Integrative Wildlife Nutrition

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-87885-8
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 342 Seiten

Nutrition spans a wide range of mechanisms from acquisition of food to digestion, absorption and retention of energy substrates, water and other nutrients. Nutritional principles have been applied to improving individual health, athletic performance and longevity of humans and of their companion animals, and to maximizing agricultural efficiency by manipulating reproduction or growth of tissues such as muscle, hair or milk in livestock. Comparative nutrition borrows from these tra- tional approaches by applying similar techniques to studies of ecology and physiology of wildlife. Comparative approaches to nutrition integrate several levels of organization because the acquisition and flow of energy and nutrients connect individuals to populations, populations to communities, and communities to ecosystems. Integrative Wildlife Nutrition connects behavioral, morphological and biochemical traits of animals to the life history of species and thus the dynamics of populations. An integrated approach to nutrition provides a practical framework for understanding the interactions between food resources and wildlife popu- tions and for managing the harvest of abundant species and the conservation of threatened populations. This book is for students and professionals in animal physiology and ecology, conservation biology and wildlife management. It is based on our lectures, dem- strations and practical classes taught in the USA, Canada and Australia over the last three decades. Instructors can use Integrative Wildlife Nutrition as a text in wildlife and conservation biology programs, and as a reference source for related courses in wildlife ecology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contributors;6
2;Preface;9
3;Acknowledgments;11
4;Contents;12
5;Abbreviations;16
6;Introduction: Common Themes Across Diverse Taxa;18
6.1;1.1 Resource Supply and Organismal Demand;18
6.2;1.2 Principal Components of Animals and Plants;21
6.3;1.3 Scaling Body Size and Demands for Energy and Nutrients;26
6.4;1.4 Dietary Requirements and Nutritional Niche;28
6.5;1.5 Summary: Introduction;32
7;Part I Functional Relationships;34
7.1;Food and Populations;35
7.1.1;2.1 Population Growth and Animal Density;35
7.1.2;2.2 Individual Demands and Food Limits;38
7.1.3;2.3 Trophic Relationships;40
7.1.4;2.4 Environmental Variation;44
7.1.5;2.5 Summary: Populations;47
7.2;Feeding Dynamics: Functional and Behavioral Responses;48
7.2.1;3.1 Functional Response and Diet Breadth;49
7.2.2;3.2 Predicting Foraging Behavior with Models;51
7.2.3;3.3 Mechanics of Foraging;57
7.2.4;3.4 Form and Function of the Mouth;58
7.2.5;3.5 Mechanisms of Food Selection;63
7.2.6;3.6 Summary: Feeding Dynamics;67
7.3;Measuring Food Consumption;68
7.3.1;4.1 Adjustment and Steady State;69
7.3.2;4.2 Direct Measures of Intake;72
7.3.3;4.3 Indirect Measures of Intake;78
7.3.4;4.4 Summary: Food Consumption;87
7.4;Digestive Function;88
7.4.1;5.1 Food Intake, Digestive Efficiency and Digestive Tract Capacity;88
7.4.2;5.2 Reaction Rates and Retention Time;93
7.4.3;5.3 Common Functions of Digestive Systems;96
7.4.4;5.4 Digesta Flow;102
7.4.5;5.5 Optimizing Digestive Systems;106
7.4.6;5.6 Summary: Digestive Function;108
8;Part II Substrates and Tissue Constituents;109
8.1;Carbohydrates: Sugars, Fiber and Fermentation;110
8.1.1;6.1 Complementary Substrates for Metabolism;110
8.1.2;6.2 Functions of Carbohydrates;111
8.1.3;6.3 Functional Chemistry of Carbohydrates;112
8.1.4;6.4 Digestion and Absorption of Non-Structural Carbohydrates;117
8.1.5;6.5 Glucose Metabolism and Homeostasis;119
8.1.6;6.6 Digestion of Structural Carbohydrates;122
8.1.7;6.7 Microbial Fermentation;126
8.1.8;6.8 Summary: Carbohydrates;131
8.2;Lipids: Fatty Acids and Adipose Tissue;132
8.2.1;7.1 Functional Chemistry of Fatty Acids;132
8.2.2;7.2 Classes of Lipids;137
8.2.3;7.3 Digestion and Transport of Lipids;139
8.2.4;7.4 Fat Synthesis and Mobilization;142
8.2.5;7.5 Summary: Lipids;144
8.3;Nitrogenous Substrates: Nucleic Acids to Amino Excretion;145
8.3.1;8.1 Amino Acids and Essentiality;145
8.3.2;8.2 Proteins and Digestion;150
8.3.3;8.3 Intermediary Metabolism of Amino Acids;154
8.3.4;8.4 Nucleic Acids and Digestion;155
8.3.5;8.5 Nitrogen Metabolism;157
8.3.6;8.6 Nitrogen Balance and the Requirement for N;162
8.3.7;8.7 Summary: Nitrogen;167
8.4;Metabolic Constituents: Water, Minerals and Vitamins;169
8.4.1;9.1 Water and Electrolytes;169
8.4.2;9.2 Minerals;182
8.4.3;9.3 Vitamins;202
8.4.4;9.4 Summary: Metabolic Constituents;218
9;Part III Energy and Integration;219
9.1;Energy: Carbon as a Fuel and a Tissue Constituent;220
9.1.1;10.1 Energy Flow and Balance;220
9.1.2;10.2 Measuring Energy Expenditure;225
9.1.3;10.3 Basal Metabolism and Maintenance of the Body;229
9.1.4;10.4 Temperature;231
9.1.5;10.5 Activity;237
9.1.6;10.6 Energy Budgets and Field Metabolic Rate;242
9.1.7;10.7 Body Condition;242
9.1.8;10.8 Survival;248
9.1.9;10.9 Reproduction;251
9.1.10;10.10 Growth;260
9.1.11;10.11 Summary: Energy;266
9.2;Integrating Nutrient Supply and Demand in Variable Environments;267
9.2.1;11.1 Neuro-Endocrine Integration of Food Intake and Metabolism;269
9.2.2;11.2 Stressors;273
9.2.3;11.3 Plasticity of Food Intake and Production;277
9.2.4;11.4 Global Climate Change;285
9.2.5;11.5 Resilience and Wildlife;288
9.2.6;11.6 Conclusion;294
10;References;295
11;List of Common and Scientific Names of Animals and Plants;334
12;Index;341