Inamuddin / Boddula / Asiri Self-standing Substrates

Materials and Applications
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-29522-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 371 Seiten

Reihe: Chemistry and Material Science (R0)

This book systematically describes free-standing films and self-supporting nanoarrays growing on rigid and flexible substrates, and discusses the numerous applications in electronics, energy generation and storage in detail. The chapters present the various fabrication techniques used for growing self-supporting materials on flexible and rigid substrates, and free-standing films composed of semiconductors, inorganic, polymer and carbon hybrid materials.

Dr. Inamuddin is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He is a permanent faculty member (Assistant Professor) at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He obtained Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry from Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He received his Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Applied Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of Analytical Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, and Electrochemistry and, more specifically, Renewable Energy and Environment. He has worked on different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received Fast Track Young Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending actuators and artificial muscles. He has completed four major research projects sanctioned by University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Council of Science and Technology, India. He has published 145 research articles in international journals of repute and eighteen book chapters in knowledge-based book editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published fifty-four edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, Elsevier, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. U.S.A., CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland, IntechOpen Limited, U.K. and Materials Science Forum LLC, U.S.A. He is the member of various journals editorial boards. He is also serving as Associate Editor for journals, Environmental Chemistry Letter, Applied Water Science and Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, Springer-Nature; Frontiers Section Editor, Current Analytical Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers, Editorial Board Member, Scientific Reports-Nature, Editor, Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Review Editor, Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers, U.K. He is also guest editing various special thematic special issues to the journals of Elsevier, Bentham Science Publishers and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He has attended as well as chaired sessions in various international and national conferences. He has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy, especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and computational fluid dynamics of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He is a life member of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. His research interest includes ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.
Dr. Rajender Boddula is currently working as Chinese Academy of Sciences-President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include University Grants Commission National Fellowship and many merit scholarships, study-abroad fellowships from Australian Endeavour Research fellowship and CAS-PIFI. He has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored six book chapters, and also serving as editorial board member and referee for reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, Elsevier, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific and Materials Science Forum LLC, U.S.A. His specialized areas of energy conversion and storage, which include nanomaterials, graphene, polymer composites, heterogeneous catalysis, photoelectrocatalytic water splitting, biofuel cell, and supercapacitors.Prof. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University since October 2009 and he is the founder and the Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) since 2010 till now. He is a Professor of Organic Photochemistry. He graduated from King Abdulaziz University (KAU) with a BSc in Chemistry in 1990 and a PhD from University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK in 1995. He was promoted to a Professor in 2004. His research interest covers color chemistry, synthesis of novel photochromic, thermochromic systems, synthesis of novel coloring matters and dyeing of textiles, Materials Chemistry, Nanochemistry and nanotechnology Polymers and plastics. Prof. Asiri is the principal supervisors of more than 20 Msc and six PhD thesis; He is the main Author of ten books in different chemistry disciplines. Prof. Asiri is the Editor-in-Chief of King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. A major achievement of Prof. Asiri is the discovery of tribochromic compounds, a class of compounds which change from slightly or colorless to deep colored when subjected to small pressure or when grind. This discovery  was introduced to the scientific community as a new terminology Published by IUPAC in 2000. This discovery was awarded a patent from European Patent office and from UK patent and some other patents office in Europe. Prof. Asiri involved in many committees at the KAU level and also on the national level, he took a major roll in the Advanced materials committee working for KACST to identify the National plan for science and technology in 2007. Prof. Asiri played a major role in advancing the chemistry education and research in KAU, he has been awarded the best Researchers from KAU for the past five years. He also awarded the Young Scientist award from the Saudi Chemical society in 2009, and also the first prize for the distinction in science from the Saudi chemical society in 2012. He also received a recognition certificate from the American Chemical society (Gulf region Chapter) for the advancement of chemical science in the Kingdome. Also he received a Scopus certificate for the most Publishing Scientist in Saudi Arabia in chemistry in 2008. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of Pigments and Resin Technology (UK), Organic Chemistry in Sight (New Zealand), Designed Monomers & Polymers and Journal of Single Molecule Research . He is the Vice- President of Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch).  He hold Four USA patents, more than 800 Publications in international Journals, Seven book Chapters, and 10 Books.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inamuddin

Boddula, Rajender

Asiri, Abdullah M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;1 Self-standing Nanoarchitectures;9
3.1;Abstract;9
3.2;1 Introduction;10
3.2.1;1.1 Dimensions of Nanomaterials;11
3.2.2;1.2 Difference Between Nanostructures and Bulk Structures;13
3.2.3;1.3 Fabrication Methods;13
3.2.4;1.4 How to Look at Nanostructures?;15
3.3;2 Nanoparticles;17
3.3.1;2.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles;18
3.3.2;2.2 Core-Shell Type Nanoparticles;19
3.3.3;2.3 Dendrimers;20
3.3.4;2.4 Fullerenes;22
3.4;3 Nanowires;23
3.4.1;3.1 Metallic Nanowires;23
3.4.2;3.2 Noble Metals;24
3.4.3;3.3 Non-noble Metallic Nanowires;24
3.4.4;3.4 Oxide Nanowires;25
3.4.5;3.5 Non-oxide Semiconducting Nanowires;26
3.4.6;3.6 Organic Nanowires;28
3.4.7;3.7 Superconducting Nanowires;29
3.5;4 Nanowalls;30
3.5.1;4.1 Semiconducting Nanowalls;30
3.5.2;4.2 Oxide Nanowalls;31
3.5.3;4.3 Carbon-Based Nanowalls;32
3.6;5 Nanopores;32
3.6.1;5.1 Porous Anodic Aluminium Oxides;33
3.6.2;5.2 Porous Anodic Titanium Oxide;35
3.7;6 Nanotubes;36
3.7.1;6.1 Carbon Nanotubes;37
3.7.2;6.2 From 1st to 4th Generation of TiO2 NTs;40
3.7.3;6.3 ZnO Nanotubes;42
3.8;7 Mimetic Nanomaterials;44
3.8.1;7.1 Nanotrees;44
3.8.2;7.2 Nanoflowers;45
3.8.3;7.3 Nanourchins;48
3.9;8 Heterostructures;49
3.9.1;8.1 Quantum Nanodots;50
3.9.2;8.2 Dimensional Hybrid Nanostructures;51
3.10;References;57
4;2 Application of Self-supported Materials for Photo and Photoelectrocatalysis;65
4.1;Abstract;65
4.2;1 Introduction;66
4.3;2 Fabrication and Modification of Self-support Nanostructure Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode;67
4.3.1;2.1 Electrodeposition;67
4.3.2;2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition;69
4.3.3;2.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal;72
4.3.4;2.4 Other Methods;75
4.4;3 Recent Application of Self-support Nanostructure Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode;77
4.4.1;3.1 Efficient Wastewater Treatment with Self-supported Photocatalyst;77
4.4.2;3.2 Enhanced PEC Water-Splitting Reaction with Highly Photoactive Self-supported Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode;80
4.4.3;3.3 Reduction of CO2 to Valuable Products with Highly Photoactive Self-supported Photocatalyst or Photoelectrode;83
4.5;4 Conclusion;86
4.6;References;87
5;3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications;91
5.1;Abstract;91
5.2;1 Introduction;92
5.3;2 Electromagnetic Enhancement Contribution to SERS;94
5.4;3 Chemical Enhancement Contribution to SERS;96
5.5;4 SERS Is Simply an Enhancement of the Raman Effect?;96
5.6;5 HOT Spots;97
5.7;6 Why Metals Are Preferred for SERS?;99
5.8;7 SERS Substrate Fabrication Approaches;101
5.8.1;7.1 Metallic Nanoparticle-Based SERS Substrate Fabrication;102
5.8.2;7.2 Fabrication of the Nanostructures on the Substrate Via Lithography;104
5.8.3;7.3 2D SERS Substrates;108
5.8.4;7.4 3D SERS Substrates;110
5.9;8 Applications of SERS Substrates;110
5.9.1;8.1 Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications;111
5.9.2;8.2 Food Safety Evaluation;112
5.9.3;8.3 SERS Technique for Environmental Pollutants;114
5.9.4;8.4 SERS Technique in Forensic Science;114
5.9.5;8.5 SERS in Art and Archaeology;115
5.10;9 Conclusion and Future Outlook;116
5.11;Acknowledgements;117
5.12;References;117
6;4 Ultrafiltration Membrane for Water Treatment;127
6.1;Abstract;127
6.2;1 Introduction and History;128
6.3;2 UF Membrane Type, Characteristics and Preparation;131
6.3.1;2.1 Polymeric Membrane;131
6.3.2;2.2 Ceramic Membrane;134
6.4;3 Application of UF Membrane in Industrial Influent;138
6.4.1;3.1 Textile Industry;138
6.4.2;3.2 Dairy Industry;139
6.4.3;3.3 Beverage Industry;140
6.4.4;3.4 Petrochemical Industries;143
6.5;4 Application of UF Membrane in Industrial Effluent;145
6.5.1;4.1 Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries;145
6.5.2;4.2 Food Processing Industries;146
6.5.3;4.3 Iron and Steel Industries;148
6.6;5 Conclusion and Future Direction;149
6.7;References;150
7;5 Conducting Polymer Membranes and Their Applications;154
7.1;Abstract;154
7.2;1 Introduction;154
7.2.1;1.1 Conductive Polymer Background;156
7.2.2;1.2 Conductive Polymers and Their Mechanism of Conductivity;158
7.2.3;1.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers;160
7.2.3.1;1.3.1 Fabrication Techniques Conductive Polymer Composites;160
7.2.3.1.1;Solution Mixing Techniques;160
7.2.3.1.2;In situ Fabrication Technique;161
7.2.3.1.3;Melt Processing;162
7.2.3.1.4;Latex Technology of Fabrication;162
7.3;2 Applications of Conductive Composites;163
7.3.1;2.1 Polymer Materials for Sensor Application;163
7.3.1.1;2.1.1 Ion Sensor;164
7.3.1.2;2.1.2 pH Sensor;164
7.3.1.3;2.1.3 Gas Sensors;165
7.3.1.4;2.1.4 Stress Sensors;165
7.3.2;2.2 Conducting Membrane for Wastewater Treatment;170
7.4;3 Conclusions;171
7.5;Acknowledgements;172
7.6;References;172
8;6 Self-supported Electrocatalysts;184
8.1;Abstract;184
8.2;1 Introduction;184
8.2.1;1.1 Electrocatalysts;186
8.2.2;1.2 What Is ‘Self-supported Catalyst’?;188
8.2.3;1.3 Factors Affecting the Electrocatalytic Activity of Self-supported Catalyst;189
8.2.3.1;1.3.1 Size;189
8.2.3.2;1.3.2 Shape;190
8.2.3.3;1.3.3 Crystalline Facets;190
8.2.3.4;1.3.4 Composition of the Catalyst;191
8.2.3.5;1.3.5 Integration of Catalyst and Electrode;191
8.3;2 Role of Electrocatalysts in Energy Applications;191
8.3.1;2.1 Evaluating Parameters of Electrocatalysis;192
8.3.1.1;2.1.1 Onset Potential and Overpotential;193
8.3.1.2;2.1.2 Tafel Slope;193
8.3.1.3;2.1.3 Faradaic Efficiency (FE);194
8.3.1.4;2.1.4 Electrochemically Active Surface Area (ECSA);194
8.3.1.5;2.1.5 Exchange Current Density (Jo);195
8.4;3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER);196
8.5;4 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER);200
8.6;5 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR);204
8.7;6 CO2 Reduction Reaction;208
8.8;7 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC);209
8.9;8 Future Aspects and Conclusion;210
8.10;Author Declaration;211
8.11;References;211
9;7 Conductive Polymer Based Flexible Supercapacitor;217
9.1;Abstract;217
9.2;1 Introduction;217
9.3;2 Different Components of a Supercapacitor;219
9.4;3 Materials for Supercapacitor;220
9.4.1;3.1 Conductive Polymer Based Flexible Supercapacitor;220
9.4.1.1;3.1.1 Polyaniline Based Flexible Supercapacitor;221
9.4.1.2;3.1.2 Polypyrrole Based Flexible Supercapacitor;224
9.4.1.3;3.1.3 Polythiophene and Its Derivatives Based Flexible Supercapacitor;232
9.5;4 Summary;236
9.6;References;236
10;8 Self-healing Substrates: Fabrication, Properties and Applications;240
10.1;Abstract;240
10.2;1 Introduction;240
10.3;2 Self-healing Substrates and Their Healing Chemistries;242
10.3.1;2.1 Polymeric Substrates;243
10.3.1.1;2.1.1 Thermoplastic Polymers;243
10.3.1.1.1;Molecular Inter-diffusion;244
10.3.1.1.2;Photo-Induced Healing;245
10.3.1.1.3;Recombination of Chain Ends;246
10.3.1.1.4;Reversible Bond Formation;246
10.3.1.1.5;Living Polymer Approach;247
10.3.1.1.6;Anisotropic Systems Self-repairing;247
10.3.1.2;2.1.2 Thermoset Polymers;248
10.3.1.2.1;Hollow Fiber Approach;249
10.3.1.2.2;Microencapsulation Approach;250
10.3.1.2.3;Microvascular Networks;252
10.3.1.2.4;Thermally Reversible Cross-Linked Polymers;253
10.3.1.2.5;Thermoplastic Additives;253
10.3.1.2.6;Chain Rearrangement;253
10.3.1.2.7;Metal-Ion Mediated Healing;253
10.3.1.2.8;Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs);253
10.3.1.2.9;Swelling of Polymer Matrix;255
10.3.2;2.2 Ceramic Substrates;255
10.3.2.1;2.2.1 Microencapsulation;255
10.3.2.2;2.2.2 Dynamic Oxidation/Diffusion;256
10.3.2.2.1;Oxidation of an A Element in a MAX Phase System;256
10.3.2.3;2.2.3 Self-healing Using NPs Additives;256
10.3.3;2.3 Metallic Substrates;256
10.3.3.1;2.3.1 Precipitation of Solute Atoms to Fill Voids and Micro-cracks;257
10.3.3.2;2.3.2 Low Melting Point Alloys as Reinforcement;257
10.3.3.3;2.3.3 Additives;257
10.3.3.4;2.3.4 Electro Healing;257
10.3.4;2.4 Concrete Substrates;258
10.3.4.1;2.4.1 Hollow Fiber and Microcapsule Encapsulation;258
10.3.4.2;2.4.2 Bacteria;258
10.3.4.3;2.4.3 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs);259
10.3.4.4;2.4.4 Super-Absorbent Polymers;259
10.3.4.5;2.4.5 Additives to Aid Hydration of Concrete;259
10.3.5;2.5 Asphalt Substrates;259
10.4;3 Preparation of Self-healing Substrates;259
10.4.1;3.1 In Situ Emulsification Polymerization;260
10.4.2;3.2 Interfacial Polymerization;260
10.4.3;3.3 Pickering Emulsion Templating;260
10.4.4;3.4 Mini-emulsion Polymerization;261
10.4.5;3.5 Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction;261
10.4.6;3.6 Sol-Gel;262
10.4.7;3.7 Click Chemistry;262
10.5;4 Applications of Self-healing Substrates;262
10.5.1;4.1 Electronic Devices;262
10.5.2;4.2 Food Packaging;264
10.5.3;4.3 Textiles;264
10.5.4;4.4 Medical Applications;265
10.5.5;4.5 Construction/Coatings;266
10.5.6;4.6 Water Treatment;267
10.6;5 Conclusion and Outlook;268
10.7;Acknowledgements;268
10.8;References;268
11;9 Self-supported Materials for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors;273
11.1;Abstract;273
11.2;1 Introduction;273
11.3;2 Fundamental of Flexible/Stretchable Sensors;275
11.3.1;2.1 Types and Transduction Mechanisms of Flexible/Stretchable Sensors;276
11.3.1.1;2.1.1 Piezoresistive Sensors;276
11.3.1.2;2.1.2 Piezocapacitive Sensors;277
11.3.1.3;2.1.3 Piezoelectric Sensors;277
11.3.1.4;2.1.4 Triboelectric Sensors;278
11.3.2;2.2 Key Parameters for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors;278
11.4;3 Functional Materials and Applications of Sensors;279
11.4.1;3.1 Substrate Materials;279
11.4.2;3.2 Representative Self-supporting Sensing Materials;280
11.4.2.1;3.2.1 Metallic Materials and Inorganic Semiconductors;281
11.4.2.1.1;Metallic Nanomaterials;281
11.4.2.1.2;Inorganic Semiconductors;283
11.4.2.2;3.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials;283
11.4.2.2.1;CNT;284
11.4.2.2.2;Graphene and Derivative;287
11.4.2.3;3.2.3 Conductive Polymers;290
11.4.3;3.3 Flexible Electrodes;292
11.5;4 Conclusions and Outlook;293
11.6;Acknowledgements;294
11.7;References;295
12;10 Graphene-Based Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors;301
12.1;Abstract;301
12.2;1 Introduction;302
12.3;2 Flexible Graphene Based Composites;304
12.3.1;2.1 Electrode Material;304
12.3.1.1;2.1.1 Synthesis Approach;304
12.3.1.1.1;Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD);304
12.3.1.1.2;Electrodeposition;305
12.3.1.1.3;In-Situ Polymerization;305
12.3.1.1.4;Chemical Precipitation Method;306
12.3.1.1.5;Direct Coating;306
12.3.1.2;2.1.2 Fabrication of Electrode for Symmetric Supercapacitor;307
12.3.1.2.1;Electrodes with Additives (Carbonaceous or Pseudo-Capacitive Materials);307
12.3.1.2.2;Electrodes with Binders;308
12.3.1.2.3;Binderless Electrodes;309
12.3.1.2.4;Pure Graphene Electrode;309
12.3.1.2.5;Conducting Polymer/Graphene Composites;311
12.3.1.2.6;Metal Oxides or Hydroxides/Graphene Composite;312
12.3.1.2.7;Graphene Based Ternary Composite;314
12.3.1.3;2.1.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitor;316
12.3.2;2.2 Electrolyte;316
12.3.3;2.3 Architectural Variations;318
12.4;3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;319
12.5;References;321
13;11 Free-Standing Graphene Materials for Supercapacitors;331
13.1;Abstract;331
13.2;1 Introduction;332
13.2.1;1.1 Classification of Graphene Based Nanomaterials;333
13.2.2;1.2 Synthesis of Graphene Based Nanomaterials;334
13.2.3;1.3 Synthesis of Free Standing Graphene;335
13.2.4;1.4 Characterization of Free Standing Graphene;337
13.3;2 What Is Supercapacitor?;338
13.4;3 Role of Free Standing Graphene as Supercapacitor;342
13.4.1;3.1 Graphene Foam;342
13.4.2;3.2 Graphene Films;343
13.4.3;3.3 Graphene Monoliths;346
13.4.4;3.4 Graphene Aerogel;348
13.5;4 Conclusion and Future Aspects;349
13.6;Author Declaration;350
13.7;References;350
14;12 Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries;356
14.1;Abstract;356
14.2;1 Introduction;357
14.3;2 Molecular Design of Electrodes for Organic Sodium Ion Batteries;358
14.3.1;2.1 Organic Electrodes Constituting of C=O Based Reaction;358
14.3.1.1;2.1.1 Carbonyl Compounds;358
14.3.1.2;2.1.2 Polyimides;359
14.3.1.3;2.1.3 Quinones;361
14.3.1.4;2.1.4 Carboxylates;362
14.3.1.5;2.1.5 Anhydrides;362
14.3.2;2.2 Organic Electrodes Based on Doping Reaction;362
14.3.2.1;2.2.1 Organic Radical Polymers;362
14.3.2.2;2.2.2 Conductive Polymers;363
14.3.2.3;2.2.3 Conjugated Micro Porous Polymers;364
14.3.2.4;2.2.4 Organometallic Polymers;365
14.3.3;2.3 Organic Electrode Constituting of C=N Based Reaction;365
14.3.3.1;2.3.1 Schiff Bases;365
14.3.3.2;2.3.2 Pteridine Derivatives;366
14.4;3 Electrode Design for Sodium Ion Batteries;366
14.4.1;3.1 Molecular Engineering;367
14.4.2;3.2 Polymerization;368
14.4.3;3.3 Combining with Carbon (Carbon Hybrid);368
14.4.4;3.4 Electrolyte Modification;368
14.5;4 Future Challenges;368
14.6;References;369