Kainz Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-89366-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 380 Seiten

Evidence now suggests that the roles of essential fatty acids as growth promoters and as indices of health and nutrition are fundamentally similar in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems integrates this divergent literature into a coordinated, digestible form. Chapters are organized so as to discuss and synthesize the flow of lipids from lower to higher trophic levels, up to and including humans. Linkages between the production, distribution and pathways of these essential compounds within the various levels of the aquatic food webs, and their ultimate uptake by humans and other terrestrial organisms, are highlighted throughout the book. This book will be of interest to researchers and resource managers working with aquatic ecosystems.

Michael T. Arts is a research scientist with Environment Canada at the National Water Research Institute in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Michael T. Brett is a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington in Seattle. Martin J. Kainz is a research scientist at the WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz; an inter-university center dedicated to freshwater sciences research and education, in Lunz am See, Austria.    

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kainz, Martin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems;14
4.1;Introduction;14
4.2;References;19
5;Algal Lipids and Effect of the Environment on their Biochemistry;20
5.1;1.1 Introduction;20
5.2;1.2 Lipid Composition of Algae;21
5.3;1.3 Effects of the Environment on Algal Lipid Biochemistry;30
5.4;1.4 Nutrients and Nutrient Regimes;35
5.5;1.5 Conclusions;39
5.6;References;39
6;Formation and Transfer of Fatty Acids in Aquatic Microbial Food Webs: Role of Heterotrophic Protists;44
6.1;2.1 Introduction;44
6.2;2.2 Biosynthesis Pathways of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Heterotrophic Protists;48
6.3;2.3 Variability of Heterotrophic Protist Lipid Composition;52
6.4;2.4 Conclusion;55
6.5;References;56
7;Ecological Significance of Sterols in Aquatic Food Webs;62
7.1;3.1 Introduction;62
7.2;3.2 Occurrence of Sterols;62
7.3;3.3 Biosynthesis of Sterols;65
7.4;3.4 Physiological Properties of Sterols;65
7.5;3.5 Nutritional Requirements;66
7.6;3.6 Ecological Implications: Competition and Succession in Zooplankton;71
7.7;3.7 Sterols and Carbon Transfer in Aquatic Food Webs;73
7.8;3.8 Sterol Mediated Trophic Upgrading;75
7.9;3.9 Sterols from Aquatic Sources and Their Potential Role in Human Nutrition;75
7.10;3.10 Perspectives;76
7.11;3.11 Conclusions;78
7.12;References;79
8;Fatty Acids and Oxylipins as Semiochemicals;84
8.1;4.1 Introduction;84
8.2;4.2 FA and FA Esters as Toxins, Allelopathic Metabolites, and Food Web Effectors;86
8.3;4.3 Oxylipins in Aquatic Chemical Ecology;90
8.4;4.4 Grazer Counter-Defense: Behavioral Avoidance, Adaptive Strategies, and Detoxification;100
8.5;4.5 Algal Producers;101
8.6;4.6 Other FA-Related Semiochemicals;102
8.7;4.7 Summary and Conclusions;103
8.8;References;104
9;Integrating Lipids and Contaminants in Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology;112
9.1;5.1 Introduction;112
9.2;5.2 Trophic Transfer of Contaminants in Aquatic Food Webs;115
9.3;5.3 Trophic Transfer of Lipids;122
9.4;5.4 Concurrent Flow of Lipids and Contaminants;123
9.5;5.5 Conclusions;126
9.6;References;127
10;Crustacean Zooplankton Fatty Acid Composition;134
10.1;6.1 Introduction;134
10.2;6.2 Zooplankton Taxonomic Differences in Fatty Acid Composition;137
10.3;6.3 Phytoplankton Fatty Acid Composition as Food for Zooplankton;141
10.4;6.4 Dietary Impacts on Zooplankton Fatty Acid Composition;145
10.5;6.5 Homeostatic Fatty Acid Composition Responses;153
10.6;6.6 Fatty Acid Turnover Times in Freshwater and Marine Zooplankton;155
10.7;6.7 Zooplankton Reproductive Investment in Fatty Acids;156
10.8;6.8 Temperature Impacts on Zooplankton Fatty Acids: The Homeoviscous Response;158
10.9;6.9 Starvation Impacts on Zooplankton Fatty Acids;159
10.10;6.10 Unanswered Questions;159
10.11;6.11 Conclusions;161
10.12;References;161
11;Fatty Acid Ratios in Freshwater Fish, Zooplankton and Zoobenthos – Are There Specific Optima?;166
11.1;7.1 Introduction;166
11.2;7.2 Methods;169
11.3;7.3 n-3/n-6 and DHA/ARA Ratios in Freshwater Metazoans;169
11.4;7.4 Concluding Remarks;182
11.5;References;183
12;Preliminary Estimates of the Export of Omega- 3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids ( EPA + DHA) from Aquatic to Terrestrial Ecosystems;198
12.1;8.1 Introduction;198
12.2;8.2 HUFA in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems;199
12.3;8.3 Required Measurements;204
12.4;8.4 HUFA Content of Aquatic Organisms;205
12.5;8.5 Case Study I: Estimating the Export of Aquatic HUFA to Terrestrial Predators ( Bears) in the Pacific Rim;209
12.6;8.6 Case Study II: Humans and Fisheries;211
12.7;8.7 Case Study III: Estimation of the Export of HUFA Through Aquatic Insect Emergence;212
12.8;8.8 Case Study IV: Estimation of Aquatic HUFA Import to Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Birds;214
12.9;8.9 Case Study V: Can HUFA Export from Aquatic Ecosystems Meet the HUFA Requirements of Terrestrial Animals?;216
12.10;8.10 Ocean Contribution;218
12.11;8.11 Assumptions and Underestimates;220
12.12;8.12 Conclusions and Perspectives;220
12.13;References;222
13;Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Aquatic Ecosystems: General Pathways and New Directions;230
13.1;9.1 Introduction;230
13.2;9.2 Primary Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids;231
13.3;9.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in Invertebrates;238
13.4;9.4 Production of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Fish;239
13.5;9.5 Concluding Remarks;249
13.6;References;251
14;Health and Condition in Fish: The Influence of Lipids on Membrane Competency and Immune Response;256
14.1;10.1 The Influence of Lipids on Health and Condition;256
14.2;10.2 The Influence of Lipids on Membrane Fluidity and Other Membrane Properties;256
14.3;10.3 Modulatory Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Teleost Immune Response;264
14.4;10.4 Future Directions;269
14.5;References;270
15;Lipids in Marine Copepods: Latitudinal Characteristics and Perspective to Global Warming;276
15.1;11.1 Introduction;276
15.2;11.2 Lipid Patterns of Copepods from Different Latitudinal Regions;278
15.3;11.3 Essential Fatty Acids and Phospholipid Structure;289
15.4;11.4 Impact of Global Warming on Lipid Dynamics;292
15.5;11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives;294
15.6;References;295
16;Tracing Aquatic Food Webs Using Fatty Acids: From Qualitative Indicators to Quantitative Determination;300
16.1;12.1 Introduction;300
16.2;12.2 Characteristics and Constraints on Lipid Biosynthesis, Digestion, and Deposition as They Relate to Tracing Trophic Relationships;302
16.3;12.3 Tracing Trophic Pathways Using Lipids and Fatty Acids;306
16.4;12.4 Summary, Conclusions, and the Future;320
16.5;References;323
17;Essential Fatty Acids in Aquatic Food Webs;328
17.1;13.1 Introduction;328
17.2;13.2 Definition of Essential Fatty Acids;329
17.3;13.3 Effects of Essential Fatty Acids;331
17.4;13.4 Mechanisms of the Effects of Dietary Essential Fatty Acids;333
17.5;13.5 Are N-6 PUFA Essential Fatty Acids in Aquatic Food Webs?;337
17.6;13.6 Ratios and Groups of Essential Fatty Acids in Food Webs;338
17.7;13.7 Conclusions;340
17.8;References;340
18;Human Life: Caught in the Food Web;346
18.1;14.1 Life in the web;346
18.2;14.2 Evidence of Impaired Neural Development;353
18.3;14.3 Evidence of Impaired Cardiovascular Development;357
18.4;14.4 Which DNA-Coded Proteins Discriminate N- 3 and N- 6 Structures?;359
18.5;14.5 Making a Better Future;366
18.6;References;367
19;Name Index;374
20;Subject Index;385