Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems

Methods and Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7350-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 465 Seiten

Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems provides an overview of the current modeling methods and applications enhancing interventional treatments and computer-aided surgery. A detailed description of the techniques behind image acquisition, processing and three-dimensional reconstruction are included. Techniques for the computational simulation of solid and fluid mechanics and structure interaction are also discussed, in addition to various cardiovascular and pulmonary applications. Engineers and researchers involved with image processing and computational modeling of human organ systems will find this a valuable reference.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;13
4;Contributors;15
5;Part I Cardiac and Pulmonary Imaging, Image Processing, and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems;19
5.1;1 Image Acquisition for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Applications;20
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction to Imaging;20
5.1.1.1;1.1.1 Invasive Techniques;22
5.1.1.2;1.1.2 Role of Noninvasive Imaging;22
5.1.2;1.2 Ultrasound/Echocardiography;23
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Principles of Ultrasound;23
5.1.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 M-Mode;25
5.1.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 2D Ultrasound;26
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 Echocardiography;27
5.1.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Morphologic Imaging;27
5.1.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Function;28
5.1.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Flow (Doppler);28
5.1.2.2.4;1.2.2.4 TTE Versus TEE;29
5.1.2.3;1.2.3 Vascular/Peripheral;30
5.1.3;1.3 Computed Tomography (CT);31
5.1.3.1;1.3.1 Principles of CT;31
5.1.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Basic CT;32
5.1.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Multidetector CT;33
5.1.3.2;1.3.2 Cardiac CT;34
5.1.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Coronary Arteries;34
5.1.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Aorta;35
5.1.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Cardiac Function;35
5.1.3.3;1.3.3 Pulmonary CT;36
5.1.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 Parenchyma;36
5.1.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 Pulmonary Angiography;37
5.1.4;1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI);37
5.1.4.1;1.4.1 Principles of MRI;37
5.1.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 Signal Generation;38
5.1.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 General Techniques and Contrast Mechanisms;38
5.1.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 Morphology;39
5.1.4.1.4;1.4.1.4 Function;40
5.1.4.1.5;1.4.1.5 Perfusion/Ischemia;42
5.1.4.2;1.4.2 MR Angiography;43
5.1.4.3;1.4.3 Pulmonary MRI: Emerging Techniques;45
5.1.5;1.5 Other Techniques;47
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 SPECT;47
5.1.5.2;1.5.2 PET;48
5.1.6;1.6 Summary;49
5.1.7;References;49
5.2;2 Three-dimensional and Four-dimensional Cardiopulmonary Image Analysis;51
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;51
5.2.2;2.2 Segmentation and Modeling Methodology;52
5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Active Shape and Appearance Models;52
5.2.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Building a 3D Statistical Shape Model;53
5.2.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Extension to Higher Dimensions;54
5.2.2.1.3;2.2.1.3 Combining Shape and Appearance;54
5.2.2.1.4;2.2.1.4 Robust ASM and AAM Implementations;55
5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Region Growing and Fuzzy Connectivity Segmentation;56
5.2.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Region Growing;56
5.2.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Fuzzy Connectivity-Based Segmentation;57
5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Graph-Based Segmentation;58
5.2.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Approaches Based on Rectangular Graph Structures;58
5.2.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Minimum-Cut Approaches;61
5.2.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Cost Functions;62
5.2.3;2.3 Cardiac Applications;63
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Modeling and Quantitative Analysis of the Ventricles;64
5.2.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Manual Ventricle Segmentation;64
5.2.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 3D Shape Generation;66
5.2.3.2;2.3.2 Tetralogy of Fallot Classification;68
5.2.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Study Population and Experimental Methods;69
5.2.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Novel Ventricular Function Indices;70
5.2.4;2.4 Vascular Applications;71
5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Connective Tissue Disorder in the Aorta;71
5.2.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 4D Segmentation of Aortic MR Image Data;72
5.2.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 Disease Detection;74
5.2.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 Accuracy of Segmentation and Classification;75
5.2.4.2;2.4.2 Aortic Thrombus and Aneurysm Analysis;76
5.2.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Initial Luminal Surface Segmentation;78
5.2.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Graph Search and Cost Function Design;79
5.2.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 Data and Results;80
5.2.4.3;2.4.3 Plaque Distribution in Coronary Arteries;83
5.2.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Segmentation and 3D Fusion;84
5.2.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Hemodynamic and Morphologic Analysis;88
5.2.4.3.3;2.4.3.3 Studies and Results;89
5.2.5;2.5 Pulmonary Applications;91
5.2.5.1;2.5.1 Segmentation and Quantitative Analysis of Airway Trees;92
5.2.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Airway Tree Segmentation;93
5.2.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 Quantitative Analysis of Airway Tree Morphology;95
5.2.5.2;2.5.2 Quantitative Analysis of Pulmonary Vascular Trees;98
5.2.5.3;2.5.3 Segmentation of Lung Lobes;104
5.2.6;2.6 Discussions and Conclusions;107
5.2.7;References;108
6;Part II Computational Techniques for Fluid and Soft Tissue Mechanics, FluidStructure Interaction, and Development of Multi-scale Simulations;119
6.1;3 Computational Techniques for Biological Fluids: From Blood Vessel Scale to Blood Cells;120
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;120
6.1.2;3.2 Computational Methods for Macro-scale Hemodynamics;121
6.1.2.1;3.2.1 Governing Equations;121
6.1.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 The Fluid Flow Equations;121
6.1.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 The Structural Equations;123
6.1.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Boundary Conditions at the Fluid--Structure Interface;126
6.1.2.2;3.2.2 Numerical Methods for Flows with Moving Boundaries;126
6.1.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Boundary-Conforming Methods;127
6.1.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Non-boundary-Conforming Methods;129
6.1.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Hybrid Methods: Body-Fitted/Immersed Boundary Methods;133
6.1.2.3;3.2.3 Fluid--Structure Interaction Algorithms;133
6.1.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Loose and Strong Coupling Strategies;134
6.1.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Stability and Robustness Issues;135
6.1.2.4;3.2.4 Efficient Solvers for Physiologic Pulsatile Simulations;136
6.1.2.5;3.2.5 High-Resolution Simulations of Cardiovascular Flow;137
6.1.2.5.1;3.2.5.1 Fluid--Structure Interaction Simulations of Mechanical Bileaflet Heart Valves;137
6.1.2.5.2;3.2.5.2 Numerical Simulations of Trileaflet Heart Valve Hemodynamics;139
6.1.3;3.3 Computational Methods for Blood Cell Scale Simulations;142
6.1.3.1;3.3.1 Background;142
6.1.3.2;3.3.2 Review of Numerical Methods for Blood Cell-Resolving Simulations;142
6.1.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Boundary-Integral Methods for Cell-Level Simulation;143
6.1.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Immersed Boundary Method;144
6.1.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Particle Methods;144
6.1.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Lattice Boltzmann;145
6.1.3.3;3.3.3 Lattice-Boltzmann Methodology;145
6.1.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Lattice-Boltzmann BGK (LBGK) Model for Fluid Flow;145
6.1.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Transient Finite-Element FSI Model;146
6.1.3.4;3.3.4 Membrane Models;151
6.1.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Comparison of Red Blood Cell Models;154
6.1.3.5;3.3.5 Rheology, Stress, and Microstructure of Blood;154
6.1.3.5.1;3.3.5.1 Bulk Rheology;155
6.1.3.5.2;3.3.5.2 Shear-Thinning Behavior;156
6.1.3.5.3;3.3.5.3 Microstructure;158
6.1.3.5.4;3.3.5.4 Local Stress Environment in Blood;161
6.1.4;3.4 Future Directions;162
6.1.5;References;163
6.2;4 Formulation and Computational Implementation of Constitutive Models for Cardiovascular Soft Tissue Simulations;171
6.2.1;4.1 Introduction;171
6.2.2;4.2 Constitutive Models for Cardiovascular Soft Tissues;173
6.2.2.1;4.2.1 Condition Number of D;176
6.2.3;4.3 Structural Constitutive Models;177
6.2.4;4.4 Finite-Element Implementation;181
6.2.4.1;4.4.1 Fung Model Implementation Example;184
6.2.4.2;4.4.2 Biaxial Testing Simulations;184
6.2.4.3;4.4.3 Prosthetic Valve Simulations;187
6.2.4.4;4.4.4 Engineered Heart Valve Leaflet Tissue Simulations;189
6.2.5;4.5 Finite-Element Models of Heart Valve Leaflets;193
6.2.5.1;4.5.1 Degenerate Solid Shell;194
6.2.5.2;4.5.2 Element Pathology;195
6.2.5.3;4.5.3 Stress-Resultant Shell;196
6.2.5.4;4.5.4 Continuum Shell;198
6.2.6;4.6 Summary;198
6.2.7;4.7 Appendix: Shell Kinematics;199
6.2.8;References;201
6.3;5 Algorithms for Fluid Structure Interaction;205
6.3.1;5.1 Introduction;205
6.3.1.1;5.1.1 Key Aspects of Fluid--Structure Interaction Problems;206
6.3.2;5.2 Governing Equations and Important Parameters;207
6.3.3;5.3 Spatial Discretization to Couple Fluid and Solid Dynamics;209
6.3.4;5.4 ALE-Type Methods;210
6.3.5;5.5 Immersed Boundary Method;210
6.3.6;5.6 Immersed Interface Method;212
6.3.7;5.7 Sharp Interface Method;213
6.3.8;5.8 Finite Element Methods;216
6.3.9;5.9 Fictitious Domain Method;216
6.3.10;5.10 Immersed Finite Element Methods;216
6.3.11;5.11 Issues Related to the Temporal Update of the Coupled FluidSolid System;217
6.3.12;5.12 Numerical Stiffness;217
6.3.13;5.13 Material Density and Slenderness;220
6.3.14;5.14 Rapidity of Motion and Deformation;221
6.3.15;5.15 Techniques for Coupling of the Temporal Update of the Fluid and Solid Subsystems;221
6.3.16;5.16 Weak and Strong Coupling Algorithms;222
6.3.17;5.17 Three Different Approaches to FSI Modeling in Biomedical Applications;224
6.3.17.1;5.17.1 FSI Approach 1;224
6.3.17.1.1;5.17.1.1 Results;227
6.3.17.2;5.17.2 FSI Approach 2;228
6.3.17.2.1;5.17.2.1 Results;230
6.3.17.3;5.17.3 FSI Approach 3;232
6.3.18;5.18 Modeling of Mechanical Heart Valves;235
6.3.19;5.19 Leaflet Rebound;236
6.3.19.1;5.19.1 Results;237
6.3.20;5.20 Effect of Flow During Closure and Rebound Phases;237
6.3.21;5.21 Modeling of Tissue Heart Valves;239
6.3.21.1;5.21.1 Challenges in Modeling Tissue Heart Valves;239
6.3.21.1.1;5.21.1.1 Results of Simulations;240
6.3.22;5.22 Concluding Remarks;244
6.3.23;References;244
6.4;6 Mesoscale Analysis of Blood Flow;249
6.4.1;6.1 Introduction;249
6.4.2;6.2 Scaling Estimates;252
6.4.3;6.3 Modeling Adhesion Force Between Blood Cells;254
6.4.4;6.4 Microscale Modeling: Deformable Blood Cells;260
6.4.5;6.5 Mesoscale Modeling Using the Discrete Element Method;263
6.4.6;6.6 Mesoscale Modeling Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics;269
6.4.7;6.7 Bridging the Scales;274
6.4.8;References;275
7;Part III Applications of Computational Simulations in the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems;281
7.1;7 Arterial Circulation and Disease Processes;282
7.1.1;7.1 Introduction;282
7.1.2;7.2 Artery Wall Structure;284
7.1.3;7.3 Endothelium;285
7.1.4;7.4 Mechanical Forces on the Arterial Wall;286
7.1.5;7.5 Wall Shear Stress;287
7.1.6;7.6 Mechanisms of Disease Formation;287
7.1.7;7.7 Flow in Small Vessels Hemodynamic Modelling of Coronary Flows;288
7.1.8;7.8 The Influence of Wall Motion;289
7.1.9;7.9 Boundary Conditions for Coronary Flows;289
7.1.10;7.10 Velocity;290
7.1.11;7.11 Outlet Boundary Conditions for Coronary Flows;291
7.1.12;7.12 Numerical Model Development;291
7.1.13;7.13 Coronary Flow Analysis;292
7.1.14;7.14 Steady Flow in the Right Coronary Artery;292
7.1.15;7.15 Pulsatile Flow in the Right Coronary Artery;294
7.1.16;7.16 Steady Flow in the Left Coronary Artery;294
7.1.17;7.17 Pulsatile Flow in the Left Coronary Artery;297
7.1.18;7.18 Discussion;299
7.1.19;7.19 Flow in Large Vessels Hemodynamic Modeling of Aortic Flows;300
7.1.20;7.20 Boundary Conditions;301
7.1.21;7.21 Steady-Flow Boundary Conditions;302
7.1.22;7.22 Steady Flow Realistic Model;303
7.1.23;7.23 Influence of Steady Input Boundary Conditions;306
7.1.24;7.24 Pulsatile Flow in a Bifurcation;307
7.1.25;7.25 Geometrical Effects;307
7.1.26;7.26 Geometrical Differences Associated with the Realistic and Idealized AAA Models;310
7.1.27;7.27 Treatment of Arterial Disease;312
7.1.27.1;7.27.1 Vascular Aneurysm Grafting;313
7.1.27.2;7.27.2 Vascular Bypass Grafting;314
7.1.28;7.28 Future Trends in Vascular and Cardiovascular Disease Modeling;318
7.1.29;References;319
7.2;8 Biomechanical Modeling of Aneurysms;325
7.2.1;8.1 Introduction;325
7.2.1.1;8.1.1 Incidence and Epidemiology;325
7.2.1.2;8.1.2 Role for Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation;326
7.2.2;8.2 Geometric Modeling of Aneurysms;327
7.2.2.1;8.2.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms;328
7.2.2.2;8.2.2 Cerebral Aneurysms;330
7.2.2.3;8.2.3 Summary;333
7.2.3;8.3 Material Modeling of Aneurysms;333
7.2.3.1;8.3.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms;334
7.2.3.2;8.3.2 Cerebral Aneurysms;335
7.2.4;8.4 Computational Simulations of Intra-aneurysmal Hemodynamics;336
7.2.4.1;8.4.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm;336
7.2.4.2;8.4.2 Cerebral Aneurysms;337
7.2.4.3;8.4.3 Challenges in Aneurismal Hemodynamic Simulations;339
7.2.5;8.5 Computational Estimations of Aneurysmal Wall Stress and Strain;339
7.2.5.1;8.5.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm;340
7.2.5.2;8.5.2 Cerebral Aneurysms;343
7.2.6;8.6 FluidStructure Interaction Studies;344
7.2.7;8.7 Framework for Biomechanical Modeling of Growth and Remodeling;345
7.2.8;8.8 Future Directions;348
7.2.9;References;349
7.3;9 Advances in Computational Simulations for Interventional Treatments and Surgical Planning;354
7.3.1;9.1 Introduction;354
7.3.2;9.2 Analysis for Endovascular Treatment and Device Design;356
7.3.2.1;9.2.1 Introduction;356
7.3.2.2;9.2.2 Identification of Vulnerable Plaque;356
7.3.2.3;9.2.3 Endovascular Balloon Angioplasty;357
7.3.2.4;9.2.4 Endovascular Stents;357
7.3.3;9.3 Patient-Specific Surgical Planning;360
7.3.3.1;9.3.1 Single-Ventricle Heart Defects: Review of the Clinical Problem;361
7.3.3.2;9.3.2 Comparing Global Outcome and Cardiovascular Function;363
7.3.3.3;9.3.3 Comparing Performances of Different Design Variations;364
7.3.3.3.1;9.3.3.1 Patient Data Acquisition;364
7.3.3.3.2;9.3.3.2 Anatomy Reconstruction and Surrounding Organs Representation;366
7.3.3.3.3;9.3.3.3 Modeling the Intervention;367
7.3.3.3.4;9.3.3.4 Fast Performance Estimation and Optimization Using 1D FEA Modeling;369
7.3.3.3.5;9.3.3.5 Full Postoperative Hemodynamics Characterization and Optimization Using 3D CFD;370
7.3.3.3.6;9.3.3.6 Automated Optimization Methods Using 3D CFD;372
7.3.4;9.4 Including Surrounding Organs;373
7.3.4.1;9.4.1 Geometric Constraints of the Modified Configuration;373
7.3.4.2;9.4.2 Adapting the Boundary Conditions to the Modified Configuration;374
7.3.4.2.1;9.4.2.1 Inlet and Outlet Boundary Conditions;374
7.3.4.2.2;9.4.2.2 Material Properties;376
7.3.5;9.5 Future Direction for Biomedical Simulations;376
7.3.6;References;379
7.4;10 Computational Analyses of Airway Flow and Lung Tissue Dynamics;385
7.4.1;10.1 Introduction;385
7.4.2;10.2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology;386
7.4.3;10.3 Respiratory Mechanics;387
7.4.4;10.4 Mechanical Input Impedance;391
7.4.4.1;10.4.1 Inverse Modeling of Respiratory Mechanics;392
7.4.5;10.5 Forward Morphometric Models of the Respiratory System;394
7.4.5.1;10.5.1 Computational Modeling Example: Airway Thermodynamics in Symmetric and Anatomical Models;398
7.4.6;10.6 Application of Morphometric Models to Computational Studies of Lung Mechanics;399
7.4.7;10.7 Imaging Methodology;400
7.4.8;10.8 Image-Based Computational Models;401
7.4.8.1;10.8.1 Insights into Bronchoconstriction: Airways and Interdependence;401
7.4.8.2;10.8.2 Regional Tissue Mechanics;404
7.4.9;10.9 Conclusions;406
7.4.10;References;406
7.5;11 Native Human and Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Dynamics;413
7.5.1;11.1 Human Heart Valves;413
7.5.2;11.2 Aortic Valve;415
7.5.3;11.3 Mitral Valve;417
7.5.4;11.4 Diseases of the Heart Valves;419
7.5.5;11.5 Biological Valve Prostheses;419
7.5.6;11.6 Experimental Studies on Valve Dynamics;421
7.5.7;11.7 Three-Dimensional Geometrical Reconstruction of the Aortic and Mitral Valves;424
7.5.7.1;11.7.1 3D Echocardiography;425
7.5.7.2;11.7.2 3D Computed Tomography;427
7.5.7.3;11.7.3 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging;428
7.5.8;11.8 Computational Simulations of the Native Valves;428
7.5.8.1;11.8.1 Aortic Valve;428
7.5.8.2;11.8.2 Mitral Valve;429
7.5.9;11.9 Biological Valve Prostheses;431
7.5.9.1;11.9.1 Quasi-Static and Dynamic FE Analyses;432
7.5.9.2;11.9.2 Fluid--Structure Interaction Analysis;434
7.5.10;11.10 Need for Multiscale Simulations;437
7.5.11;11.11 Summary;437
7.5.12;References;438
7.6;12 Mechanical Valve Fluid Dynamics and Thrombus Initiation;446
7.6.1;12.1 Background;447
7.6.1.1;12.1.1 Heart Valve Disease;447
7.6.1.2;12.1.2 Artificial Heart Valves;447
7.6.1.2.1;12.1.2.1 Mechanical Heart Valves;448
7.6.1.2.2;12.1.2.2 Bioprosthetic Heart Valves;449
7.6.1.3;12.1.3 Design and Performance Issues;449
7.6.1.4;12.1.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics;451
7.6.1.5;12.1.5 Experimental Fluid Dynamics;452
7.6.2;12.2 FluidStructure Interaction;454
7.6.2.1;12.2.1 The Need for Fluid--Structure Interaction;454
7.6.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Monolithic vs. Partitioned Methods and Loose vs. Strong Coupling;455
7.6.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 Moving Grid Methods;456
7.6.2.1.3;12.2.1.3 Fixed Grid Methods;458
7.6.3;12.3 Modeling Damage to Blood Cells;460
7.6.3.1;12.3.1 Thrombus Formation and Hemolysis;460
7.6.3.2;12.3.2 Modeling Blood Damage;461
7.6.3.3;12.3.3 Implementation of Blood Damage Models in CFD;463
7.6.4;12.4 Concluding Remarks;465
8;References;467
9;Subject Index;472