Interference-optical Methods of Solid Mechanics

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-11222-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 180 Seiten

This reference tutorial contains modern experimental approaches to analysis of strain-stress distribution based on interference-optical methods of registration of strain or displacement fields, including coherent-optical techniques (holographic interferometry, speckle photography, electronic digital speckle interferometry techniques) and photoelastic methods as well as the shadow optical method of caustic. The book describes the theory, efficient scope of application in the every-day practice and the problems of further development of these techniques. Much attention is paid to new and promising advanced developments in the field of observation and computational methods for study of residual stress, determination of fracture mechanics parameters and material deformation characteristics. The content corresponds to the course of lectures delivered by the author at the N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University. It is intended for technical university students, research engineers and postgraduate students who are doing analysis of strain-stress state and strength of structural elements.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Abstract;5
2;From the Author;6
3;Contents;9
4;1 Photoelastic Techniques;12
4.1;1.1 Basic Physics of Photoelastic Techniques;12
4.1.1;1.1.1 Light Polarization;13
4.1.2;1.1.2 Theory of Piezo-Optical Effect;14
4.2;1.2 Transmission of Polarized Light Through the Loaded Object of Optically Sensitive Material Under Conditions of Linearly and 3-D Stressed State;16
4.2.1;1.2.1 Plane Polariscope;17
4.2.2;1.2.2 Circular Polariscope;19
4.2.3;1.2.3 Passage of Polarized Light Through 3-D Stressed Medium;22
4.2.4;1.2.4 Integral Photoelasticity;25
4.3;1.3 Research Techniques in Stressed State of Construction Components;26
4.3.1;1.3.1 Research in Plane Problems of Elasticity Theory;26
4.3.2;1.3.2 Research in 3-D Problems by ''Freezing'' Method;30
4.3.3;1.3.3 Photoelastic Coating Technique;33
4.3.4;1.3.4 Scattered Light Technique;36
4.4;1.4 Examples of Practical Application of Photoelastic Techniques;39
4.4.1;1.4.1 Analysis of Rectangular Plate Plane Bending;39
4.4.2;1.4.2 Research in Stresses at Sharp Edges of Holes by Integral Photoelasticity Technique;40
4.4.3;1.4.3 Research in Thermoelastic Stresses at Joint Zone Between Inclined Branch Pipe and Shell Cover;43
5;2 Coherent Optical Techniques;47
5.1;2.1 Holographic Interferometry;47
5.1.1;2.1.1 Theoretic Framework of Interference Pattern Formation;48
5.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Holography by Double-Exposure Holographic Interferometry;48
5.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Image Reconstruction from Hologram;50
5.1.1.3;2.1.1.3 Change in Phase with Body Straining;51
5.1.2;2.1.2 Measurement of Mechanical Vibrations;54
5.1.3;2.1.3 Certain Peculiarities of Holographic Interferometry Technique;60
5.2;2.2 Speckle Photography;60
5.2.1;2.2.1 Laser Speckle Pattern;61
5.2.2;2.2.2 Evaluation of Speckle Width;63
5.2.3;2.2.3 Measurement of Tangential Displacements of Quasi-Planar Objects by Speckle Photography Technique;65
5.3;2.3 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry;66
5.3.1;2.3.1 Formation of Correlation Fringes;67
5.3.2;2.3.2 Measurement Designs for Separate Components of the Displacement Vector;70
5.3.3;2.3.3 Electronic Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry;72
5.3.4;2.3.4 Displacement Measurements by Digital Correlation Speckle Photography and Digital Holographic Interferometry Method;72
5.4;2.4 Examples of Practical Application for Coherent Optical Methods;77
5.4.1;2.4.1 Analysis of Object Surface Displacement During Static Deforming;77
5.4.2;2.4.2 Research in Overhead-Track Hoist Displacement by Speckle Photography Technique;79
5.4.3;2.4.3 Research in Characteristics of Material Deforming by EDSPI Method;81
5.4.4;2.4.4 Research in Vibration Characteristics for Construction Components Interacting with Liquid Media;84
5.4.5;2.4.5 Nondestructive Testing of Materials;88
6;3 Application of Interference Optical Techniques for Fracture Mechanics Problems;93
6.1;3.1 Peculiarities of StressStrain State Near Irregular Boundary;94
6.1.1;3.1.1 Stress--Strain State Near Angular Cutout;94
6.1.2;3.1.2 Stress--Strain State Near Crack Tip;96
6.2;3.2 Fracture Criteria;99
6.2.1;3.2.1 Force Fracture Criteria;99
6.2.2;3.2.2 Energy Fracture Criteria;102
6.2.3;3.2.3 Deformation Fracture Criteria;105
6.3;3.3 Interference Optical Techniques for Determination of Stress Intensity Factors;106
6.3.1;3.3.1 Photoelastic Techniques;106
6.3.2;3.3.2 Coherent Optical Techniques;115
6.4;3.4 Shadow Optical Method of Caustics (Caustics Method);116
6.4.1;3.4.1 Basic Equation of Caustics Method;117
6.4.2;3.4.2 Determination of KI, KII, KIII Under Static Loading;119
6.4.3;3.4.3 Determination of KI Under Dynamic Propagation of Crack;122
6.5;3.5 Examples of Practical Problem Solution;125
6.5.1;3.5.1 Crack Propagation Through Boundary of Join Between Dissimilar Materials;125
6.5.2;3.5.2 Crack Propagation from Root of Welded Joint Between Sidewall and Vessel Cover of Power Installation;127
6.5.3;3.5.3 Determination of KIII by Scattered Light Technique;129
6.5.4;3.5.4 Determination of KI in Stationary Crack Under Action of Impact Load;131
7;4 Experimental Methods for Research in Residual Stresses;134
7.1;4.1 General Remarks;134
7.1.1;4.1.1 Types of Residual Stresses;134
7.1.2;4.1.2 Boundary Problem of Residual Stress Determination;135
7.1.3;4.1.3 Methods for Research in Residual Stresses;137
7.2;4.2 Destructive Techniques for Research in Residual Stresses;138
7.2.1;4.2.1 Techniques of Component Layer-by-Layer Recutting;139
7.2.2;4.2.2 Technique of Hole Drilling;143
7.2.3;4.2.3 Research in Residual Stresses as an Inverse Problem of Experimental Mechanics;148
7.3;4.3 Examples of Research in Residual Stresses in Construction Components;156
7.3.1;4.3.1 Analysis of Residual Stresses at Zone of Pipeline Welded Joint by EDSI Technique;156
7.3.2;4.3.2 Estimation of Residual Stresses in Combustion Engine Cylinder Barrel;157
7.3.3;4.3.3 Analysis of Residual Stresses in Bimetal Sidewall of Reactor Vessel;161
8;Appendix 1 Moiré Method;165
8.1;Appendix 2 X-Ray Technique of Stress Analysis;171
8.1.1;A2.1 Nature and Properties of X-Rays;171
8.1.2;A2.2 X-Ray Interference.Wulff–Bragg Equation;172
8.1.3;A2.3 Basic Relations;173
8.1.4;A2.4 Errors of Method;177
8.1.5;A2.5 Examples of Practical Application;179
9;References;182