Impairment;402
17.8;Pharmacological Issues in the Elderly;402
17.8.1;Principles of Drug Use in the Elderly;402
17.8.2;Under-Prescribing in the Elderly;402
17.8.3;Over-Prescribing in the Elderly;402
17.8.4;Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions;402
17.9;Notes;404
18;Palliative Care;406
18.1;Palliative Care-Specific Issues;406
18.1.1;Introduction;406
18.1.2;Symptom Complex and Assessment;406
18.1.3;Depression in the Palliative Setting;407
18.1.4;Care for Caregivers;407
18.1.5;Communication in the Palliative Setting;407
18.1.6;Decision Making in the Palliative Setting;407
18.1.7;Spirituality in the Palliative Setting;407
18.1.8;Diagnosis of Dying;408
18.1.9;Medication Administration in the Palliative Setting;408
18.2;Principles of Pain Control;408
18.2.1;Types of Pain;408
18.2.2;Pathophysiology;408
18.2.3;Management;409
18.2.4;Treatment Issues;409
18.3;Delirium;411
18.4;Cancer-Related Fatigue;411
18.4.1;Causes;411
18.4.2;Pathophysiology;411
18.4.3;Clinical Features;411
18.4.4;Investigations;411
18.4.5;Management;411
18.5;Dyspnea in the Palliative Setting;411
18.5.1;Differential Diagnosis of Acute Dyspnea;411
18.5.2;Pathophysiology;412
18.5.3;Investigations;412
18.5.4;Management;412
18.5.5;Treatment Issues;412
18.5.6;Specific Entities;412
18.6;Nausea and Vomiting in the Palliative Setting;412
18.6.1;Investigations;412
18.6.2;Management;413
18.6.3;Specific Entities;413
18.7;Constipation in the Palliative Setting;413
18.7.1;Differential Diagnosis;413
18.7.2;Pathophysiology;413
18.7.3;Investigations;413
18.7.4;Diagnostic Issues;413
18.7.5;Management;414
18.8;Anorexia-Cachexia;414
18.8.1;Differential Diagnosis;414
18.8.2;Pathophysiology;414
18.8.3;Differential Diagnosis;414
18.8.4;Investigations;415
18.8.5;Management;415
18.8.6;Treatment Issues for Anorexia-Cachexia;415
18.9;Communication Issues;416
18.9.1;Communication Techniques;416
18.9.2;Discussing Resuscitation Status;416
18.9.3;Breaking Bad News-The Gentle Art of Truth Telling;416
18.10;Prognostication in Far Advanced Cancer Patients;417
18.10.1;Reasons for Discussing Prognosis;417
18.10.2;Prognostic Factors;417
18.10.3;Prognostic Tools;417
18.11;Notes;419
19;Nutrition;420
19.1;Obesity;420
19.1.1;Complications and Associated Disorders;420
19.1.2;Pathophysiology;420
19.1.3;Investigations;420
19.1.4;Management;420
19.1.5;Treatment Issues;421
19.2;Malabsorption Syndromes;421
19.3;Anorexia-Cachexia;421
19.4;Vitamin B12 Deficiency;422
19.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;422
19.4.2;Pathophysiology;422
19.4.3;Clinical Features;422
19.4.4;Investigations;422
19.4.5;Management;422
19.5;Diet and Supplemental Nutrition;423
19.5.1;Introduction;423
19.5.2;Nutritional Assessment;423
19.5.3;Hospital Diet Types;423
19.5.4;Enteral Nutrition Overview;423
19.5.5;Routes for Enteral Feeds;423
19.5.6;Administration of Enteral Feeds;423
19.5.7;Enteral Nutrition Formulas;424
19.5.8;Additions to Enteral Feeds;424
19.5.9;Complications of Enteral Feeds;424
19.5.10;Parenteral Nutrition Overview;424
19.5.11;Components of Total Parenteral Nutrition;424
19.5.12;Refeeding Syndrome;424
19.6;Notes;425
20;Obstetric Medicine;426
20.1;Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome;426
20.1.1;Differential Diagnosis of Hypertension in Pregnancy;426
20.1.2;Pathophysiology;426
20.1.3;Clinical Features;426
20.1.4;Investigations;426
20.1.5;Management;426
20.2;Pulmonary Diseases in Pregnancy;427
20.2.1;Asthma;427
20.2.2;Venous Thromboembolism;427
20.2.3;Amniotic Fluid Embolism;427
20.3;Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy;428
20.3.1;Pathophysiology;428
20.3.2;Valvular Disorders;428
20.3.3;Myocardial Disorders;428
20.3.4;Rhythm Disorders;428
20.4;Hepatic Diseases in Pregnancy;428
20.4.1;Differential Diagnosis;428
20.4.2;Clinical Features;429
20.4.3;Investigations;429
20.4.4;Management;429
20.4.5;Specific Entities;429
20.5;Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy;429
20.5.1;Urinary Tract Infections;429
20.5.2;Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);430
20.5.3;TORCHES Infections;430
20.5.4;Tuberculosis;430
20.5.5;Antibiotics;430
20.6;Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy;430
20.6.1;Diabetes in Pregnancy;430
20.6.2;Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy;431
20.6.3;Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy;431
20.7;Other Disorders in Pregnancy;431
20.7.1;Seizures in Pregnancy;431
20.7.2;Lupus in Pregnancy;432
20.7.3;Breast Cancer in Pregnancy;432
20.7.4;Pain Control in Pregnancy;432
20.7.5;Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy;432
20.7.6;Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome in Pregnancy;432
20.8;Notes;433
21;General Internal Medicine;434
21.1;Approach to Diagnostic Tests and Clinical Trials;434
21.1.1;Diagnostic Tests;434
21.1.2;Therapeutic Interventions;435
21.2;Smoking Cessation;435
21.2.1;Complications and Smoking-Associated Disorders;435
21.2.2;Pathophysiology of Smoking;435
21.2.3;Management of Smoking Cessation;436
21.2.4;Treatment Issues;436
21.2.5;Prognostic Issues;436
21.3;Multisystem Disorders;437
21.3.1;Selected MultiSystem Disorders;437
21.3.2;Hemochromatosis;437
21.3.3;Sarcoidosis;437
21.3.4;Amyloidosis;437
21.3.5;Cryoglobulinemia;438
21.3.6;Porphyria;438
21.3.7;Whipple’s Disease;439
21.4;Perioperative Assessment for Non-cardiopulmonary Surgery and Postoperative Complications;439
21.4.1;Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment;439
21.4.2;Perioperative Pulmonary Risks;440
21.4.3;Investigations for Perioperative Patients;440
21.4.4;Management of Perioperative Patients;441
21.4.5;Postoperative Complications;442
21.5;Medical Fitness to Drive;443
21.5.1;General Principles;443
21.6;Obtaining Consent for Medical Procedures;444
21.6.1;Consenting Process;444
21.7;Biomedical Ethics Issues;444
21.7.1;Ethics Judgment;444
21.7.2;Truth Telling;444
21.7.3;Informed Consent;444
21.7.4;Capacity;444
21.7.5;Battery and Negligence;445
21.7.6;Confidentiality;445
21.7.7;Futility;445
21.7.8;Euthanasia;445
21.7.9;Resource Allocation;445
21.7.10;Research Ethics;445
21.7.11;Conflict of Interest;445
21.8;Hospital Admission and Discharge Issues;446
21.8.1;Principles of Medical Management;446
21.8.2;Reasons for Admission;446
21.8.3;Rehabilitation Criteria;446
21.8.4;Discharge Criteria;446
21.8.5;Disposition;446
21.9;Notes;447
22;Appendix A Advanced Cardiac Life Support;448
23;Appendix B List of Common Abbreviations;449
24;Appendix C Common Laboratory Values And Unit Conversion;453
25;Appendix D History Template;457
26;Index;458
27;Selected Internal MedicineTopics;474
Pulmonary.- Cardiology.- Nephrology.- Critical Care.- Gastroenterology.- Hematology.- Oncology.- Infectious Diseases.- Rheumatology.- Neurology.- Endocrinology.- Dermatology.- Geriatrics.- Palliative Care.- Nutition.- Obstetric Med.- General Med.- ACLS.- Index.
