Jandial Frontiers in Brain Repair

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-5819-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 671, 134 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

In the rapidly-evolving landscape of neurosciences, it is no easy task to select a limited array of topics to present in a text such as this. The current volume takes as its purpose to provide a representative survey of the current science of brain repair for those seeking to establish a foundation in the field or to replenish a prior knowledge base that may have lapsed in its currency. It also hopes to offer insights into what remains elusive to our collective investigations, defining the 'frontiers' of brain repair for those that are currently immersed in the exciting intersection of biological advances and neuroscientific discoveries. In Chapter 1 the fundamentals of imaging transplanted cells is discussed with emphasis on animal models as well as the horizon for clinical trials. Then, detailed methods on the culture of neural stem cells is reviewed as a foundation for approaching therapeutic goals. Chapter 3 presents the broad scope of animal models that serve as the foundation for developmental and pre-clinical investigation, with mention of recent genetically engineered mouse models that represent the best models for studying disease development and treatment. Chapter 4 provides background on the delivery techniques to animals and patients that are available, providing vital information on the subtleties of technique necessary for optimal cellular grafting. Chapters 5 and 6 discuss new and evolving information on the origins of brain tumors and the indelible role of stromal and microenvironmental influences on oncogenesis and tumor progression. Subsequently, the utility of neural stem cells as cellular vehicles to deliver chemotherapeutics to broad neuropathology is reviewed. In Chapter 8 the scope of treating brain tumors is expanded beyond stem cells, to present the best biological interventions to improve upon current treatment options for brain malignancy. The last two chapters present a comprehensive review on stem cell and gene therapy options for treating cerebrovascular and neurovascular pathology. In amassing this collection, my intention has been to provide the reader with a broad introduction into molecular imaging, stem cell biology, cell therapy, animal models, central nervous system malignancies, stroke, and neurodegeneration. My hope is that Frontiers of Brain Repair will be the intellectual soil from which a deeply rooted and well-nourished vintage of neuroscience will arise.

RAHUL JANDIAL, MD, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Division of
Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer
Center and the Beckman Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. His clinical
practice focuses on the surgical and medical care of patients with brain and spine
tumors. In the laboratory his team investigates the intersection of stem cell biology
and neuro oncology, specifically identifying the cells from which brain tumors arise
and whether treatment resistant cells can be selectively targeted to help patients live
longer. A prolific author, Jandial has authored/edited 7 books and over 35 papers. He
lives with his wife Danielle and their 3 sons Zain, Kai, and Ronak.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jandial, Rahul

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;3
2;Copyright Page;4
3;PREFACE;6
4;ABOUT THE EDITOR...;8
5;PARTICIPANTS;9
6;Table of Contents;11
7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;15
8;Chapter 1 In Vivo Imaging of Cellular Transplants;16
8.1;Introduction;16
8.2;Florescent Imaging;16
8.3;Quantum Dots;18
8.4;PET and SPECT;20
8.5;MRI;20
8.6;In Vivo Imaging and Tumors;21
8.7;In Vivo Imaging and Neurological Disease;23
8.8;Conclusion;25
8.9;References;26
9;Chapter 2 Culture and Manipulation of Neural Stem Cells;28
9.1;Introduction;28
9.2;Neural Stem Cells;29
9.2.1;Defining and Identifying the Neural Stem Cell;29
9.3;Genetic Modification of Neural Stem Cells;30
9.3.1;Prodrug Converting Enzyme Strategy;30
9.3.2;Immunomodulatory Strategy;31
9.3.3;Direct Delivery of Cytotoxic Genes;31
9.4;Maintaining Neural Stem Cells In Vitro;31
9.5;Materials and Methods;32
9.5.1;Materials;32
9.5.2;Methods;33
9.5.3;Maintenance of Human Neural Stem Cells;34
9.6;Conclusion;36
9.7;References;36
10;Chapter 3 Animal Models of Neurological Disease;38
10.1;Introduction;38
10.2;Parkinson’s Disease;38
10.2.1;Reserpine Model;39
10.2.2;Methamphetamine Model;39
10.2.3;6-OHDA Model;40
10.2.4;MPTP Model;41
10.2.5;Rotenone Model;44
10.2.6;Genetic Models;44
10.3;Cerebral Ischemia;44
10.3.1;Focal Cerebral Ischemia Models;45
10.3.2;Global Cerebral Ischemia Models;46
10.4;Huntington’s Disease;47
10.4.1;Mouse Models of HD;47
10.4.2;Other Models;48
10.5;Alzheimer’s Disease;48
10.5.1;APP Transgenic Mouse Models;49
10.5.2;Tau Transgenic Mouse Models;50
10.6;Conclusion;50
10.7;References;51
11;Chapter 4 Stem Cell Transplantation Methods;56
11.1;Introduction;56
11.2;Factors;58
11.3;Choosing the Ideal Cell Source;58
11.4;Adult Neural Stem Cells;58
11.5;Embryonic Stem Cells;59
11.6;Method of NSC Isolation;60
11.7;Preparing NSCs before Transplant;60
11.8;Choosing the Experimental Animal;61
11.9;Choosing the Surgical Procedure;62
11.10;Potential Routes of NSC Administration;62
11.11;Neonatal;64
11.12;Midgestational In Utero;64
11.13;Adult;64
11.14;Considerations during Surgery;66
11.15;Postoperative Care;67
11.16;Optimization;67
11.17;Anticipated Results and Methods of Detection;68
11.18;Conclusion;69
11.19;References;69
12;Chapter 5 Stem Cell Origin of Brain Tumors;73
12.1;Introduction;73
12.2;Reappraising the Prevailing Theory of Tumor Genesis;74
12.3;Evidence for NSC as the Cell of Origin;75
12.3.1;NSCs and Gliomas Share Histological and Biological Similarities;75
12.3.2;NSCs More Likely to Accumulate Oncogenic Mutations;75
12.3.3;Cancer Stem Cells;77
12.3.4;Gliomas and NSCs Have Common Regulatory Pathways;79
12.3.5;Mouse Models of Gliomas for Investigation of Glioma Origin;79
12.4;Conclusion;79
12.5;References;80
13;Chapter 6 The Tumor Microenvironment;82
13.1;Introduction;82
13.2;Prevailing Theory of Tumor Initiation;83
13.3;Cancer Stem Cells—Discovery and Evidence of BTSC;83
13.4;Caveats to BTSC;85
13.5;The Tumor Microenvironment;86
13.6;Conclusion ;87
13.7;References;88
14;Chapter 7 Exploitation of Genetically Modified Neural Stem Cells for Neurological Disease;89
14.1;Exploiting NSCs for Therapeutic Transplantation;89
14.2;Genetically Modified NSCs and Neurological Disease;91
14.2.1;Neurodegenerative Disorders;93
14.2.2;Brain Tumors;95
14.2.3;Spinal Cord Injury;97
14.2.4;Stroke;98
14.2.5;Enzyme Delivery in Lysosomal Storage Diseases;99
14.2.6;The Aging Brain;101
14.3;In Vivo Imgaging of Transplanted NSCs;101
14.4;Conclusion;104
14.5;References;105
15;Chapter 8 Biological Horizons for Targeting Brain Malignancy;108
15.1;Introduction;108
15.2;Neural Stem Cells;109
15.3;Exogenous and Endogenous NSCs Respond to Gliomas;110
15.4;Mechanisms for NSC Homing to Gliomas;110
15.5;Exploiting NSCs as Vehicles for Delivering Toxic Payloads;111
15.6;Conclusion;113
15.7;References;114
16;Chapter 9 Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stroke;120
16.1;Introduction;120
16.2;Stem Cell Therapy;121
16.3;Stem Cell Biology—In Vitro;121
16.4;Stem Cell Biology and Animal Models;123
16.5;Cellular Reconstitution of Stroke Lesions;125
16.6;Stroke Treatment Via Enhanced Trophic Factor Delivery;126
16.7;The Potential of Cord Blood;126
16.8;Conclusion;128
16.9;References;128
17;Chapter 10 Gene- and Cell-Based Approaches for Neurodegenerative Disease;132
17.1;Introduction;132
17.2;Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease;133
17.3;Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease ;134
17.4;Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Huntington’s Disease;136
17.5;Stem Cell Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases;136
17.6;Immunotherapy and Alzheimer’s Disease;137
17.7;Gene-Based Approaches to Therapy;140
17.8;Conclusion;141
17.9;References;141
18;INDEX ;146