Jose / Jokela / Miller The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem

Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-30687-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 438 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series on Environmental Management

The longleaf pine ecosystem, once one of the most extensive in North America, has been reduced over the past few centuries to about 2.2% of its original size. Still, the range of the longleaf still extends from Florida and the Carolinas to Texas, and extensive conservation and restoration programs are underway. The pines are valued for their aesthetic appeal, and for the habitats they provide, as well as for the quality of their lumber. Longleaf pines are naturally resistant to fire and some insects, and support more than thirty threatened or endangered plant and animal species, including the red-cockaded woodpecker and the gopher tortoise. This book unites a wealth of current information on the ecology, silviculture and restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem, and includes a discussion of the historical, social and political aspects of longleaf pine ecosystem management.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jose, Shibu

Jokela, Eric J.

Miller, Deborah L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contributors;6
2;Preface;9
3;Contents;11
4;Introduction;13
4.1;The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem;14
4.1.1;An Ecosystem in Peril?;14
4.1.2;Ecological Significance;15
4.1.3;Silvicultural Considerations;16
4.1.4;Ecological Restoration;16
4.1.5;Are We There Yet?;17
4.2;History and Future of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem;20
4.2.1;Introduction;20
4.2.2;Presettlement Vegetation of the Longleaf Pine Region;20
4.2.3;Landscape Changes 1565 to 1900;27
4.2.4;The Disappearance of Longleaf Pine;40
4.2.5;Landscape Changes from 1900 to 2000;44
4.2.6;The Future of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem;49
5;Ecology;60
5.1;Ecological Classification of Longleaf Pine Woodlands;61
5.1.1;Introduction;61
5.1.2;Physiography and Ecoregions of the Longleaf Ecosystem;63
5.1.3;A Representative Longleaf Landscape;65
5.1.4;Toward a Community Classification;68
5.1.5;Xeric Sand Barrens and Uplands;69
5.1.6;Subxeric Sandy Uplands;83
5.1.7;Silty Uplands;86
5.1.8;Clayey and Rocky Uplands;89
5.1.9;Flatwoods;91
5.1.10;Savannas, Seeps, and Prairies;94
5.1.11;Concluding Remarks ;100
5.1.12;Acknowledgments;100
5.2;Longleaf Pine Regeneration Ecology and Methods;104
5.2.1;Introduction;104
5.2.2;Ecological Relationships;104
5.2.3;Reproductive Biology;108
5.2.4;Seedling Development;111
5.2.5;Natural Regeneration;117
5.2.6;Artificial Regeneration;120
5.2.7;Forest Reproduction Methods;124
5.2.8;Acknowledgments;136
5.3;Plant Competition, Facilitation, and Other Overstory- Understory Interactions in Longleaf Pine Ecosystems;143
5.3.1;Introduction;143
5.3.2;Concepts of Plant Interactions;144
5.3.3;Previous Research on Overstory and Understory Interactions;147
5.3.4;Case Studies on Overstory and Understory Interactions in Longleaf Pine Plantations;150
5.3.5;Study I: Understory Community Responses to Pine Thinning and Hardwood and Shrub Control;150
5.3.6;Study II: Effects of Above-and Belowground Competition and Needle Litter from Overstory Pines on Fitness and Fecundity of Reintroduced Herbaceous Species;153
5.3.7;Implications to Maintenance and Restoration of Longleaf Pine Communities;159
5.3.8;USDA/Forest Service Disclaimers;162
5.4;Vertebrate Faunal Diversity of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems;165
5.4.1;Introduction;165
5.4.2;Amphibians;168
5.4.3;Reptiles;175
5.4.4;Birds;183
5.4.5;Mammals;187
5.4.6;What Can the Vertebrate Fossil Record Tell Us about Longleaf Pine Savannas?;191
5.4.7;Management Considerations from the Perspective of Vertebrates;197
5.4.8;The Importance of Fire to Wildlife in Longleaf Pine Savannas and Adjacent Ecosystems;202
5.4.9;Problems Associated with Pine Plantation Silviculture;204
5.4.10;The Problem of Habitat Fragmentation;205
5.4.11;Declining Species;206
5.4.12;Conclusions;208
5.4.13;Acknowledgments;209
6;Silviculture;222
6.1;Uneven-Aged Silviculture of Longleaf Pine;223
6.1.1;Introduction;223
6.1.2;Definitions and Concepts;224
6.1.3;The Selection Method-An Overview;226
6.1.4;Regulation of Uneven- Aged Stands;228
6.1.5;The Selection Method in Longleaf Pine;237
6.1.6;Summary;244
6.2;Longleaf Pine Growth and Yield;256
6.2.1;Introduction;256
6.2.2;Historical Perspective;257
6.2.3;Old Growth Information from the Literature;258
6.2.4;Growth and Yield of Natural Stands;258
6.2.5;Growth and Yield of Planted Stands;261
6.2.6;Evaluating Site Quality;264
6.2.7;Evaluating Growing Stock and Stand Density of Longleaf Pine Stands;267
6.2.8;Acknowledgments;269
7;Restoration;273
7.1;Restoring the Overstory of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems;274
7.1.1;Introduction;274
7.1.2;Regeneration Options;275
7.1.3;Situations Requiring Artificial Regeneration;282
7.1.4;Situations in Which Natural Regeneration Is an Option;291
7.2;Restoring the Ground Layer of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems;299
7.2.1;Ground Layer Vegetation in Longleaf Pine Landscapes: An Overview;300
7.2.2;Reference Models and Goals for Ground Layer;300
7.2.3;Recent Land Uses and Legacies: Starting Points for Restoration;302
7.2.4;Changing Canopy Structure to Enhance Ground Layer Vegetation;308
7.2.5;Altering Species Composition;312
7.2.6;Filling Information Gaps: Adaptive Management and Research;322
7.3;Reintroduction of Fauna to Longleaf Pine Ecosystems;336
7.3.1;Introduction;336
7.3.2;Reintroduction and Translocation: A Conservation Strategy Review;336
7.3.3;Translocation Case Study: Red- cockaded Woodpecker;340
7.3.4;Other Potential Species for Reintroduction and Translocation in Longleaf Pine Forests;363
7.3.5;Planning for Future Reintroduction of Longleaf Pine Ecosystem Fauna;368
7.3.6;Conclusion;370
7.3.7;Acknowledgments;370
7.4;Spatial Ecology and Restoration of the Longleaf Pine Evosystem;378
7.4.1;Introduction;378
7.4.2;Landscape Ecology and Historic Longleaf Pine Communities;380
7.4.3;Longleaf Pine Exploitation and the Deconstruction of Longleaf Pine Ecology;381
7.4.4;The Spatial Ecology of Longleaf Pine Natural Communities: From Basic Biology to Biogeography;382
7.4.5;Landscape Conservation Strategies;390
7.4.6;Opportunities;392
7.4.7;Challenges;394
7.4.8;Conclusions;396
7.5;Longleaf Pine Restoration;404
7.5.1;Introduction;404
7.5.2;Longleaf Pine: Past and Present;404
7.5.3;Economics of Longleaf Pine Restoration;405
7.5.4;Policy Options to Restore Longleaf Pine on Private Land;407
7.5.5;Conclusions;412
7.6;Role of Public - Private Partnership in Restoration;414
7.6.1;Introduction;414
7.6.2;Landscape-Scale Conservation;415
7.6.3;Partnerships in Conservation;415
7.6.4;GCPEP: An Example of an Effective Partnership;415
7.6.5;How GCPEP Began;416
7.6.6;The GCPEP Framework;417
7.6.7;Early Successes of GCPEP;417
7.6.8;New Partners;421
7.6.9;Partnership Staff Support Staff;421
7.6.10;Conservation Area Planning;422
7.6.11;Prescribed Fire;426
7.6.12;Endangered Species Management;427
7.6.13;Land Protection;428
7.6.14;Conclusion;429
7.6.15;Acknowledgments;430
8;Index;431