Ishaaya Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests

Application and Resistance Management
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2316-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 408 Seiten

For nearly 50 years, pest control was mostly based on broad-spectrum conv- tional insecticides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. However, the severe adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, problems of resistance reaching crisis proportions and public protests led to stricter regulations and legislation aimed at reducing their use. Ways to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in plant protection and to use more alternative and novel me- ods for pest control or biorational control are the challenges of pest control for the twenty-first century. The term biorational (biological + rational) pesticides can be defined as the use of specific and selective chemicals, often with a unique modes of action, that are compatible with natural enemies and the environment, with minimal effect on n- target organisms. Biorational control is based on a diversity of chemical, biological and physical approaches for controlling insect pests which results in minimum risk to man and the environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ishaaya, Isaac

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;159158_1_En_FM1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;1
2;159158_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;11
2.1;Biorational Pest Control – An Overview;11
2.1.1;1 Introduction;11
2.1.2;2 The Term ‘Biorational’;12
2.1.3;3 Crop Protection Targeting Specific Biochemical Sites in Insect Pests;16
2.1.4;4 Exploitation of Plant Natural Products as a Source of Environmentally-Friendly Pesticides;18
2.1.5;5 Utilization of Semiochemicals (Pheromones) and Other Insect Communication Signals for Controlling Insect Pests;19
2.1.5.1;5.1 Ways for Exploiting Pheromones;20
2.1.5.2;5.2 Insect’s Mechanical Signals;21
2.1.6;6 Biotechnology Manipulations (Genetic Approach) as Novel Strategies Against Arthropod Pests;21
2.1.7;7 Pesticide Resistance and Management Strategies;23
2.1.8;References;26
3;159158_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;31
3.1;Agonists/Antagonists of the Insect Kinin and Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Classes as Tools for Rational Pest Control;31
3.1.1;1 Introduction;31
3.1.2;2 Insect Kinin Neuropeptide Family;31
3.1.2.1;2.1 Chemical, Conformational and Stereochemical Aspects of IK/Receptor Interaction;32
3.1.2.1.1;2.2 Biostable, IK Analogs That Interact with Receptors and Bioassays;33
3.1.2.1.2;2.3 Nonpeptide Mimetic Agonists/Antagonists of Expressed IK Receptors;38
3.1.2.2;2.4 C-Terminal Aldehyde IK Analogs;39
3.1.2.2.1;2.5 H. Zea Larval Weight-Gain Inhibition Bioassay;39
3.1.2.2.2;2.6 In vitro and in vivo Housefly Diuretic Bioassays;40
3.1.3;3 Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Family;42
3.1.3.1;3.1 Chemical and Conformational Aspects of PK/PBAN Activity;42
3.1.3.2;3.2 Development of a Selective PK/PBAN Agonist Analog;44
3.1.3.3;3.3 Biostable PK/PBAN Analogs;46
3.1.3.4;3.4 PK/PBAN Analogs with Enhanced Topical and/or Oral Bioavailability;48
3.1.3.5;3.5 Topical Activity;48
3.1.3.5.1;3.6 Oral Activity;50
3.1.4;4 Summary;52
3.1.5;References;53
4;159158_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;59
4.1;Rational Design of Insect Control Agents: The PK/PBAN Family as a Study Case*;59
4.1.1;1 Introduction;59
4.1.1.1;1.1 Insect Neuropeptides as Control Agents/Insecticides;60
4.1.1.2;1.2 Insect Nps: Historic Perspective;60
4.1.2;2 INAI Approach to the Development of Novel Insect Np-Based Antagonist Insecticides;62
4.1.2.1;2.1 The INAI Approach;62
4.1.2.2;2.2 PBAN and PK/PBAN Family;65
4.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Isolation and Identification of PBAN and Other Pheromonotropic Peptides;65
4.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Biological Activity of the PK/PBAN Family;69
4.1.2.2.3;2.2.3 Structure Activity Relationship of the PK/PBAN Family;71
4.1.2.2.4;2.2.4 PK/PBAN Target Organ and Receptors;72
4.1.2.3;2.3 Implementation of the INAI Strategy for the PK/PBAN Family;76
4.1.2.3.1;2.3.1 Discovery of PK/PBAN Antagonists;76
4.1.2.3.2;2.3.2 Determination of the Bioactivity, SAR, Selectivity, and Bioavailability of the BBC Antagonists;78
4.1.2.3.3;2.3.3 PK/PBAN Receptor Cloning and Characterization;81
4.1.3;3 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;82
4.1.4;References;83
5;159158_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;92
5.1;Tyramine and Octopamine Receptors as a Source of Biorational Insecticides;92
5.1.1;1 Introduction;92
5.1.2;2 Effect of TA and OA on Sex-Pheromone Production;93
5.1.3;3 Stress Reaction;96
5.1.4;4 Effect of TA and OA on Metamorphosis;98
5.1.5;5 Prevention of Progeny Formation in D. melanogaster;101
5.1.6;6 Agonists and Antagonists for TA and OA Receptors;103
5.1.7;7 Computer-Assisted Drug Design;106
5.1.7.1;7.1 Homology Modeling, Agonist Binding Site Identification, and Docking;106
5.1.7.2;7.2 Hypothesis Generation;107
5.1.7.3;7.3 Comparative Receptor Surface Analysis;108
5.1.7.4;7.4 Molecular Field Analysis;109
5.1.8;8 Conclusions;110
5.1.9;References;111
6;159158_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;119
6.1;Recent Advances in the Mode of Action of Juvenile Hormones and Their Analogs;119
6.1.1;1 Introduction;119
6.1.2;2 JH-Response Genes;121
6.1.3;3 Proteins Identified to be Involved in JH and JHA Action;122
6.1.3.1;3.2 29 kDa Manduca Protein;123
6.1.3.2;3.3 35 kDa Membrane Protein;123
6.1.3.3;3.5 USP;124
6.1.3.4;3.6 Met;124
6.1.3.5;3.7 FKBP39 and Chd64;126
6.1.4;4 JHA Methoprene Blocks Midgut Remodeling by Modulating 20E Action;126
6.1.5;5 JHA Hydroprene Blocks Metamorphosis and Midgut Remodeling by Modulating 20E Action;127
6.1.6;6 JH and JHA Potentiation of EcR Transactivation;128
6.1.7;7 JH and JHA Suppress 20E Enhancement of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Expression;128
6.1.8;8 JH Modulation of 20E Action Could be Mediated by Protein: Protein Interactions Among Proteins Involved in JH and Ecdystero;129
6.1.9;9 Phosphorylation Plays a Key Role in JH Action;129
6.1.10;10 Prospectives on the Mode of Action of JH and JHA;130
6.1.11;References;132
7;159158_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;138
7.1;g.-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: A Rationale for Developing Selective Insect Pest Control Chemicals;138
7.1.1;1 Introduction;138
7.1.2;2 Immunohistochemical Distribution of GABA, Glutamate Decarboxylase, GABA Transporter, and GABARs in the Central Nervous Syst;141
7.1.3;3 Overview of Ligands;145
7.1.3.1;3.1 NCAs: Structural Diversity;145
7.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Terpenoids and Other Natural Products;145
7.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes and Their Derivatives;147
7.1.3.1.3;3.1.3 Organochlorine Insecticides and Related Cycloalkanes;147
7.1.3.1.4;3.1.4 Phenylpyrazoles and Other Phenylheterocycles;149
7.1.3.1.5;3.1.5 Avermectins and Related Macrolides;149
7.1.3.1.6;3.1.6 Nodulisporic Acid;150
7.1.3.2;3.2 Agonists and Competitive Antagonists;150
7.1.4;4 Molecular Assembly of Insect GABARs;151
7.1.4.1;4.1 Assembly: Homomer or Heteromer;151
7.1.4.2;4.2 GABA-vs. Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels;152
7.1.5;5 Exploring Pharmacophores for Pesticide Design and Resistance Management;153
7.1.5.1;5.1 NCA Structure-Activity Relationships;153
7.1.5.2;5.2 Location of the NCA Binding Site;155
7.1.5.3;5.3 NCA Site Sensitivity and Insects’ Resistance to NCA Insecticides Due to Target Site Insensitivity;158
7.1.6;6 Summary and Future Perspective;160
7.1.7;References;161
8;159158_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;170
8.1;Natural Products: Plant Lectins as Important Tools in Controlling Pest Insects;170
8.1.1;1 Introduction;170
8.1.1.1;1.1 Classical Lectins;172
8.1.1.2;1.2 Inducible Lectins;172
8.1.2;2 Insecticidal Activity of Plant Lectins;175
8.1.2.1;2.1 Lepidoptera;175
8.1.2.2;2.2 Coleoptera;177
8.1.2.3;2.3 Hemiptera;178
8.1.3;3 Lectins and Insect Behavior;180
8.1.4;4 Mode of Action;181
8.1.4.1;4.1 Stability of Plant Lectins;181
8.1.4.2;4.2 Potential Targets for Plant Lectins;182
8.1.4.3;4.3 Using Plant Lectins as a Delivery Tool;184
8.1.5;5 Beneficial Insects;185
8.1.6;6 Perspectives;187
8.1.7;References;188
9;159158_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;195
9.1;Genetically Modified Insects as a Tool for Biorational Control;195
9.1.1;1 Introduction;195
9.1.2;2 Population Suppression;197
9.1.3;3 Population Replacement;199
9.1.4;4 Refractoriness Genes;199
9.1.5;5 Gene Drive Systems;200
9.1.6;6 Wolbachia;201
9.1.7;Wolbachia and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility;202
9.1.8;8 Wolbachia as a Tool for the Control of Insect Pests and Disease Vectors;203
9.1.9;9 Regulatory Aspects of Transgenic Insects;204
9.1.10;10 Regulatory Aspects of Biopesticides;206
9.1.11;References;207
10;159158_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;213
10.1;Anchor 1;213
10.2;Anchor 2;213
10.3;Anchor 3;214
10.4;Anchor 4;216
10.5;Anchor 5;220
10.6;Anchor 6;221
10.7;Anchor 7;225
10.8;Anchor 8;230
10.9;Anchor 10;231
11;159158_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;238
11.1;Novel Approaches for the Management of Mealybug Pests;238
11.1.1;1 Introduction;238
11.1.2;2 Economic Importance of Mealybugs;239
11.1.3;3 Understanding the Target Organism: a First Step to Sustainable Mealybug Management;241
11.1.3.1;3.1 Morphology and Life Cycle;241
11.1.3.2;3.2 Feeding Process and Endosymbionts;242
11.1.3.3;3.3 Reproductive Systems and Sex Determination;243
11.1.3.4;3.4 Sex Pheromones;243
11.1.3.5;3.5 Male Flight and Mate Location;247
11.1.3.6;3.6 Defense System;248
11.1.3.7;3.7 Host Plants;250
11.1.3.8;3.8 Overwintering;250
11.1.3.9;3.9 Dispersal;251
11.1.3.10;3.10 Population Trends and Seasonal Development;251
11.1.3.11;3.11 Mealybug Relationships with Ants;252
11.1.3.12;3.12 Associated Pests;253
11.1.4;4 The Origin of Mealybug Pest Status;254
11.1.5;5 Actual Management Tactics;256
11.1.5.1;5.1 Biological Control;256
11.1.5.1.1;5.1.1 Natural Enemies of Mealybugs and Other Associated Arthropods;256
11.1.5.1.2;5.1.2 Classical Biological Control;258
11.1.5.1.3;5.1.3 Augmentative Control Tactics;259
11.1.5.2;5.2 Pheromone-Based Management Tactics;260
11.1.5.2.1;5.2.1 Pheromone Production;260
11.1.5.2.2;5.2.2 Pheromone Traps and Monitoring;262
11.1.5.2.3;5.2.3 Mass Trapping;263
11.1.5.2.4;5.2.4 Mating Disruption;263
11.1.5.2.5;5.2.5 Kairomonal Response;263
11.1.5.3;5.3 Chemical Control;265
11.1.6;6 Prognosis: Future Management Strategies Against Pest Mealybugs;266
11.1.6.1;6.1 The Management Tactics;267
11.1.6.1.1;6.1.1 Male Vacuum;267
11.1.6.1.2;6.1.2 Monitoring and Detection of Mealybug Hotspots;268
11.1.6.1.3;6.1.3 Augmentation of Natural Enemies;269
11.1.6.1.4;6.1.4 Chemical Control;269
11.1.7;7 Conclusion;270
11.1.8;References;270
11.2;Novel Approaches for the Management of Mealybug Pests;238
11.2.1;1 Introduction;238
11.2.2;2 Economic Importance of Mealybugs;239
11.2.3;3 Understanding the Target Organism: a First Step to Sustainable Mealybug Management;241
11.2.3.1;3.1 Morphology and Life Cycle;241
11.2.3.2;3.2 Feeding Process and Endosymbionts;242
11.2.3.3;3.3 Reproductive Systems and Sex Determination;243
11.2.3.4;3.4 Sex Pheromones;243
11.2.3.5;3.5 Male Flight and Mate Location;247
11.2.3.6;3.6 Defense System;248
11.2.3.7;3.7 Host Plants;250
11.2.3.8;3.8 Overwintering;250
11.2.3.9;3.9 Dispersal;251
11.2.3.10;3.10 Population Trends and Seasonal Development;251
11.2.3.11;3.11 Mealybug Relationships with Ants;252
11.2.3.12;3.12 Associated Pests;253
11.2.4;4 The Origin of Mealybug Pest Status;254
11.2.5;5 Actual Management Tactics;256
11.2.5.1;5.1 Biological Control;256
11.2.5.1.1;5.1.1 Natural Enemies of Mealybugs and Other Associated Arthropods;256
11.2.5.1.2;5.1.2 Classical Biological Control;258
11.2.5.1.3;5.1.3 Augmentative Control Tactics;259
11.2.5.2;5.2 Pheromone-Based Management Tactics;260
11.2.5.2.1;5.2.1 Pheromone Production;260
11.2.5.2.2;5.2.2 Pheromone Traps and Monitoring;262
11.2.5.2.3;5.2.3 Mass Trapping;263
11.2.5.2.4;5.2.4 Mating Disruption;263
11.2.5.2.5;5.2.5 Kairomonal Response;263
11.2.5.3;5.3 Chemical Control;265
11.2.6;6 Prognosis: Future Management Strategies Against Pest Mealybugs;266
11.2.6.1;6.1 The Management Tactics;267
11.2.6.1.1;6.1.1 Male Vacuum;267
11.2.6.1.2;6.1.2 Monitoring and Detection of Mealybug Hotspots;268
11.2.6.1.3;6.1.3 Augmentation of Natural Enemies;269
11.2.6.1.4;6.1.4 Chemical Control;269
11.2.7;7 Conclusion;270
11.2.8;References;270
11.3;Novel Approaches for the Management of Mealybug Pests;238
11.3.1;1 Introduction;238
11.3.2;2 Economic Importance of Mealybugs;239
11.3.3;3 Understanding the Target Organism: a First Step to Sustainable Mealybug Management;241
11.3.3.1;3.1 Morphology and Life Cycle;241
11.3.3.2;3.2 Feeding Process and Endosymbionts;242
11.3.3.3;3.3 Reproductive Systems and Sex Determination;243
11.3.3.4;3.4 Sex Pheromones;243
11.3.3.5;3.5 Male Flight and Mate Location;247
11.3.3.6;3.6 Defense System;248
11.3.3.7;3.7 Host Plants;250
11.3.3.8;3.8 Overwintering;250
11.3.3.9;3.9 Dispersal;251
11.3.3.10;3.10 Population Trends and Seasonal Development;251
11.3.3.11;3.11 Mealybug Relationships with Ants;252
11.3.3.12;3.12 Associated Pests;253
11.3.4;4 The Origin of Mealybug Pest Status;254
11.3.5;5 Actual Management Tactics;256
11.3.5.1;5.1 Biological Control;256
11.3.5.1.1;5.1.1 Natural Enemies of Mealybugs and Other Associated Arthropods;256
11.3.5.1.2;5.1.2 Classical Biological Control;258
11.3.5.1.3;5.1.3 Augmentative Control Tactics;259
11.3.5.2;5.2 Pheromone-Based Management Tactics;260
11.3.5.2.1;5.2.1 Pheromone Production;260
11.3.5.2.2;5.2.2 Pheromone Traps and Monitoring;262
11.3.5.2.3;5.2.3 Mass Trapping;263
11.3.5.2.4;5.2.4 Mating Disruption;263
11.3.5.2.5;5.2.5 Kairomonal Response;263
11.3.5.3;5.3 Chemical Control;265
11.3.6;6 Prognosis: Future Management Strategies Against Pest Mealybugs;266
11.3.6.1;6.1 The Management Tactics;267
11.3.6.1.1;6.1.1 Male Vacuum;267
11.3.6.1.2;6.1.2 Monitoring and Detection of Mealybug Hotspots;268
11.3.6.1.3;6.1.3 Augmentation of Natural Enemies;269
11.3.6.1.4;6.1.4 Chemical Control;269
11.3.7;7 Conclusion;270
11.3.8;References;270
12;159158_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;284
12.1;Manipulation of Insect Signaling for Monitoring and Control of Pest Insects;284
12.1.1;1 Introduction;284
12.1.2;2 Chemical Signals;286
12.1.2.1;2.1 Types of Chemical Signals;288
12.1.2.2;2.2 Exploitation and Manipulation of Chemical Signals;290
12.1.2.3;2.3 Pheromones for Detection and Sampling of Insect Populations;291
12.1.2.4;2.4 Management of Insects by Pheromone-Based Mating Disruption;292
12.1.2.5;2.5 Insect Control by Pheromone-Based Mass Trapping;294
12.1.2.6;2.6 Semiochemically Based Attract and Kill Methodologies;294
12.1.2.7;2.7 Exploitation of Alarm Pheromones;295
12.1.2.8;2.8 Practical Considerations for Exploitation of Pheromones for Insect Management;296
12.1.2.8.1;2.8.1 Biology of the Target Insect;296
12.1.2.8.2;2.8.2 Crop Characteristics;297
12.1.2.8.3;2.8.3 Pheromone Chemistry;297
12.1.2.8.4;2.8.4 Economic and Regulatory Issues;298
12.1.3;3 Mechanical Signals in the Insect World;299
12.1.3.1;3.1 Characteristics of Mechanical Signals Transmitted Through Plants, Air, or on Water Surfaces;300
12.1.3.2;3.2 The Use of Different Mechanical Signal Modalities;303
12.1.3.3;3.3 Signal Types and Behavior;304
12.1.3.4;3.4 Sound Communication in Stink Bugs;305
12.1.3.4.1;3.4.1 Biology and General Statement of Stink Bug Economic Importance;305
12.1.3.4.2;3.4.2 Signals Involved in Communication During Mating Behavior of Stink Bugs;306
12.1.3.4.3;3.4.3 Insect–Plant Interactions During Substrate-Borne Communication;308
12.1.3.5;3.5 Disruption or Manipulation of Acoustic Signals as a Potential Method for Insect Management;310
12.1.3.5.1;3.5.1 Attraction of Parasitoids and Predators;310
12.1.3.5.2;3.5.2 Interruption with Induced Vibrations;311
12.1.3.5.3;3.5.3 Communication and Insecticides;312
12.1.3.5.4;3.5.4 Calling Signals in Combination with Pheromone Traps;313
12.1.4;4 Summary;313
12.1.5;References;314
13;159158_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;322
13.1;Physical Control: An Important Tool in Pest Management Programs;322
13.1.1;1 Introduction;322
13.1.2;2 Insect Exclusion Screens;322
13.1.2.1;3 Colored Shade Netting;325
13.1.3;4 Fencing;325
13.1.4;5 Soil Solarization;325
13.1.5;6 Mulching;326
13.1.6;7 Pneumatic Removal;326
13.1.7;8 Conclusions;326
13.1.8;References;327
14;159158_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;330
14.1;A Systems Approach to IPM Integration, Ecological Assessment and Resistance Management in Tree Fruit Orchards;330
14.1.1;1 Introduction;330
14.1.1.1;1.1 Twentieth Century IPM;330
14.1.2;2 Impact of FQPA and the Global Food System on the IPM Paradigm;331
14.1.3;3 A New Paradigm for IPM Integration;332
14.1.4;5 The PIC Triad Applied to IPM Integration in Tree Fruits;334
14.1.5;6 Influence of the Environmental or GREEN Social Culture in the US on IPM;340
14.1.6;7 Integrating Functional Ecology into the IPM Paradigm;341
14.1.7;8 Integrating Ecosystem Assessment into the IPM Paradigm;343
14.1.8;9 Ecosystem Friendly IPM in the Twenty-First Century;347
14.1.9;10 Implications of the Twenty-First Century IPM Paradigm on Resistance Management;348
15;159158_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;351
15.1;Mechanisms of Acaricide Resistance in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae;351
15.1.1;1 Tetranychus urticae – The Two-Spotted Spider Mite;351
15.1.2;2 Control of Tetranychus urticae;353
15.1.3;3 Resistance Development and Mechanisms;353
15.1.3.1;3.1 Metabolic Resistance;355
15.1.3.2;3.2 Target Site Resistance;356
15.1.4;4 Acaricide Resistance in T. urticae;356
15.1.4.1;4.1 Genetics of Resistance in T. urticae;357
15.1.4.2;4.2 Cross-Resistance;358
15.1.5;5 Investigated Cases of Resistance in T. urticae to Some Major Acaricide Groups;358
15.1.5.1;5.1 Organophosphates;358
15.1.5.1.1;5.1.1 OP Resistance Reports;359
15.1.5.1.2;5.1.2 OP Resistance Mechanisms;361
15.1.5.1.2.1;Target Site Insensitivity-Based Resistance;361
15.1.5.1.2.1.1;Biochemical Studies on the AChE Insensitivity;361
15.1.5.1.2.1.2;Molecular Basis of the AchE Insensitivity;362
15.1.5.1.2.2;Metabolic Resistance;363
15.1.5.1.3;5.1.3 Genetics and Evolution of OP Target Resistance in T. urticae;365
15.1.5.2;5.2 Pyrethroids;366
15.1.5.2.1;5.2.1 Pyrethroid Resistance Reports;366
15.1.5.2.2;5.2.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to Pyrethroids;368
15.1.5.2.2.1;Behavioral Response;370
15.1.5.2.2.2;Metabolic Resistance;370
15.1.5.2.2.2.1;The Use of Synergists and Cross Resistance Studies;370
15.1.5.2.2.2.2;Biochemical Studies;371
15.1.5.2.2.3;Target Site Resistance;372
15.1.5.3;5.3 METI-Acaricides;374
15.1.5.3.1;5.3.1 METI-Resistance Reports;375
15.1.5.3.2;5.3.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to METIs;376
15.1.5.3.2.1;Metabolic Resistance;376
15.1.5.3.2.2;Target-Site Based Resistance;377
15.1.5.4;5.4 Bifenazate;380
15.1.5.4.1;5.4.1 Mode of Action and the Discovery of Putative Target-Site Point Mutations;380
15.1.5.4.1.1;Resistance Mutations in Field Collected Bifenazate Resistant Strains;381
15.1.5.4.1.2;Heteroplasmy and the Inheritance of Mitochondrial Encoded Resistance;382
15.1.5.4.1.3;Complex III as Target-Site and Bifenazate Cross-Resistance;383
15.1.5.5;5.5 Avermectins and Milbemycins;385
15.1.5.5.1;5.5.1 Abamectin Resistance Reports;385
15.1.5.5.2;5.5.2 Abamectin Resistance Mechanism;386
15.1.5.6;5.6 Tetronic Acid Derivatives;386
15.1.5.6.1;5.6.1 Resistance to Spirodiclofen;387
15.1.5.7;5.7 Miscellaneous Compounds;388
15.1.6;References;389
16;159158_1_En_BM1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf;398