Human and Nature Minding Automation

An Overview of Concepts, Methods, Tools and Applications
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3562-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 346 Seiten

Man is the best thing in the World. Nature does nothing uselessly. Aristotle There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar: I love not Man the less, but Nature more. John Burroughs The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. Mahbub ul Hag Founder of the Human Development Report Theaimofthisbookis toprovidea compiledset ofconcepts,principles,methods and issues used for studying, designing and operating human-minding and natu- minding automation and industrial systems. The depth of presentation is suf?cient for the reader to understand the problems involved and the solution approaches, and appreciate the need of human–automation cooperative interaction, and the - portance of the efforts required for environment and ecosystem protection during any technological and development process in the society. Humans and technology are living and have to live together in a sustainable society and nature. Humans must not be viewed as components of automation and technology in the same way as machines. Automation and technology must incorporate the humans’ needs and preferences, and radiate “beauty” in all ways, namely functionally, technically and humanistically. In overall, automation and technology should create comfort and give pleasure.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Human and Nature
Minding Automation
;1
1.1;Dedication
;5
1.2;1 Automation, Humans, Nature, and Development;19
1.2.1;1.1 Introduction;19
1.2.2;1.2 The Field of Automation;20
1.2.3;1.3 Brief History of Control and Automation;21
1.2.4;1.4 The Principle of Feedback;23
1.2.4.1;1.4.1 Some Examples;24
1.2.5;1.5 The Humans in Automation;27
1.2.6;1.6 Automation in the Nature;28
1.2.7;1.7 Social Issues of Automation;29
1.2.7.1;1.7.1 Training and Education;30
1.2.7.2;1.7.2 Unemployment;30
1.2.7.3;1.7.3 Quality of Working Conditions;30
1.2.7.4;1.7.4 Productivity and Capital Formation;31
1.2.7.5;1.7.5 Advantages;31
1.2.7.6;1.7.6 Disadvantages;32
1.2.8;1.8 Human Development and Modernization;32
1.2.8.1;1.8.1 Human Development Components;33
1.2.8.2;1.8.2 Modernization;34
1.2.8.3;1.8.3 Human Development Index;36
1.2.8.4;1.8.4 Life Expectancy, Literacy and Standard of Living;37
1.2.8.5;1.8.5 Human Development Report;38
1.3;2 Human Factors in Automation (I): Building Blocks, Scope, and a First Set of Factors;40
1.3.1;2.1 Introduction;40
1.3.2;2.2 The Human Factors Field: Building Blocks and Scope;41
1.3.2.1;2.2.1 Building Blocks;41
1.3.2.2;2.2.2 The Human Features;42
1.3.2.3;2.2.3 Human–Automation Relation;42
1.3.2.4;2.2.4 Automation;42
1.3.2.5;2.2.5 Goals and Scope of the Human Factors Field;43
1.3.3;2.3 Human Factors in Automation System Design and Development;44
1.3.3.1;2.3.1 General Issues;44
1.3.3.2;2.3.2 Developmental Elements;45
1.3.3.3;2.3.3 System Development Concepts;46
1.3.4;2.4 The Workload Factor in Automation;47
1.3.5;2.5 Three Key Human Factors in Automation;48
1.3.5.1;2.5.1 Allocation of Function;48
1.3.5.2;2.5.2 Stimulus–Response Compatibility;49
1.3.5.3;2.5.3 Internal Model of the Operator;49
1.3.6;2.6 The Operator Reliance Factor;50
1.4;3 Human Factors in Automation (II): Psychological, Physical Strength, Human Error and Human Values Factors;52
1.4.1;3.1 Introduction;52
1.4.2;3.2 Psychological Factors;53
1.4.2.1;3.2.1 Job Satisfaction;53
1.4.2.2;3.2.2 Job Stress;54
1.4.2.3;3.2.3 A Psychosocial Stress Model;55
1.4.3;3.3 Physical Strength;55
1.4.4;3.4 Human Bias;56
1.4.5;3.5 Human Error;57
1.4.5.1;3.5.1 Skill-Based Error-Shaping Factors;59
1.4.5.2;3.5.2 Rule-Based Error-Shaping Factors;59
1.4.5.3;3.5.3 Knowledge-Based Error Shaping Factors;59
1.4.6;3.6 Human Values and Human Rights;60
1.5;4 Human–Machine Interaction in Automation (I): Basic Concepts and Devices;64
1.5.1;4.1 Introduction;64
1.5.2;4.2 Applications of Human–Machine Interactive Systems;65
1.5.3;4.3 Methodologies for the Design of Human–Machine Interaction Systems;67
1.5.4;4.4 Keys and Keyboards;68
1.5.4.1;4.4.1 Keyboard Layout;68
1.5.5;4.5 Pointing Devices;70
1.5.5.1;4.5.1 Touch Screens;70
1.5.5.2;4.5.2 Light Pens;71
1.5.5.3;4.5.3 Graphic Tablets;71
1.5.5.4;4.5.4 Track Balls;71
1.5.5.5;4.5.5 Mouse;72
1.5.5.6;4.5.6 Joysticks;72
1.5.5.7;4.5.7 Selection of the Input Device;72
1.5.6;4.6 Screen Design;73
1.5.6.1;4.6.1 Screen Density Reduction Methods;74
1.5.6.2;4.6.2 Information Grouping and Highlighting;74
1.5.6.3;4.6.3 Spatial Relationships Among Screen Elements;75
1.5.7;4.7 Work Station Design;75
1.5.7.1;4.7.1 Physical Layout Factors;76
1.5.7.2;4.7.2 Work Method Factors;76
1.5.7.3;4.7.3 Video Display Terminal Factors;77
1.6;5 Human–Machine Interaction in Automation (II): Advanced Concepts and Interfaces;78
1.6.1;5.1 Introduction;78
1.6.2;5.2 Graphical User Interfaces;79
1.6.2.1;5.2.1 General Issues;79
1.6.2.2;5.2.2 Design Components of Graphical Interfaces;80
1.6.2.3;5.2.3 Windowing Systems;80
1.6.2.4;5.2.4 Components of Windowing Systems;81
1.6.3;5.3 Types and Design Features of Visual Displays;82
1.6.3.1;5.3.1 Visual Display Types;82
1.6.3.2;5.3.2 Further Design Features of Visual Displays;83
1.6.4;5.4 Intelligent Human–Machine Interfaces;85
1.6.5;5.5 Natural Language Human–Machine Interfaces;88
1.6.6;5.6 Multi-Modal Human–Machine Interfaces;89
1.6.7;5.7 Graphical Interfaces for Knowledge-Based Systems;91
1.6.7.1;5.7.1 End-User Interfaces;92
1.6.7.2;5.7.2 Graphical Interfaces for the Knowledge Engineer;92
1.6.8;5.8 Force Sensing Tactile Based Human–Machine Interfaces;93
1.6.9;5.9 Human–Machine Interaction via Virtual Environments;94
1.6.10;5.10 Human–Machine Interfaces in Computer-Aided Design;96
1.7;6 Supervisory and Distributed Control in Automation;99
1.7.1;6.1 Introduction;99
1.7.2;6.2 Supervisory Control Architectures;101
1.7.2.1;6.2.1 Evolution of Supervisory Control;101
1.7.2.2;6.2.2 Rasmussen's Architecture;102
1.7.2.3;6.2.3 Sheridan's Architecture;104
1.7.2.4;6.2.4 Meystel's Nested Architecture;108
1.7.3;6.3 Task Analysis and Task Allocation in Automation;109
1.7.4;6.4 Distributed Control Architectures;113
1.7.4.1;6.4.1 Historical Remarks;113
1.7.4.2;6.4.2 Hierarchical Distributed Systems;114
1.7.4.3;6.4.3 Distributed Control and System Segmentation;117
1.7.5;6.5 Discrete Event Supervisory Control;118
1.7.6;6.6 Behavior-Based Architectures;119
1.7.6.1;6.6.1 Subsumption Architecture;120
1.7.6.2;6.6.2 Motor Schemas Architecture;121
1.7.7;6.7 Discussion;123
1.8;7 Implications of Industry, Automation, and Human Activity to Nature;125
1.8.1;7.1 Introduction;125
1.8.1.1;7.1.1 The Concepts of Waste and Pollution Control;126
1.8.2;7.2 Industrial Contaminants;127
1.8.2.1;7.2.1 Organic Compounds;127
1.8.2.2;7.2.2 Metals and Inorganic Nonmetals;131
1.8.3;7.3 Impact of Industrial Activity on the Nature;133
1.8.3.1;7.3.1 Air Pollution;133
1.8.3.2;7.3.2 The Earth's Carbon Cycle and Balance;135
1.8.3.3;7.3.3 Global Warming, Ozone Hole, Acid Rain and Urban Smog;136
1.8.3.3.1;7.3.3.1 Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect;136
1.8.3.3.2;7.3.3.2 Ozone Hole;138
1.8.3.3.3;7.3.3.3 Acid Rain;139
1.8.3.3.4;7.3.3.4 Urban Smog;140
1.8.3.4;7.3.4 Solid Waste Disposal;141
1.8.3.5;7.3.5 Water Pollution;142
1.8.4;7.4 Energy Consumption and Natural Resources Depletion;142
1.8.5;7.5 Three Major Problems of the Globe Caused by Human Activity;144
1.8.6;7.6 Environmental Impact: Classification by Human Activity Type;145
1.9;8 Human-Minding Automation;148
1.9.1;8.1 Introduction;148
1.9.2;8.2 System-Minding Design Approach;149
1.9.3;8.3 Human-Minding Automation System Design Approach;150
1.9.4;8.4 Human-Minding Interface Design in Automation Systems;152
1.9.4.1;8.4.1 User–Needs Analysis;152
1.9.4.2;8.4.2 Task Analysis;153
1.9.4.3;8.4.3 Situation Analysis and Function Allocation;153
1.9.5;8.5 The Human Resource Problem in Automation;155
1.9.5.1;8.5.1 Allocation of System Development Resources;155
1.9.5.2;8.5.2 Investment in Human Resources;157
1.9.5.3;8.5.3 Innovation and Technology Transfer;157
1.9.6;8.6 Integrating Decision Aiding and Decision Training in Human-Minding Automation;158
1.9.6.1;8.6.1 Novice;159
1.9.6.2;8.6.2 Expert;159
1.9.7;8.7 International Safety Standards for Automation Systems;161
1.9.8;8.8 Overlapping Circles Representation of Human Minding Automation Systems;164
1.10;9 Nature-Minding Industrial Activity and Automation;166
1.10.1;9.1 Introduction;166
1.10.2;9.2 Life-Cycle and Environmental Impact Assessments;167
1.10.2.1;9.2.1 Life-Cycle Assessment;167
1.10.2.2;9.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment;172
1.10.3;9.3 Nature-Minding Design;173
1.10.4;9.4 Pollution Control Planning;175
1.10.5;9.5 Natural Resources-Energy Conservation and ResidualsManagement;177
1.10.5.1;9.5.1 Water Conservation;177
1.10.5.2;9.5.2 Energy Conservation;178
1.10.5.3;9.5.3 Residuals Management;178
1.10.6;9.6 Fugitive Emissions Control and Public Pollution Control Programs;180
1.10.6.1;9.6.1 Fugitive Emissions Control;180
1.10.6.2;9.6.2 Public Pollution Control Programs;181
1.10.7;9.7 Environmental Control Regulations;182
1.10.7.1;9.7.1 General Issues;182
1.10.7.2;9.7.2 Environmental Regulations in the United States;183
1.10.7.3;9.7.3 International and European Environmental Control Regulations;185
1.10.7.3.1;9.7.3.1 Climate Change;186
1.10.7.3.2;9.7.3.2 Biodiversity;186
1.10.7.3.3;9.7.3.3 Environment and Health;187
1.10.8;9.8 The Concept of Sustainability;188
1.10.9;9.9 Environmental Sustainability Index;193
1.10.10;9.10 A Practical Guide Towards Nature-Minding Business-Automation Operation;195
1.10.10.1;9.10.1 The Four Environmental R-Rules;195
1.10.10.2;9.10.2 Four More Nature-Minding Rules;196
1.10.11;9.11 Nature-Minding Economic Considerations;198
1.10.11.1;9.11.1 Cost Allocation: The Polluter-Pays Principle;201
1.10.11.2;9.11.2 Environmental Standards;201
1.10.12;9.12 Nature-Minding Organizations;202
1.11;10 Modern Automation Systems in Practice;207
1.11.1;10.1 Introduction;207
1.11.2;10.2 Office Automation Systems;208
1.11.3;10.3 Automation in Railway Systems;210
1.11.4;10.4 Automation in Aviation Systems;214
1.11.4.1;10.4.1 Aircraft Automation;214
1.11.4.2;10.4.2 Air Traffic Control;216
1.11.4.3;10.4.3 The Free Flight Operational Concept;219
1.11.5;10.5 Automation in Automobile and Sea Transportation;220
1.11.5.1;10.5.1 Advanced Traveler Information Systems;220
1.11.5.2;10.5.2 Collision Avoidance and Warning Systems;221
1.11.5.3;10.5.3 Automated Highway Systems;221
1.11.5.4;10.5.4 Vision Enhancement Systems;222
1.11.5.5;10.5.5 Advanced Traffic Management Systems;222
1.11.5.6;10.5.6 Commercial Vehicle Operations;222
1.11.5.7;10.5.7 Sea Transportation;223
1.11.6;10.6 Robotic Automation Systems;223
1.11.6.1;10.6.1 Material Handling and Die Casting;224
1.11.6.2;10.6.2 Machine Loading and Unloading;224
1.11.6.3;10.6.3 Welding and Assembly;225
1.11.6.4;10.6.4 Machining and Inspection;226
1.11.6.5;10.6.5 Drilling, Forging and Other Fabrication Applications;226
1.11.6.6;10.6.6 Robot Social and Medical Services;227
1.11.6.7;10.6.7 Assistive Robotics;229
1.11.7;10.7 Automation in Intelligent Buildings;233
1.11.8;10.8 Automation of Intra- and Inter-Organizational Processes in CIM;234
1.11.8.1;10.8.1 Intra-Organizational Automation;235
1.11.8.2;10.8.2 Inter-Organizational Automation;236
1.11.9;10.9 Automation in Continuous Process Plants;238
1.11.10;10.10 Automation in Environmental Systems;240
1.11.11;10.11 Discussion on Human- and Nature-Minding Automation and Technology Applications;241
1.12;11 Mathematical Tools for Automation Systems I: Modeling and Simulation;244
1.12.1;11.1 Introduction;244
1.12.2;11.2 Deterministic Models;245
1.12.3;11.3 Probabilistic Models;248
1.12.3.1;11.3.1 Discrete Probability Model;249
1.12.3.2;11.3.2 Continuous Probability Model;249
1.12.3.3;11.3.3 Bayes Updating Formula;250
1.12.3.4;11.3.4 Statistics;253
1.12.4;11.4 Entropy Model;255
1.12.5;11.5 Reliability and Availability Models;256
1.12.5.1;11.5.1 Definitions and Properties;256
1.12.5.2;11.5.2 Markov Reliability Model;259
1.12.6;11.6 Stochastic Processes and Dynamic Models;261
1.12.6.1;11.6.1 Stochastic Processes;261
1.12.6.2;11.6.2 Stochastic Dynamic Models;263
1.12.7;11.7 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Models;264
1.12.7.1;11.7.1 Fuzzy Sets;264
1.12.7.2;11.7.2 Fuzzy Systems;268
1.12.8;11.8 System Simulation;273
1.12.8.1;11.8.1 Simulation of Dynamic Systems;273
1.12.8.1.1;11.8.1.1 Euler Simulation Technique;273
1.12.8.1.2;11.8.1.2 Runge–Kutta Simulation Technique;274
1.12.8.2;11.8.2 Simulation of Probabilistic Models;275
1.13;12 Mathematical Tools for Automation Systems II: Optimization, Estimation, Decision, and Control;280
1.13.1;12.1 Introduction;280
1.13.2;12.2 System Optimization;281
1.13.2.1;12.2.1 Static Optimization;282
1.13.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Theory;282
1.13.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 Computational Optimization Algorithms;283
1.13.2.2;12.2.2 Dynamic Optimization;287
1.13.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Dynamic Programming (Bellman);287
1.13.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Calculus of Variations (Euler–Lagrange);289
1.13.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Minimum Principle (Pontryagin);290
1.13.2.3;12.2.3 Genetic Optimization;291
1.13.3;12.3 Learning and Estimation;293
1.13.3.1;12.3.1 Least-Squares Parameter Estimation;293
1.13.3.2;12.3.2 Recursive Least Squares Parameter Estimation;295
1.13.3.3;12.3.3 Least Squares State Estimation: Kalman Filter;298
1.13.3.3.1;12.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Filter;298
1.13.3.3.2;12.3.3.2 State Prediction;300
1.13.3.3.3;12.3.3.3 Continuous Time Filter;300
1.13.3.4;12.3.4 Neural Network Learning;303
1.13.3.4.1;12.3.4.1 The Multilayer Perceptron;304
1.13.3.4.2;12.3.4.2 The Radial Basis Function (RBF) Network;305
1.13.4;12.4 Decision Analysis;306
1.13.4.1;12.4.1 General Issues;306
1.13.4.2;12.4.2 Decision Matrix and Average Value Operators;308
1.13.4.3;12.4.3 Fuzzy Utility Functions;309
1.13.5;12.5 Control;315
1.13.5.1;12.5.1 Classical Control;316
1.13.5.2;12.5.2 Modern Control;319
1.13.5.2.1;12.5.2.1 Model Matching and Eigenvalue Control;320
1.13.5.2.2;12.5.2.2 Optimal Control;322
1.13.5.2.3;12.5.2.3 Stochastic Control;325
1.13.5.2.4;12.5.2.4 Predictive Control;326
1.13.5.2.5;12.5.2.5 Adaptive Control;327
1.13.5.2.6;12.5.2.6 Robust Control;327
1.13.5.2.7;12.5.2.7 Intelligent Control;329
1.13.6;12.6 Concluding Remarks;329
1.14;References;331
1.15;Index;354