Jana Functional Chitosan

Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-981-15-0263-7
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 494 Seiten

Thanks to their unique properties, chitosan and chitosan-based materials have numerous applications in the field of biomedicine, especially in drug delivery. This book examines biomedical applications of functional chitosan, exploring the various functions and applications in the development of chitosan-based biomaterials. It also describes the chemical structure of chitosan and discusses the relationship between their structure and functions, providing a theoretical basis for the design of biomaterials. Lastly, it reviews chemically modified and composite materials of chitin and chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, nanomedicine, drug delivery, and gene delivery.

Sougata Jana is a B.Pharm (Gold Medalist) from West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, and M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics) from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India. He worked as an Assistant Professor at Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India, and is currently working at the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate of Health Services, Kolkata, India. He has been engaged in pharmaceutical education and research for the last 11 years. He was awarded the 'M. N Dev Memorial Award' by IPA Bengal branch, Kolkata, India, for securing the highest marks in the state of West Bengal in 2005. He received the 'Best Poster Presentation Award' at the 21st West Bengal State Science and Technology Congress, 2014, and 'Outstanding Paper Award' at the 1st Regional Science and Technology Congress, 2016, organized by DST, Govt. of West Bengal, India. He has 30 publications in different national and international peer-reviewed journals. He edited books in Springer, Elsevier, and Pharmamedix India Publication Pvt., Ltd., and has contributed more than 35 book chapters to Elsevier, Springer, Wiley VCH, CRC Press, and Taylor & Francis. His research area of interest includes modification of synthetic and natural biopolymers, microparticles, nanoparticles, semisolids, and interpenetrating polymer network system for controlled drug delivery.Subrata Jana is presently working as an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (Central University), Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India, and his current research focuses on the design and synthesis of artificial receptors for the recognition of anions, cations, and N-methylated protein residue. His other area of research interest is biodegradable polymeric-based carrier systems for the delivery of drug molecules. So far he has published -40 research papers in peer-reviewed international journals and contributed more than 10 book chapters to different edited books published by internationally renowned publishers. He is also an editorial board member in the Journal of PharmaSciTech (ISSN: 2231 3788) and the International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (ISSN: 2229-5518) and a reviewer in the International Journal of Biological Macromolecule (Elsevier), the Journal of PharmaSciTech, and Current Pharmaceutical Design (Bentham). He has obtained his PhD in organic chemistry from Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, India. Then he moved to the University of Victoria, Canada, to work with Professor (Dr.) Fraser Hof on supramolecular and medicinal chemistry as a postdoctoral fellow. He then worked further with Dr. Kenneth J Woycechowsky at the University of Utah, USA, on protein engineering and enzyme catalysis as a postdoctoral research associate. Overall he extensively studied on the supramolecular behavior of the host-guest interaction and synthesis of heterocyclics, such as pyrimidines, naphthyridines, quinoline, and diazepines, by exploiting microwave protocol for green chemical synthesis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jana, Sougata

Jana, Subrata

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;About the Editors;10
4;1: Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A New Versatile Biopolymer for Various Applications;12
4.1;1.1 Chitin and Chitosan: General Characterization;13
4.2;1.2 Sources and Extraction of Chitosan from Raw Materials;14
4.3;1.3 Structure and Properties of Chitosan;16
4.4;1.4 Factors Affecting Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan;17
4.4.1;1.4.1 pH;17
4.4.2;1.4.2 Ionic Strength;18
4.4.3;1.4.3 Concentration;19
4.4.4;1.4.4 Molecular Weight;19
4.4.5;1.4.5 Degree of Deacetylation;20
4.4.6;1.4.6 Temperature;20
4.5;1.5 Modification of Chitosan;21
4.5.1;1.5.1 Physical Modification;21
4.5.2;1.5.2 Chemical Modification;22
4.5.3;1.5.3 Molecular Imprinting of Chitosan;25
4.6;1.6 Computational Modeling for Rational Designing of MIP and Chitosan-Based Material;26
4.7;1.7 Application;29
4.7.1;1.7.1 Biomedical Application;29
4.7.1.1;1.7.1.1 Biosensor;29
4.7.1.2;1.7.1.2 Cancer Diagnosis;29
4.7.1.3;1.7.1.3 Tissue Engineering;30
4.7.1.4;1.7.1.4 Wound Dressing;32
4.7.1.5;1.7.1.5 Drug Carrier;33
4.7.1.6;1.7.1.6 Antimicrobial Activity;34
4.7.2;1.7.2 Industrial Applications;36
4.7.2.1;1.7.2.1 Cosmetics;36
4.7.2.2;1.7.2.2 Paper Industry;36
4.7.2.3;1.7.2.3 Textile Industry;37
4.7.2.4;1.7.2.4 Solid-State Batteries;37
4.7.2.5;1.7.2.5 Agriculture;37
4.7.2.6;1.7.2.6 Food Processing;38
4.7.3;1.7.3 Environmental Applications;38
4.7.3.1;1.7.3.1 Flocculating Agent;38
4.7.3.2;1.7.3.2 Chelating Agent and Heave Metal Ion Trapper;41
4.7.3.3;1.7.3.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants;42
4.8;1.8 Conclusion;43
4.9;References;44
5;2: Application of Chitosan in Oral Drug Delivery;54
5.1;2.1 Introduction;55
5.2;2.2 Oral Drug Delivery;55
5.3;2.3 Chitosan as an Ideal Carrier for Oral Drug Delivery;56
5.4;2.4 Chitosan Tablets;57
5.5;2.5 Chitosan Capsules;58
5.6;2.6 Chitosan Beads and Granules;59
5.7;2.7 Chitosan Oral Gene Delivery;61
5.8;2.8 Chitosan Oral Peptide/Protein Delivery;65
5.9;2.9 Chitosan Nanoparticles;66
5.9.1;2.9.1 Quaternized Derivatives of Chitosan;66
5.9.2;2.9.2 Thiolated Chitosan;67
5.9.3;2.9.3 PEGylated Chitosan;69
5.10;2.10 Chitosan Films in Oral Drug Delivery Systems;69
5.11;2.11 Hydrogel Drug Delivery Systems;71
5.12;2.12 Chitosan Hydrogels;72
5.12.1;2.12.1 Physically Associated Chitosan Hydrogels;72
5.12.2;2.12.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Formed by Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PEC);73
5.12.3;2.12.3 Chitosan-Alginate Hydrogels;73
5.12.4;2.12.4 Chitosan-Pectin Hydrogels;74
5.12.5;2.12.5 Chitosan-Carrageenan Hydrogels;74
5.12.6;2.12.6 Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogels;75
5.12.7;2.12.7 Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogels;75
5.13;2.13 Chitosan Hydrogels in Oral Drug Delivery Systems;76
5.13.1;2.13.1 Chitosan Hydrogels in Oral Cavity;76
5.13.2;2.13.2 Chitosan Hydrogels in GI Tract;77
5.14;2.14 Conclusion;78
5.15;References;78
6;3: Transdermal Delivery of Chitosan-Based Systems;85
6.1;3.1 Introduction;86
6.2;3.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS);86
6.2.1;3.2.1 Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDSs);87
6.2.2;3.2.2 Disadvantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS);87
6.3;3.3 Skin;88
6.3.1;3.3.1 Skin Structure;88
6.3.2;3.3.2 Skin Barrier Properties;90
6.3.3;3.3.3 The Barrier Property of Stratum Corneum (SC);90
6.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Skin Turnover as a Barrier;91
6.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Transportation of Exogenous Substances from Stratum Corneum;91
6.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Acidic Nature of Stratum Corneum;91
6.4;3.4 Overcoming the Barrier of Transdermal Delivery;92
6.4.1;3.4.1 Passive Methods;92
6.4.2;3.4.2 Active Methods;92
6.5;3.5 Skin Permeability Enhancement by Active Methods;93
6.5.1;3.5.1 Electrical Method;93
6.5.1.1;3.5.1.1 Iontophoresis;93
6.5.1.2;3.5.1.2 Electroporation;93
6.5.2;3.5.2 Mechanical Methods for Transdermal Delivery;94
6.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Microneedle-Based Delivery;94
6.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Skin Abrasion Method;94
6.5.2.3;3.5.2.3 Skin Perforation Technique;95
6.5.2.4;3.5.2.4 Needleless Injection;95
6.5.2.5;3.5.2.5 Suction Ablation Techniques;95
6.5.2.6;3.5.2.6 Skin Stretching Techniques;96
6.5.2.7;3.5.2.7 Ultrasound (Sonophoresis and Phonophoresis);96
6.5.2.8;3.5.2.8 Laser Radiation and Photomechanical Waves;96
6.5.2.9;3.5.2.9 Magnetophoresis;97
6.5.2.10;3.5.2.10 Thermophoresis;97
6.5.2.11;3.5.2.11 Radio Frequency;97
6.6;3.6 Chitosan;98
6.6.1;3.6.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan;99
6.6.2;3.6.2 Isolation of Chitosan;99
6.6.3;3.6.3 Chitosan Derivatives;100
6.6.3.1;3.6.3.1 Physical Modification of Chitosan;101
6.6.3.2;3.6.3.2 Chemical Modification of Chitosan;101
6.6.4;3.6.4 Therapeutic Properties of Chitosan;102
6.7;3.7 Important Properties of Chitosan;103
6.7.1;3.7.1 Controlled Drug Release;103
6.7.2;3.7.2 Mucoadhesive Properties;103
6.7.3;3.7.3 In Situ Gelling Properties;104
6.7.4;3.7.4 Transfection Enhancing Properties;104
6.7.5;3.7.5 Permeation Enhancing Properties;104
6.8;3.8 Transdermal Application of Chitosan;105
6.8.1;3.8.1 Penetration Mechanism of Chitosan Through Transdermal Route;105
6.8.2;3.8.2 Drug Release from Chitosan Nanoparticles;106
6.9;3.9 Chitosan-Based Formulations for Transdermal Delivery;107
6.9.1;3.9.1 Trimethylated Chitosan Nanoparticles;107
6.9.2;3.9.2 Chitosan/Cyclodextrin (CS/CD) Nanoparticles;108
6.9.3;3.9.3 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Transdermal Delivery;109
6.9.4;3.9.4 Chitosan Nanoparticles;109
6.9.5;3.9.5 Chitosan Nanocapsules;110
6.10;3.10 Conclusion;111
6.11;References;112
7;4: Chitosan-Based Ocular Drug Delivery Systems;117
7.1;4.1 Introduction;119
7.2;4.2 Major Ocular Diseases;120
7.3;4.3 Ocular Delivery Systems;121
7.4;4.4 Novel Ocular Delivery Systems;122
7.5;4.5 Intraocular Drug Transport Barriers;122
7.6;4.6 Ocular Transporters;123
7.7;4.7 Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems;124
7.8;4.8 Chitosan-Based Responsive Drug Delivery System;124
7.8.1;4.8.1 Phase Separation;125
7.8.2;4.8.2 Covalent Cross Linking;130
7.9;4.9 Chitosan-Based Targeted Drug Delivery System (TDDS);131
7.10;4.10 Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery System;135
7.11;4.11 Route of Administration of Gene Therapy;135
7.12;4.12 Vectors in Gene Therapy;136
7.13;4.13 Chitosan as Gene Therapy Vector;137
7.14;4.14 Conclusion;138
7.15;References;138
8;5: Functional Chitosan Carriers for Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery;145
8.1;5.1 Introduction;146
8.2;5.2 Chitosan;147
8.2.1;5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties;147
8.2.2;5.2.2 Biological Properties;149
8.3;5.3 Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery;150
8.3.1;5.3.1 Mode of Delivery;150
8.3.2;5.3.2 Limitations;150
8.4;5.4 Chitosan Derivatives/Formulations in Oral Colon-Specific Delivery;153
8.4.1;5.4.1 Design Features;153
8.4.2;5.4.2 Preparation Methods of Chitosan-Based Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery System;157
8.4.3;5.4.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Outcomes;158
8.4.4;5.4.4 Unique Characteristics and Limitations;161
8.5;5.5 Future Perspectives;161
8.6;5.6 Conclusion;165
8.7;References;166
9;6: Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery;172
9.1;6.1 Introduction;173
9.2;6.2 Basic Concepts and Properties of Hydrogels;174
9.3;6.3 Strategies for Preparation of Hydrogels Based on Chitosan;176
9.3.1;6.3.1 Physical Crosslinking;176
9.3.2;6.3.2 Chemical Crosslinking;178
9.3.3;6.3.3 Interpenetrating and Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks;180
9.4;6.4 Drug-Loading Techniques;180
9.5;6.5 Chitosan Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Application;183
9.6;6.6 Mechanisms of Drug Release;186
9.7;6.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects;190
9.8;References;190
10;7: Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Systems for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs;200
10.1;7.1 Introduction;201
10.1.1;7.1.1 Cancer and Anticancer Drugs;201
10.1.1.1;7.1.1.1 Cancer;201
10.1.1.2;7.1.1.2 Some Common Anticancer Drugs;202
10.1.2;7.1.2 Problems Associated in Using Anticancer Drugs;206
10.1.3;7.1.3 Common Drug Carrier Systems for Anticancer Drugs;207
10.2;7.2 Chitosan as an Anticancer Drug Carrier;211
10.2.1;7.2.1 Characteristic Properties of Chitosan;211
10.2.2;7.2.2 Preparation of Drug-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles;214
10.2.3;7.2.3 Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles;219
10.3;7.3 Modification of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapies;222
10.4;7.4 Drug Release Studies with Chitosan Nanoparticles;226
10.5;References;228
11;8: Chitosan-Based Systems for Gene Delivery;238
11.1;8.1 Introduction;239
11.1.1;8.1.1 Introduction to Gene Therapy;239
11.1.2;8.1.2 Various Gene Delivery Systems and Methods;239
11.1.3;8.1.3 Viral Vectors vs Non-viral Vectors for Gene Therapy;240
11.2;8.2 Chitosan for Gene Delivery;245
11.2.1;8.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan;245
11.2.2;8.2.2 Modifications of Chitosan;246
11.2.3;8.2.3 Mechanism of Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems;247
11.2.4;8.2.4 Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, and Stability of Chitosan-Based Systems;248
11.3;8.3 Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems;250
11.3.1;8.3.1 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles;250
11.3.2;8.3.2 Chitosan-Based DNA Vaccines;253
11.4;8.4 Challenges Associated with Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems;253
11.4.1;8.4.1 Factors Affecting Chitosan as a Gene Delivery Vector;253
11.4.2;8.4.2 Limitations of Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems;255
11.4.3;8.4.3 Comparison of Chitosan with Other Gene Delivery Systems;256
11.5;8.5 Commercial and Investigational Applications of Chitosan-Based Gene Therapy;258
11.6;8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;262
11.7;References;262
12;9: Chitosan-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Drug Delivery Application;277
12.1;9.1 Introduction;278
12.2;9.2 Classification of IPNs;279
12.3;9.3 Advancement of Chitosan as IPN Component;279
12.4;9.4 Chitosan-Based IPNs as Drug Delivery Systems;280
12.4.1;9.4.1 Hydrogel;281
12.4.2;9.4.2 Microspheres/Microcomposites;287
12.4.3;9.4.3 Films;292
12.5;9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives;294
12.6;References;297
13;10: Chitosan-Based Systems in Tissue Engineering;304
13.1;10.1 Introduction;305
13.2;10.2 Chitosan: Structure and Extraction;306
13.3;10.3 Bone Tissue Engineering;308
13.3.1;10.3.1 Chitosan-Synthetic Polymer Hybrid Scaffolds;309
13.3.2;10.3.2 Chitosan-Calcium Phosphate Hybrid Scaffolds;310
13.3.3;10.3.3 Chitosan-Bioactive Glass Hybrid Scaffolds;311
13.3.4;10.3.4 Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Scaffolds;312
13.4;10.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering;313
13.4.1;10.4.1 Chitosan-Based Fibrous Scaffolds;314
13.4.2;10.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds;316
13.4.3;10.4.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Scaffolds;317
13.5;10.5 Liver Tissue Engineering;318
13.5.1;10.5.1 Chitosan-Collagen Matrices;319
13.5.2;10.5.2 Chitosan-Based Microfibers;319
13.6;10.6 Nerve Tissue Engineering;319
13.6.1;10.6.1 Chitosan-Based Membranes;319
13.6.2;10.6.2 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels;320
13.7;10.7 Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering;320
13.8;10.8 Conclusion;321
13.9;References;322
14;11: Chitosan-Based Nanoformulation as Carriers of Small Molecules for Tissue Regeneration;328
14.1;11.1 The Growth of Nanoformulations;328
14.2;11.2 Nanoformulations Based on Biomolecules;329
14.2.1;11.2.1 Biomolecule-Based Therapies;330
14.2.2;11.2.2 Biomolecules as Target Specificity Providers;330
14.3;11.3 Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems;330
14.4;11.4 Small Molecules for Regenerative Medicine;331
14.5;11.5 An Insight into the Challenges of Tissue Engineering;332
14.5.1;11.5.1 The Need for Tissue Engineering;332
14.5.2;11.5.2 Engineered Scaffolds;333
14.5.3;11.5.3 Three-Dimensional Scaffolds;333
14.5.4;11.5.4 Material Modification of Scaffolds;334
14.5.5;11.5.5 Hydrogels of Chitosan;335
14.5.6;11.5.6 Incorporation of Growth Factors in Hydrogels;336
14.5.7;11.5.7 Chitosan-Based Wound Healing Materials;336
14.6;11.6 Small Molecules Entrapped Chitosan-Based Matrices for Tissue Regeneration;337
14.7;11.7 Nano-Based Chitosan Platforms for Tissue Regeneration;338
14.7.1;11.7.1 Integration of Metal/Metal Oxide to Chitosan Matrices;339
14.7.2;11.7.2 Chitosan-Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Scaffolds;339
14.8;11.8 Current Challenges in the Use of Chitosan-Based Matrix;340
14.9;11.9 Future Role of Chitosan in Tissue Regeneration;341
14.9.1;11.9.1 3D Printed Scaffolds;341
14.10;References;343
15;12: Chitosan-Based Systems for Theranostic Applications;350
15.1;12.1 Theranostics: A Novel Approach to Combine Diagnosis, Treatment, and Subsequent Imaging;351
15.1.1;12.1.1 Concerns for Theranostic Systems;351
15.1.2;12.1.2 Materials Used in Theranostic Applications;353
15.1.2.1;12.1.2.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles;353
15.1.2.2;12.1.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs);353
15.1.2.3;12.1.2.3 Quantum Dots (QDs);354
15.1.2.4;12.1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs);354
15.1.2.5;12.1.2.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs);355
15.1.2.6;12.1.2.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Platform: Liposomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NL...;355
15.1.2.7;12.1.2.7 Dendrimers;356
15.2;12.2 Chitosan: A Programmable Polymer for Theranostic Applications;356
15.2.1;12.2.1 Advantages of Chitosan;356
15.2.2;12.2.2 Chitosan Structure and Properties;358
15.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Chitosan Structure;358
15.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Deacetylation/Acetylation Degree of Chitosan and Molecular Weight;359
15.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Chitosan Solubility;359
15.2.2.4;12.2.2.4 Chitosan Properties;360
15.2.3;12.2.3 Chitosan Modification for Theranostics;363
15.2.4;12.2.4 Types of Chitosan-Based Systems for Theranostic Applications;368
15.2.4.1;12.2.4.1 Self-Assembled Nanoparticles;368
15.2.4.2;12.2.4.2 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles;369
15.2.4.3;12.2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Nanocapsules;371
15.3;12.3 Chitosan in Clinical Applications: Key Challenges;372
15.3.1;12.3.1 Drug Delivery, Bioimaging, and Hyperthermia;372
15.3.2;12.3.2 Chitosan in Bioresponsive Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds;373
15.3.3;12.3.3 Bio-sensing Applications;377
15.4;12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective;380
15.5;References;381
16;13: Grafted Chitosan Systems for Biomedical Applications;392
16.1;13.1 Introduction;393
16.2;13.2 Synthesis of Grafted Chitosan;396
16.2.1;13.2.1 Grafting by Schiff Base Formation and Reductive Amination;398
16.2.2;13.2.2 Grafting by Amide Formation;398
16.2.3;13.2.3 Grafting by Click Reactions;399
16.2.4;13.2.4 Grafting by Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction;399
16.2.5;13.2.5 Grafting by Photoinitiation;399
16.2.6;13.2.6 Grafting Under Microwave Irradiation;399
16.2.7;13.2.7 Grafting by Cross-Linking Reaction;400
16.3;13.3 Properties of Grafted Chitosan;400
16.4;13.4 Nanocomposites of Grafted Chitosan;401
16.5;13.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Grafted Chitosan;401
16.6;13.6 Grafted Chitosan for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration;402
16.7;13.7 Grafted Chitosan in DNA and Gene Therapy;404
16.8;13.8 Anticancer Activity and Release Mechanism of Drug and Protein;407
16.9;13.9 Biosensor Applications of Grafted Chitosan;410
16.10;13.10 Other Applications of Grafted Chitosan;411
16.11;13.11 Summary and Conclusion;412
16.12;References;413
17;14: Chitosan-Based Systems for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Biomedical Application;421
17.1;14.1 Introduction;423
17.2;14.2 Challenges of Topical Microbial Infections;424
17.3;14.3 Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent;425
17.3.1;14.3.1 In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan;427
17.3.2;14.3.2 Antibacterial Mechanism of Action of Chitosan;430
17.4;14.4 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) as Antimicrobial Agents;433
17.4.1;14.4.1 Classification of AMPs;433
17.4.2;14.4.2 Mechanisms of Action of 439
17.4.3;14.4.3 Resistance to AMPs;439
17.4.4;14.4.4 AMPs: Activity Versus Toxicity Balance;441
17.4.5;14.4.5 Clinical Applications of AMPs;441
17.5;14.5 AMP-Chitosan Combination and Potential Synergies as Carriers;442
17.5.1;14.5.1 Chemical Modification of Chitosan Polymer;442
17.5.2;14.5.2 Chemical Coupling of Chitosan with AMPs;447
17.5.2.1;14.5.2.1 Chitosan-Anoplin;447
17.5.2.2;14.5.2.2 Chitosan-hLF-1-11;448
17.5.2.3;14.5.2.3 Chitosan-Nisin;448
17.5.2.4;14.5.2.4 Chitosan-Dhvar-5;449
17.5.2.5;14.5.2.5 Chitosan-HHC10;449
17.5.2.6;14.5.2.6 Chitosan-KLAK-PEG-GPLGVRGC;449
17.5.3;14.5.3 Chitosan as Carrier for AMPs;450
17.5.3.1;14.5.3.1 Chitosan-AMP-Based NPs;450
17.5.3.2;14.5.3.2 Chitosan-AMP-Based Membrane;451
17.6;14.6 Conclusions and Perspectives;451
17.7;References;452
18;15: Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Systems;462
18.1;15.1 Introduction;462
18.2;15.2 Antibacterial Materials;463
18.2.1;15.2.1 Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based System;464
18.2.2;15.2.2 History;465
18.2.3;15.2.3 Sources of Chitosan;465
18.2.4;15.2.4 Water Soluble;466
18.2.5;15.2.5 Derivatives of Chitosan;466
18.2.6;15.2.6 Degree of Deacetylation;466
18.3;15.3 Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity;467
18.4;15.4 Factors Affecting Antibacterial Property;468
18.4.1;15.4.1 Concentration of Chitosan;468
18.4.2;15.4.2 Molecular Weight;469
18.4.3;15.4.3 Positive Charge Density;470
18.4.4;15.4.4 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Characteristic;470
18.4.5;15.4.5 Chelating Capacity;471
18.4.6;15.4.6 pH;471
18.4.7;15.4.7 Ionic Strength;472
18.4.8;15.4.8 Physical State;472
18.4.8.1;15.4.8.1 Antimicrobial Activity in Soluble State;472
18.4.8.2;15.4.8.2 Antimicrobial Activity in Solid State;473
18.4.9;15.4.9 Temperature and Time;473
18.4.10;15.4.10 Microbial Factors;473
18.4.10.1;15.4.10.1 Microbial Species;473
18.4.10.2;15.4.10.2 Part of Microorganism;474
18.4.10.3;15.4.10.3 Cell Age;475
18.5;15.5 Complexes of Chitosan with Certain Materials;475
18.5.1;15.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Antibiotics or Other Microbicidal Substances;476
18.5.2;15.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan/Metal Nanocomposites;477
18.5.3;15.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Bacterial Biofilm;478
18.6;15.6 Applications of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems;478
18.6.1;15.6.1 Wound Healing;479
18.6.2;15.6.2 Textile and Fabrics;480
18.6.3;15.6.3 Food Packaging;480
18.6.4;15.6.4 Application in Medical Industry;481
18.6.5;15.6.5 Antibacterial Coating;482
18.7;15.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;489
18.8;References;490