Isermann Combustion Engine Diagnosis

Model-based Condition Monitoring of Gasoline and Diesel Engines and their Components
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-662-49467-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 313 Seiten

Reihe: ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch

This book offers first a short introduction to advanced supervision, fault detection and diagnosis methods. It then describes model-based methods of fault detection and diagnosis for the main components of gasoline and diesel engines, such as the intake system, fuel supply, fuel injection, combustion process, turbocharger, exhaust system and exhaust gas aftertreatment. Additionally, model-based fault diagnosis of electrical motors, electric, pneumatic and hydraulic actuators and fault-tolerant systems is treated. In general series production sensors are used. It includes abundant experimental results showing the detection and diagnosis quality of implemented faults.
Written for automotive engineers in practice, it is also of interest to graduate students of mechanical and electrical engineering and computer science.


Rolf Isermann studied Mechanical Engineering and obtained the Dr.-Ing. degree in 1965 from the University of Stuttgart, Germany. In 1972 he became Professor in Control Engineering at the University of Stuttgart. From 1977-2006 he was Professor for Control Systems and Process Automation at the Institute of Automatic Control of the Darmstadt University of Technology. Since 2006 he is Professor emeritus and is head of the Research Group for Control Systems and Process Automation in the same institution. R. Isermann received the Dr. h.c. (honoris causa) from L'Université Libre de Bruxelles and from the Polytechnic University in Bucharest. In 1996 he was awarded by the 'VDE-Ehrenring', and in 2007 by 'VDI-Ehrenmitglied'. The MIT Technology Review Magazine awarded him in 2003 to the Top Ten of Emerging Technologies in Mechatronics. In 2010 he received the Rufus Oldenburger Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME: highest scientific award for lifetime achievements), and in 2016 the IFAC lifetime achievement award for mechatronics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Isermann, Rolf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of Symbols;13
4;1Introduction;22
4.1;1.1 Combustion engine control and diagnosis developments;22
4.1.1;1.1.1 On the historical development of gasoline engines control;24
4.1.2;1.1.2 On the historical development of diesel engines control;24
4.2;1.2 Current engine developments;26
4.2.1;1.2.1 Gasoline engines;26
4.2.2;1.2.2 Diesel engines;28
4.2.3;1.2.3 Alternative drives;31
4.3;1.3 On-board and off-board diagnosis;31
4.4;1.4 Failure statistics;35
4.5;1.5 On the contents of this book;39
4.6;References;41
5;ISupervision, Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methods;43
5.1;2Supervision, fault-detection and fault-diagnosis methods – a short introduction;44
5.1.1;2.1 Basic tasks of supervision;44
5.1.2;2.2 Knowledge-based fault detection and diagnosis;45
5.1.2.1;2.2.1 Analytic symptom generation;46
5.1.2.2;2.2.2 Heuristic symptom generation;47
5.1.2.3;2.2.3 Fault diagnosis;47
5.1.3;2.3 Signal-based fault-detection methods;48
5.1.3.1;2.3.1 Limit checking of absolute values;48
5.1.3.2;2.3.2 Trend checking;48
5.1.3.3;2.3.3 Plausibility checks;49
5.1.3.4;2.3.4 Signal-analysis methods;50
5.1.4;2.4 Process-model-based fault-detection methods;51
5.1.4.1;2.4.1 Process models and fault modeling;51
5.1.4.2;2.4.2 Fault detection with parameter estimation;54
5.1.4.3;2.4.3 Fault detection with state observers and state estimation;55
5.1.4.4;a) State observers;55
5.1.4.5;b) Output observers;57
5.1.4.6;c) State estimation;57
5.1.4.7;2.4.4 Fault detection with parity equations;57
5.1.4.8;2.4.5 Direct reconstruction of non-measurable variables;59
5.1.5;2.5 Fault-diagnosis methods;61
5.1.5.1;2.5.1 Classification methods;61
5.1.5.2;2.5.2 Inference methods;61
5.1.6;2.6 Fault detection and diagnosis in closed loop;62
5.1.6.1;Concluding remarks;64
5.1.7;References;64
6;IIDiagnosis of Internal Combustion Engines;67
6.1;3On the control and diagnosis of internal combustion engines;68
6.1.1;3.1 Electronic engine control;68
6.1.1.1;3.1.1 On the control of gasoline engines;70
6.1.1.2;3.1.2 On the control of diesel engines;73
6.1.2;3.2 On-board and off-board diagnosis of engines;76
6.1.3;3.3 Control- and diagnosis-oriented subdivision of combustion engines;81
6.1.4;3.4 Model-based fault detection of combustion engines;84
6.1.5;References;86
6.2;4Diagnosis of gasoline engines;91
6.2.1;4.1 Intake system (air path manifold);91
6.2.1.1;4.1.1 Fault diagnosis of the intake system with physical models;91
6.2.1.2;4.1.2 Fault diagnosis of the intake system with experimentally identified models;96
6.2.1.3;a) Case 1: fuel stratified direct injection gasoline engine;96
6.2.1.4;b) Case 2: homogeneous combustion gasoline engine;104
6.2.2;4.2 Misfire detection;107
6.2.2.1;4.2.1 Engine speed analysis;108
6.2.2.2;4.2.2 Ion-current analysis;113
6.2.2.3;4.2.3 Exhaust gas pressure analysis;114
6.2.3;4.3 Fuel supply and injection system;117
6.2.3.1;4.3.1 Low-pressure supply system;118
6.2.3.2;4.3.2 High-pressure fuel supply and injection system;120
6.2.3.3;a) Wavelet analysis of the rail pressure signal;122
6.2.3.4;b) Analysis of the engine speed signal;123
6.2.3.5;c) Fault detection and diagnosis in the rail pressure system;124
6.2.3.6;4.3.3 Tank leak diagnosis;125
6.2.4;4.4 Ignition system;127
6.2.5;4.5 Combustion pressure analysis;129
6.2.6;4.6 Exhaust system;130
6.2.6.1;4.6.1 Leaks and congestions;130
6.2.6.2;4.6.2 Catalyst diagnosis;130
6.2.7;4.7 Cooling system;132
6.2.7.1;4.7.1 Fault detectionof the cooling system with mechanical driven pumps;132
6.2.7.2;4.7.2 Fault detection with electrical driven coolant pumps;133
6.2.8;4.8 Lubrication system;135
6.2.8.1;4.8.1 Models of a lubrication circuit;137
6.2.8.2;4.8.2 Model-based fault detection of a lubrication circuit;141
6.2.9;4.9 Overall gasoline engine fault diagnosis;142
6.2.10;References;143
6.3;5Diagnosis of diesel engines;149
6.3.1;5.1 Intake system;151
6.3.1.1;5.1.1 Modeling of the intake system with semi-physical nonlinear models;152
6.3.1.2;5.1.2 Fault detection with nonlinear parity equations and diagnosis;158
6.3.2;5.2 Direct injection system with distributor pump and combustion;163
6.3.2.1;5.2.1 Fault detection with combustion features and speed measurement;165
6.3.2.2;5.2.2 Fault detection with combustion features and excess air measurement;169
6.3.2.3;5.2.3 Combined diagnosis for injection and combustion;172
6.3.2.4;5.2.4 Combustion pressure measurement analysis;174
6.3.3;5.3 Common-rail injection system;177
6.3.3.1;5.3.1 Analysis of the rail pressure signal;178
6.3.3.2;5.3.2 Model-based fault diagnosis;183
6.3.3.3;a) Mean common-rail pressure;183
6.3.3.4;b) Uniformity;185
6.3.3.5;c) Fuel delivery;185
6.3.3.6;d) Experimental results;186
6.3.4;5.4 Turbochargers with wastegate and variable geometry;189
6.3.4.1;5.4.1 Models of VGT turbochargers;190
6.3.4.2;5.4.2 Model-based symptom generation;196
6.3.4.3;5.4.3 Wastegate turbocharger;197
6.3.5;5.5 Exhaust system;200
6.3.5.1;5.5.1 Analytical redundancies for air mass flow;200
6.3.5.2;a) Dynamically corrected HFM air mass flow;200
6.3.5.3;b) Charged air mass flow;200
6.3.5.4;c) Air mass flow based on exhaust oxygen content;201
6.3.5.5;5.5.2 Combined fault detection for wastegate turbocharger and air mass flow;201
6.3.5.6;5.5.3 Particulate filter and catalyst;201
6.3.6;5.6 Overall diesel engine fault diagnosis;203
6.3.7;References;203
7;IIIDiagnosis of Electric Drives, Motors and Actuators;207
7.1;6Diagnosis of electric motors;208
7.1.1;6.1 Direct-current motor (DC);210
7.1.1.1;6.1.1 Models of a DC motor with brushes;210
7.1.1.2;6.1.2 Fault detection with parity equations;212
7.1.1.3;6.1.3 Fault detection with parameter estimation;213
7.1.1.4;6.1.4 Experimental results for fault detection;214
7.1.1.5;6.1.5 Conclusions;217
7.1.2;6.2 Alternating-current motor (AC);217
7.1.2.1;6.2.1 Models of induction motors (asynchronous motors);218
7.1.2.2;a) Electrical subsystem;218
7.1.2.3;b) Mechanical subsystem;220
7.1.2.4;c) Thermal subsystem;220
7.1.2.5;6.2.2 Signal-based fault detection of the power electronics;221
7.1.2.6;6.2.3 Model-based fault detection of the AC motor;223
7.1.2.7;a) Electrical part of the AC motor;224
7.1.2.8;b) Mechanical subsystem of the AC motor;225
7.1.2.9;c) Thermal subsystem;226
7.1.2.10;d) AC motor at standstill;228
7.1.2.11;6.2.4 Conclusions;229
7.1.3;6.3 Alternating-current synchronous motors (SM);229
7.1.3.1;6.3.1 Types of three-phase synchronous motors;229
7.1.3.2;6.3.2 Models and control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM);232
7.1.3.3;6.3.3 Model-based fault detection of a PMSM motor;234
7.1.4;References;237
7.2;7Diagnosis of actuators;239
7.2.1;7.1 Electric actuators;239
7.2.1.1;7.1.1 Electromagnetic actuator;239
7.2.1.2;a) Position control;241
7.2.1.3;b) Fault detection with parameter estimation;244
7.2.1.4;c) Reconstruction of the armature position of a proportional magnet with voltage and current measurement;247
7.2.1.5;7.1.2 Electrical automotive throttle valve actuator;248
7.2.1.6;a) Structure and models of the actuator;248
7.2.1.7;b) Input test cycle;250
7.2.1.8;Fault detection with parameter estimation;251
7.2.1.9;c) Parameter estimation for the dynamic behavior;251
7.2.1.10;Parameter estimation for the static behavior;252
7.2.1.11;c) Fault detection with parity equations;254
7.2.1.12;d) Fault diagnosis;255
7.2.1.13;e) Conclusions;256
7.2.1.14;7.1.3 Brushless DC motor;257
7.2.1.15;a) Structure and models;257
7.2.1.16;b) Fault detection with parameter estimation;259
7.2.1.17;c) Fault detection with parity equations;260
7.2.1.18;d) Conclusions;262
7.2.2;7.2 Pneumatic actuators;262
7.2.2.1;7.2.1 Design of pneumatic actuators;262
7.2.2.2;7.2.2 Models of pneumatic actuators;264
7.2.2.3;7.2.3 Fault detection of pneumatic actuators;270
7.2.3;7.3 Hydraulic actuators;271
7.2.3.1;7.3.1 Camshaft phasing;271
7.2.3.2;7.3.2 Models of a hydraulic camshaft phasing system;272
7.2.3.3;7.3.3 Fault detection;277
7.2.4;References;278
8;IVFault-Tolerant Systems;281
8.1;8Fault-tolerant components;282
8.1.1;8.1 Safety-related systems;282
8.1.2;8.2 Basic fault-tolerant structures;283
8.1.3;8.3 Fault tolerance for control systems;286
8.1.4;8.4 Fault management;287
8.1.5;8.5 Fault-tolerant sensors;287
8.1.5.1;8.5.1 Hardware sensor redundancy;288
8.1.5.2;8.5.2 Analytical sensor redundancy;288
8.1.5.3;8.5.3 Fault-tolerant position sensor for an electrical throttle;290
8.1.5.4;8.5.4 Fault-tolerant air intake sensor system;291
8.1.6;8.6 Fault-tolerant actuators and drive systems;294
8.1.6.1;8.6.1 Fault-tolerant hydraulic systems;295
8.1.6.2;a) Fault-tolerant hydraulic brake;295
8.1.6.3;b) Fault-tolerant fuel injection pump;295
8.1.6.4;c) Fault-tolerant hydraulic actuators;295
8.1.6.5;8.6.2 Fault-tolerant electrical actuators and drives;296
8.1.6.6;a) Electrical duplex actuator system;297
8.1.6.7;b) Fault-tolerant electrical drives;298
8.1.7;References;300
9;VAppendix;305
9.1;9Terminology in fault detection and diagnosis;306
9.1.1;States and signals;306
9.1.2;Functions;306
9.1.3;Models;307
9.1.4;System properties;307
9.1.5;References;308
10;Index;309