Kamide / Chian Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-46315-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 539 Seiten

As a star in the universe, the Sun is constantly releas- cover a wide range of time and spatial scales, making ?? ing energy into space, as much as ?. ? ?? erg/s. Tis observations in the solar-terrestrial environment c- energy emission basically consists of three modes. Te plicated and the understanding of processes di?cult. ?rst mode of solar energy is the so-called blackbody ra- In the early days, the phenomena in each plasma diation, commonly known as sunlight, and the second region were studied separately, but with the progress mode of solar electromagnetic emission, such as X rays of research, we realized the importance of treating and UV radiation, is mostly absorbed above the Earth's the whole chain of processes as an entity because of stratosphere. Te third mode of solar energy emission is strong interactions between various regions within in the form of particles having a wide range of energies the solar-terrestrial system. On the basis of extensive from less than ? keV to more than ? GeV. It is convenient satellite observations and computer simulations over to group these particles into lower-energy particles and thepasttwo decades, it hasbecomepossibleto analyze higher-energy particles, which are referred to as the so- speci?cally the close coupling of di?erent regions in the lar wind and solar cosmic rays, respectively. solar-terrestrial environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kamide, Y.

Chian, A.

Kamide, Yohsuke

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;An Overview of the Solar– Terrestrial Environment;15
3.1;1.1 Introduction ;16
3.2;1.2 Overview and History of Solar-Terrestrial Environment Research;16
3.3;1.3 Nature of the Solar- Terrestrial Environment;28
3.4;1.4 Applications;33
3.5;1.5 Concluding Remarks;35
3.6;References;36
4;Part 1 The Sun;38
4.1;The Solar Interior – Radial Structure, Rotation, Solar Activity Cycle;39
4.1.1;2.1 Introduction;40
4.1.2;2.2 Radial Structure;40
4.1.3;2.3 Helioseismology;45
4.1.4;2.4 Solar Activity Cycle;50
4.1.5;2.5 Dynamo Theory;53
4.1.6;2.6 Models of the Solar Cycle;57
4.1.7;2.7 Differential Rotation;60
4.1.8;2.8 Conclusions;64
4.1.9;References;65
4.2;Solar Atmosphere;67
4.2.1;3.1 Introduction;68
4.2.2;3.2 The Role of the Magnetic Field;74
4.2.3;3.3 Prominences;82
4.2.4;3.4 Solar Flares;83
4.2.5;3.5 Coronal Heating;88
4.2.6;3.6 Conclusion;102
4.2.7;References;103
4.3;Solar Wind;106
4.3.1;4.1 Introduction;107
4.3.2;4.2 The Corona;107
4.3.3;4.3 Outward Decline of Density and Pressure;108
4.3.4;4.4 Comets and Solar Corpuscular Radiation;109
4.3.5;4.5 Cosmic Ray Variations;109
4.3.6;4.6 Plasma in Interplanetary Space;110
4.3.7;4.7 The State of the Corona;111
4.3.8;4.8 Theoretical Foundations of Hydrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics;112
4.3.9;4.9 Kinetic Conditions in the Corona;114
4.3.10;4.10 Magnetohydrodynamics;115
4.3.11;4.11 Hydrodynamic Expansion of the Solar Corona;116
4.3.12;4.12 Sufficient Conditions on Coronal Temperature;118
4.3.13;4.13 Analogy with Expansion Through a Laval Nozzle;119
4.3.14;4.14 Gravitational Throttling of Coronal Expansion;120
4.3.15;4.15 Wind Density and SolarMass Loss;121
4.3.16;4.16 Magnetic Fields and Streams in the SolarWind;123
4.3.17;4.17 Discussion;124
4.3.18;References;125
4.4;Coronal Mass Ejection;128
4.4.1;5.1 Introduction;129
4.4.2;5.2 CMEs at the Sun;130
4.4.3;5.3 Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections;139
4.4.4;5.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects;141
4.4.5;References;142
4.5;Solar Radio Emissions;144
4.5.1;6.1 Introduction;145
4.5.2;6.2 RadioWave Propagation;146
4.5.3;6.3 Thermal Radiation from the Sun;148
4.5.4;6.4 Solar Radio Bursts;149
4.5.5;6.5 In SituWave and Particle Measurements;155
4.5.6;6.6 Radio Signatures of Coronal and Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections;156
4.5.7;6.7 Conclusions: The Relevance of Radio Observations to the Understanding of the Solar- Terrestrial Environment;159
4.5.8;References;161
5;Part 2 The Earth;163
5.1;Magnetosphere;164
5.1.1;7.1 Introduction;165
5.1.2;7.2 Magnetic Configuration;166
5.1.3;7.3 Magnetospheric Electric Fields;173
5.1.4;7.4 Magnetospheric Charged Particles;182
5.1.5;7.5 Summary;195
5.1.6;References;196
5.2;Ionosphere;198
5.2.1;8.1 Production and Structure;199
5.2.2;8.2 Dynamics and Couplings;209
5.2.3;8.3 Observations and Modeling;223
5.2.4;8.4 Conclusion;226
5.2.5;References;228
5.3;Thermosphere;230
5.3.1;9.1 Outline of the Thermosphere;231
5.3.2;9.2 Basic Thermosphere Dynamics;233
5.3.3;9.3 GCM Simulation;243
5.3.4;9.4 Observation;245
5.3.5;9.5 Dynamics of the Polar Thermosphere;248
5.3.6;9.6 Concluding Remarks;251
5.3.7;References;251
6;Part 3 Space Plasmas;255
6.1;Space Plasmas;256
6.1.1;10.1 Characteristic Properties of Plasmas;257
6.1.2;10.2 Particles in Space Plasmas;259
6.1.3;10.3 Mathematical Equations for Plasmas;264
6.1.4;10.4 Plasma as an MHD Fluid;266
6.1.5;10.5 Waves in Space Plasmas;271
6.1.6;10.6 Equilibria and Their Stability;280
6.1.7;10.7 Conclusion;284
6.1.8;References;284
6.2;Magnetic Reconnection;286
6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;287
6.2.2;11.2 Reconnection on the Magnetopause;288
6.2.3;11.3 Reconnection Inside the Magnetotail;299
6.2.4;References;315
6.3;Nonlinear Processes in Space Plasmas;318
6.3.1;12.1 Introduction;319
6.3.2;12.2 Stimulated Scattering of ElectromagneticWaves;319
6.3.3;12.3 Resonant Three-Wave Interactions in Plasmas;323
6.3.4;12.4 Parametric Instabilities ofMagnetic Field- Aligned AlfvénWaves;325
6.3.5;12.5 Kinetic AlfvénWaves Driven Zonal Flows;327
6.3.6;12.6 Ponderomotive Forces and Plasma Density Modifications;329
6.3.7;12.7 Modulated Circularly Polarized Dispersive AlfvénWaves;330
6.3.8;12.8 Electron Joule Heating;331
6.3.9;12.9 Self-Interaction Between DSAWs;332
6.3.10;12.10 Nonlinear Drift-Alfvén–Shukla–Varma Modes;332
6.3.11;12.11 Summary and Conclusions;334
6.3.12;References;335
7;Part 4 Processes in the Solar-Terrestrial Environment;337
7.1;The Aurora;338
7.1.1;13.1 Introduction;339
7.1.2;13.2 Geographical Distributions;339
7.1.3;13.3 Spectrum, Optical Intensity and Power;342
7.1.4;13.4 Auroral Forms and Structuring;344
7.1.5;13.5 Auroral Substorms and Storms;347
7.1.6;13.6 Auroral Electrodynamics and Energetic Particle Precipitation;349
7.1.7;13.7 Correlations of Aurora with Various Solar and Geophysical Phenomena;353
7.1.8;13.8 Aurora as a Source of Plasma;354
7.1.9;13.9 The Aurora as a Universal Phenomenon;356
7.1.10;13.10 Concluding Remarks;357
7.1.11;References;357
7.2;Geomagnetic Storms;360
7.2.1;14.1 Introduction;361
7.2.2;14.2 What is a Geomagnetic Storm?;361
7.2.3;14.3 Ring Current as a Dominant Signature of Geomagnetic Storms;363
7.2.4;14.4 SolarWind Causes of Geomagnetic Storms;364
7.2.5;14.5 Magnetospheric Geometry During Geomagnetic Storms;367
7.2.6;14.6 Storm- Time Magnetic Fields and Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere;368
7.2.7;14.7 Discussion on Open Issues of Geomagnetic Storm Dynamics;372
7.2.8;14.8 Summary;377
7.2.9;References;378
7.3;Substorms;380
7.3.1;15.1 Observations;381
7.3.2;15.2 Physical Frameworks for Understanding Substorms;391
7.3.3;15.3 Final Comments;396
7.3.4;References;398
7.4;Ultra Low Frequency Waves in the Magnetosphere;401
7.4.1;16.1 Introduction;402
7.4.2;16.2 Linear Theory of HydromagneticWaves;404
7.4.3;16.3 Sources of Geomagnetic Pulsations;406
7.4.4;16.4 Effects of the Ionosphere and Field Line Eigenperiods;408
7.4.5;16.5 Field Line Resonance;409
7.4.6;16.6 Cavity Resonance;411
7.4.7;16.7 Low Frequency Pulsations;411
7.4.8;16.8 Mid-Frequency Pulsations;413
7.4.9;16.9 FLR and Magnetospheric Diagnostics;416
7.4.10;16.10 Cavity/Waveguide Modes;418
7.4.11;16.11 High Frequency Pulsations;419
7.4.12;16.12 Irregular Pulsations;421
7.4.13;16.13 Concluding Remarks;423
7.4.14;References;423
7.5;Space Weather;427
7.5.1;17.1 Introduction;428
7.5.2;17.2 Early Technologies: Telegraph and Wireless;429
7.5.3;17.3 Growth in Electrical Technologies;431
7.5.4;17.4 The Space Age and SpaceWeather;433
7.5.5;17.5 Policy Issues;442
7.5.6;17.6 Summary References;443
7.6;Effects of the Solar Cycle on the Earth’s Atmosphere;448
7.6.1;18.1 Introduction;449
7.6.2;18.2 Data and Methods;449
7.6.3;18.3 Variability in the Stratosphere;450
7.6.4;18.4 Influences of the 11-Year Sunspot Cycle on the Stratosphere;451
7.6.5;18.5 The Solar Signal in the Troposphere;461
7.6.6;18.6 The QBO–Solar–Relationship Throughout the Year;462
7.6.7;18.7 Models and Mechanisms;464
7.6.8;18.8 Summary;466
7.6.9;References;467
8;Part 5 Planets and Comets in the Solar System;470
8.1;Planetary Magnetospheres;471
8.1.1;19.1 Introduction;472
8.1.2;19.2 Parameters that ControlMagnetospheric Configuration and Dynamics;472
8.1.3;19.3 A Tour of Planetary Magnetospheres;476
8.1.4;19.4 Summary: some Lessons for Earth;493
8.1.5;References;494
8.2;The Solar- Comet Interactions;495
8.2.1;20.1 Introduction;496
8.2.2;20.2 Cometary Reservoirs;496
8.2.3;20.3 The Nature of the Cometary Nucleus;498
8.2.4;20.4 Interaction with Solar Radiation;500
8.2.5;20.5 The Interaction with the SolarWind;503
8.2.6;20.6 Comets as Probes of the SolarWind;509
8.2.7;References;516
9;About the Authors;518
10;Index;529