Jactel / Sayer / David Plantation Forests and Biodiversity: Oxymoron or Opportunity?

Oxymoron or Opportunity?
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2807-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten

1 Plantation forests and biodiversity: Oxymoron or opportunity? Forests form the natural vegetation over much of the Earth's land, and they are critical for the survival of innumerable organisms. The ongoing loss of natural forests, which in some regions may have taken many millennia to develop, is one of the main reasons for the decline of biodiversity. Preventing the further destruction of forests and protecting species and ecosystems within forests have become central issues for environmental agencies, forest managers, and gove- ments. In this di?cult task science has an important role in informing policy and management as to how to go about this. So how do industrial and other pl- tation forests ?t into this? Plantation forests, comprised of rows of planted trees that may be destined for pulp or sawmills after only a few years of growth, appear to have little to c- tribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Yet there is more to this than meets the eye (of the casual observer), and there are indeed numerous opportunities, and often untapped potential, for biodiversity conservation in plantation forestry. With plantation forests expanding at a rate of approximately three million hectares per year, it is crucial to understand how plantations can make a positive contribution to biodiversity conservation and how the potentially negative impacts of this land use can be minimised. That is the topic of this book.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jactel, Hervé

Sayer, Jeffrey

David,

Hawksw, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Foreword ;8
3;Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?;10
3.1;Abstract;10
3.2;Introduction;11
3.3;Habitat or non-habitat? Is there biodiversity in plantation forests? ;14
3.4;Effects of plantation forests at the landscape scale;16
3.4.1;Habitat supplementation or complementation to forest species;16
3.4.2;Connectivity;17
3.4.3;Buffering effects;17
3.5;Plantation forests---good or bad for biodiversity? It depends on the context;18
3.5.1;Does plantation forestry lead to reduced harvesting and improved protection of natural forests?;18
3.5.2;What land use or vegetation preceded the establishment of plantation forests, and are there affinities to the natural vegetation and fauna of the area?;19
3.5.3;How much time has passed since plantation establishment, and has colonisation by native species occurred?;20
3.5.4;Are the planted area and embedded remnants of natural vegetation managed for biodiversity conservation?;20
3.5.5;Plantation forestry compared with other ‘productive’ land uses---a ‘lesser evil’?;21
3.6;Plantation forests in different contexts---seven countries as case study examples;22
3.6.1;Brazil;22
3.6.2;Indonesia;23
3.6.3;United Kingdom;24
3.6.4;New Zealand;24
3.6.5;China;25
3.6.6;United States of America;25
3.6.7;France;26
3.7;Enhancing biodiversity in plantation forests;26
3.7.1;Stand-level recommendations;27
3.7.2;Landscape level recommendations;28
3.7.3;Plantation forests and certiWcation;29
3.8;Conclusions;30
3.9;References;31
4;Epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in Ireland and the effects of open spaces;37
4.1;Abstract;37
4.2;Introduction;37
4.3;Methods ;38
4.3.1;Study sites;38
4.3.2;Epiphyte sampling;39
4.3.3;Data analysis;41
4.4;Results;41
4.4.1;Epiphyte diversity;41
4.4.2;Vertical distribution;44
4.4.3;Effects of aspect;45
4.5;Discussion;47
4.5.1;Epiphyte diversity;47
4.5.2;Vertical distribution;48
4.5.3;Effects of aspect;49
4.6;Conclusions;49
4.7;References;50
5;Bird assemblages in pine plantations replacing native ecosystems in NW Patagonia;53
5.1;Abstract;53
5.2;Introduction;54
5.3;Methods;55
5.3.1;Study area;55
5.3.2;Habitat characterization;55
5.3.3;Bird surveys;58
5.3.4;Data analysis;58
5.4;Results;59
5.4.1;Habitat characterization;59
5.4.2;Bird abundance and richness;60
5.4.3;Community analysis;63
5.4.4;Relationships between bird species and habitat structure ;65
5.5;Discussion;66
5.5.1;Changes at species level;68
5.5.2;Management and Conservation Implications;69
5.6;Conclusions;70
5.7;Acknowledgments;71
5.8;References;71
6;Identifying practical indicators of biodiversity for stand-level management of plantation forests ;74
6.1;Abstract;74
6.2;Introduction;75
6.3;Methods;76
6.3.1;Species groups;76
6.3.2;Study design;77
6.3.3;Field survey;78
6.3.4;Data analysis;79
6.3.4.1;Stand structural types;79
6.3.4.2;Biodiversity measures;79
6.3.4.3;Indicators;80
6.4;Results;80
6.4.1;Stand structural types;80
6.4.1.1;Sitka spruce;80
6.4.1.2;Ash;82
6.4.2;Indicators;82
6.4.2.1;Structural;85
6.4.2.2;Compositional;87
6.4.2.3;Functional;88
6.5;Discussion;89
6.5.1;Surrogacy;89
6.5.2;Evaluation of indicators;90
6.5.2.1;Structural;90
6.5.2.2;Compositional;92
6.5.2.3;Functional;93
6.5.3;Using indicators;94
6.6;Conclusions;94
6.7;Acknowledgements;95
6.8;References;95
7;Options for biodiversity conservation in managed forest landscapes of multiple ownerships in Oregon and Washington, USA ;99
7.1;Abstract;99
7.2;Introduction;100
7.3;Forest management approaches at landscape and stand scales;104
7.3.1;Management approaches at landscape scales;104
7.3.2;Management approaches at stand scales;105
7.3.3;The Applegate Watershed Design;106
7.4;Regulatory approaches and incentives for biodiversity conservation;109
7.4.1;Habitat Conservation Plans for nonfederal lands under ESA;109
7.4.2;Programmatic HCP;110
7.4.3;Safe Harbor and Candidate Conservation Agreements under ESA;111
7.4.4;State forest practices rules;111
7.4.5;Forest certification;113
7.5;Conclusions;115
7.6;Acknowledgments;117
7.7;References;117
8;Impact of four silvicultural systems on birds in the Belgian Ardenne: implications for biodiversity in plantation forests;122
8.1;Abstract;122
8.2;Introduction;123
8.3;Materials and methods;124
8.3.1;Study region;124
8.3.2;Sampling design;124
8.3.3;Bird data;125
8.3.4;Data analysis;126
8.4;Results;127
8.4.1;Species richness and abundance;127
8.4.1.1;Plot analysis (each stage);127
8.4.1.2;Silvicultural system analysis (stages 1 + 2 + 3 pooled together) ;129
8.4.2;Species composition;130
8.4.2.1;Plot analysis;130
8.4.2.2;Silvicultural systems analysis;131
8.5;Discussion;133
8.5.1;Stand composition: conifer vs. beech;133
8.5.2;Stand structure: even-aged vs. uneven-aged silvicultural systems;133
8.5.3;Stand age: bird diversity according to silvicultural stages;134
8.6;Conclusion;134
8.7;Acknowledgements;134
8.8;References;134
9;The early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland ;137
9.1;Abstract;137
9.2;Introduction;138
9.3;Materials and methods;139
9.3.1;Study sites;139
9.3.2;Data sampling procedure;140
9.3.3;Data analyses;141
9.4;Results;142
9.4.1;Species frequency;142
9.4.2;Ordination and variance partitioning;144
9.4.3;Soils;145
9.5;Discussion;148
9.6;Conclusions;150
9.7;Acknowledgements;151
9.8;References;151
10;Multi-scale habitat selection and foraging ecology of the eurasian hoopoe (Upupa epops) in pine plantations ;153
10.1;Abstract;153
10.2;Introduction;154
10.3;Methods;155
10.3.1;Study area;155
10.3.2;Bird surveys;155
10.3.3;Nesting success;156
10.3.4;Ringing and radio-tracking;156
10.3.5;Habitat use and foraging ecology;157
10.3.6;Prey availability;158
10.3.7;Statistical analyses;158
10.4;Results;159
10.4.1;Habitat selection at the landscape scale;159
10.4.2;Habitat selection at the home-range scale;159
10.4.3;Habitat use according to behaviour;160
10.4.4;Small-scale selection of foraging habitats;162
10.4.5;Prey abundance, foraging and nesting success;162
10.5;Discussion;163
10.5.1;Habitat use and landscape complementation;163
10.5.2;Foraging and prey availability;164
10.5.3;Implications for conservation;165
10.6;References;166
11;Diversity and composition of fruit-feeding butterflies in tropical Eucalyptus plantations;168
11.1;Abstract;168
11.2;Introduction;169
11.3;Methods;170
11.3.1;Study site;170
11.3.2;Butterfly sampling;170
11.3.3;Environmental data;171
11.3.4;Data reduction;171
11.3.5;Data analysis;171
11.3.6;Linking butterfly data with environmental variables;173
11.4;Results;174
11.5;Discussion;175
11.5.1;Butterfly-environment relationships;175
11.5.2;Disaggregating the responses of fruit-feeding Nymphalidae ;179
11.5.3;Conservation implications;179
11.6;Acknowledgements;179
11.7;Appendix;180
11.8;References;181
12;Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscape ;184
12.1;Abstract;184
12.2;Introduction;185
12.3;Materials and methods;186
12.3.1;Study area and management practices;186
12.3.2;Sampling design;189
12.3.3;Vegetation surveys;190
12.3.4;Primate surveys;190
12.3.5;Data analyses;192
12.4;Results;192
12.4.1;Overall landscape structure;192
12.4.1.1;Riparian forests (corridors);192
12.4.1.2;Disturbance in the riparian forests;193
12.4.1.3;Roads;194
12.4.2;Primates;194
12.4.2.1;Species diversity and abundance;194
12.4.2.2;Habitat of primates;195
12.4.3;Vegetation;196
12.4.3.1;Diversity and abundance;196
12.4.3.2;Food availability for primates;196
12.5;Discussion;197
12.5.1;Conservation value of the plantation landscape;197
12.5.2;Effect of landscape connectivity on biodiversity;200
12.5.3;Integrated planning;201
12.5.3.1;Impact of roads;201
12.5.3.2;KPPN;202
12.5.3.3;Effect of illegal logging on primates;202
12.5.3.4;Food availability for primates;202
12.6;Conclusions;202
12.7;References;203
13;Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape ;206
13.1;Abstract;206
13.2;Introduction;207
13.3;Methods;208
13.3.1;Study sites and collection of beetles;208
13.3.2;Collection of environmental variables;210
13.3.3;Assessment of species richness and community composition;211
13.3.4;Assessment of community and individual responses between different habitat types;212
13.4;Results;213
13.4.1;Estimated species richness;213
13.4.2;Relative beetle abundance in different habitat types;214
13.4.3;Variation in beetle community composition between habitat types;215
13.4.4;Individual species responses;216
13.4.5;Changes in the proportion of exotic beetles across habitat boundaries;217
13.5;Discussion;218
13.5.1;High native beetle biodiversity in plantation forests;218
13.5.2;Relative abundance of exotic species in plantation forests;220
13.5.3;Plantations as 'surrogates' for native forest;221
13.6;Conclusions;221
13.7;Acknowledgements;222
13.8;Appendix 1;222
13.9;References;224
14;Importance of semi-natural habitats for the conservation of butterfly communities in landscapes dominated by pine plantations ;228
14.1;Abstract;228
14.2;Introduction;229
14.3;Methods;230
14.3.1;Study area and plot selection;230
14.3.2;Buttefly sampling;231
14.3.3;Plot variables;233
14.3.4;Landscape variables;234
14.3.5;Data analysis;234
14.4;Results;235
14.4.1;Species richness and abundance of individual species;235
14.4.2;Composition of species communities;238
14.5;Discussion;240
14.5.1;Importance of semi-natural habitats in plantation landscapes;241
14.5.2;Relative effects of plot and landscape variables;243
14.5.3;The presence of threatened species;244
14.5.4;How to improve butterfly diversity in plantation forests;244
14.6;Conclusion;246
14.7;References;246
15;Relevance of exotic pine plantations as a surrogate habitat for ground beetles (Carabidae) where native forest is rare ;249
15.1;Abstract;249
15.2;Introduction;250
15.3;Methods;251
15.3.1;Study area;251
15.3.2;Carabid sampling;251
15.3.3;Analysis;253
15.4;Results;254
15.4.1;Species composition;254
15.4.2;Relative abundance;255
15.4.3;Species richness;256
15.4.4;Ordination;257
15.5;Discussion;258
15.5.1;Habitat comparisons;258
15.5.2;Vegetation history and the carabid fauna;259
15.5.3;Eyrewell Forest and carabid conservation;260
15.6;Conclusions;260
15.7;References;261
16;Stand-level management of plantations to improve biodiversity values ;264
16.1;Abstract;264
16.2;Introduction;265
16.3;Methods;267
16.3.1;Site description;267
16.3.2;Experimental design, monitoring and statistical procedures;267
16.4;Results;269
16.5;State-and-transition model;272
16.6;Discussion and management implications;278
16.7;Acknowledgements;280
16.8;Appendix;280
16.9;References;286