Kamrani / Nasr Engineering Design and Rapid Prototyping

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-387-95863-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 442 Seiten

'Engineering Design and Rapid Prototyping' offers insight into the methods and techniques that allow for easily implementing engineering designs by incorporating advanced methodologies and technologies. This book contains advanced topics such as feature-based design and process planning, modularity and rapid manufacturing, along with a collection of the latest methods and technologies currently being utilized in the field. The volume also: -Provides axiomatic design and solution methodologies for both design and manufacturing -Discusses product life cycle development and analysis for ease of manufacture and assembly -Offers applied methods and technologies in rapid prototyping, tooling and manufacturing 'Engineering Design and Rapid Prototyping' will be extremely valuable for any engineers and researchers and students working in engineering design.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kamrani, Ali K.

Nasr, Emad Abouel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Acknowledgments;16
3;Contents;18
4;Part I Product Development and Managements;28
4.1;Chapter 1: Engineering Design and Innovations;29
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;29
4.1.2;1.2 Technological Innovation;30
4.1.3;1.3 Market Trend;31
4.1.4;1.4 Design Process;33
4.1.5;1.5 Traditional Product Development Process;35
4.1.6;1.6 Integrated Product Development;35
4.1.7;1.7 Teams;38
4.1.8;1.8 Effectiveness of PDT;39
4.1.9;1.9 Collaborative Engineering;40
4.1.10;1.10 Collaborative Development Process;41
4.1.11;1.11 A Template for Collaborative Design and Implementation;42
4.1.12;1.12 Summary;47
4.1.13;1.13 Review Questions;47
4.1.14;References;48
4.2;Chapter 2: Product Development Process;49
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;49
4.2.2;2.2 The Evolution of Product Development;50
4.2.3;2.3 Sequential Product Development;51
4.2.4;2.4 Simultaneous/Integrated Product Development;52
4.2.5;2.5 Generic Product Development Process;52
4.2.5.1;2.5.1 Needs Recognition;53
4.2.5.2;2.5.2 Design Specifications;56
4.2.5.3;2.5.3 Conceptual Design;58
4.2.5.4;2.5.4 Concept Generation;59
4.2.5.5;2.5.5 Concept Selection;60
4.2.5.6;2.5.6 Final Concept Preliminary Design;61
4.2.5.7;2.5.7 Detail Design;61
4.2.5.8;2.5.8 Component Final Design;61
4.2.5.9;2.5.9 Cost Estimation;62
4.2.5.10;2.5.10 Prototyping;62
4.2.5.11;2.5.11 Production;62
4.2.5.12;2.5.12 Marketing;63
4.2.6;2.6 An Automatic Ice Maker Case Study (Based on the Work Done by Madriz and Saenzay, University of Houston, 2005);63
4.2.6.1;2.6.1 Overview;63
4.2.6.2;2.6.2 Procedure;64
4.2.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Reverse Engineering Phase;64
4.2.6.2.1.1;Activity Diagram;64
4.2.6.2.1.2;Kano Classification and Affinity Diagram;65
4.2.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Conceptual Design;66
4.2.6.2.2.1;Black Box Model;68
4.2.6.2.2.2;Aggregated Function Structure;69
4.2.6.2.2.3;FAST Diagram;69
4.2.6.2.2.4;Exploded View Analysis;71
4.2.6.2.2.5;Competitive Benchmarking;72
4.2.6.2.2.6;Quality Function Deployment;72
4.2.6.2.2.7;Design Structure Matrix;74
4.2.6.2.3;2.6.2.3 Parametric Re-design;74
4.2.6.2.3.1;Morphological Analysis;74
4.2.6.2.4;2.6.2.4 Criteria for Concept Selection;76
4.2.7;2.7 Summary;78
4.2.8;2.8 Review Questions;80
4.2.9;References;82
4.3;Chapter 3: Modular Design;83
4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;83
4.3.2;3.2 Modularity Types;85
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Modularity in Products;85
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Modularity in Design Problems;85
4.3.3;3.3 Modular Systems Characteristics;86
4.3.3.1;3.3.1 Categories of Modules;86
4.3.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Basic Functions;87
4.3.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Auxiliary/Secondary Functions;87
4.3.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Special Functions;87
4.3.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Adaptive Functions;87
4.3.3.1.5;3.3.1.5 Customer-Specific Functions;87
4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Product Modularity Representation;87
4.3.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Component-Swapping Modularity;87
4.3.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Component-Sharing Modularity;88
4.3.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Fabricate-to-Fit Modularity;89
4.3.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Bus Modularity;89
4.3.4;3.4 Modular Systems Development;89
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 Decomposition Categories;90
4.3.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Product Decomposition;90
4.3.4.1.1.1;Product Modularity;90
4.3.4.1.1.2;Structural Decomposition;90
4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Problem Decomposition;92
4.3.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Requirements Decomposition;92
4.3.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Constraint Parameter Decomposition;92
4.3.4.2.3;3.4.2.3 Decomposition-Based Design Optimization;93
4.3.4.3;3.4.3 Process Decomposition;95
4.3.4.3.1;3.4.3.1 Product Flow Perspective;95
4.3.4.3.2;3.4.3.2 Information Flow Perspective;95
4.3.4.3.3;3.4.3.3 Resource Perspective;95
4.3.5;3.5 Survey of Some Modularity Techniques;95
4.3.5.1;3.5.1 Product Representation for Modular Design;96
4.3.5.1.1;3.5.1.1 Dependence Matrix;96
4.3.5.2;3.5.2 Dependence and Similarity;96
4.3.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Huang and Kusiak;96
4.3.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Gershenson et al.;96
4.3.5.2.3;3.5.2.3 System Decomposition;97
4.3.5.2.4;3.5.2.4 Requirements and Functions;97
4.3.6;3.6 Design Methods;97
4.3.6.1;3.6.1 Systematic Methods;97
4.3.6.1.1;3.6.1.1 Function Structure Heuristic Method;97
4.3.6.1.2;3.6.1.2 Modular Function Deployment;99
4.3.6.2;3.6.2 Other Methods;99
4.3.7;3.7 Design Structure Matrix;100
4.3.7.1;3.7.1 The Design Structure Matrix Approach;101
4.3.7.2;3.7.2 DSM Types;101
4.3.7.2.1;3.7.2.1 Component-Based DSM: System Architecture;102
4.3.7.2.2;3.7.2.2 Team-Based DSM: Organization Structure;102
4.3.7.2.3;3.7.2.3 Activity-Based DSM;103
4.3.7.2.4;3.7.2.4 Parameter-Based DSM;103
4.3.7.3;3.7.3 Building the DSM;103
4.3.7.3.1;3.7.3.1 Step 1: Define the System and Its Scope;104
4.3.7.3.2;3.7.3.2 Step 2: List All the System Elements;104
4.3.7.3.3;3.7.3.3 Step 3: Study the Information Flow Between System Elements;104
4.3.7.3.4;3.7.3.4 Step 4: Build a Matrix to Represent the Information Flow;104
4.3.7.3.5;3.7.3.5 Step 5: Partition the Matrix;104
4.3.7.3.6;3.7.3.6 Step 6: Optimize the Matrix;105
4.3.7.3.7;3.7.3.7 Step 7: Give the Matrix to Engineers and Managers to Comment On and Use;105
4.3.7.4;3.7.4 Partitioning the DSM;105
4.3.7.5;3.7.5 Tearing the DSM;106
4.3.7.6;3.7.6 Comments on DSM and Product Development Improvement;107
4.3.8;3.8 Modularity Advantages;107
4.3.8.1;3.8.1 Reduction in Product Development Time;108
4.3.8.2;3.8.2 Customization and Upgrades;108
4.3.8.3;3.8.3 Cost Efficiencies Due to Amortization;109
4.3.8.4;3.8.4 Quality;109
4.3.8.5;3.8.5 Design Standardization;109
4.3.8.6;3.8.6 Reduction in Order Lead-Time;109
4.3.9;3.9 Summary;109
4.3.10;3.10 Review Questions;110
4.3.11;References;110
4.4;Chapter 4: Design for Modularity;113
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;113
4.4.2;4.2 Needs Analysis;115
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 Kano’s Model of Customer Satisfaction;117
4.4.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Customer Requirements;118
4.4.2.1.1.1;Classification of Customer Requirements;118
4.4.2.1.1.2;Recording Customer Requirements;119
4.4.2.1.1.3;Analyzing Customer Requirements;120
4.4.3;4.3 Quality Function Deployment;120
4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction;120
4.4.3.2;4.3.2 The House of Quality;121
4.4.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Customer Requirements/Needs;121
4.4.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Product Features;122
4.4.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 Importance of Customer Needs;122
4.4.3.2.4;4.3.2.4 Planning Matrix;122
4.4.3.2.5;4.3.2.5 Relationship Between Customer Needs and Product Features;122
4.4.3.2.6;4.3.2.6 Feature-to-Feature Correlation;122
4.4.3.2.7;4.3.2.7 Prioritized Product Features or Targets;122
4.4.3.3;4.3.3 Building the House of Quality;123
4.4.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Identify Customer Requirements (WHATs);123
4.4.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Identify Product Features (HOWs);123
4.4.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 Build a Relationship Matrix Between WHATs and HOWs;123
4.4.3.3.4;4.3.3.4 Construct Correlation Matrix Between HOWs;124
4.4.3.3.5;4.3.3.5 Customer Competitive Assessment;124
4.4.3.3.6;4.3.3.6 Technical Competitive Assessment;124
4.4.3.3.7;4.3.3.7 Prioritize Customer Requirements;124
4.4.3.3.8;4.3.3.8 Prioritized Product Features;125
4.4.3.4;4.3.4 Implementing Quality Function Deployment;125
4.4.3.4.1;4.3.4.1 Phase 1: Product Planning;125
4.4.3.4.2;4.3.4.2 Phase 2: Product Design;126
4.4.3.4.3;4.3.4.3 Phase 3: Process Planning;126
4.4.3.4.4;4.3.4.4 Phase 4: Production Planning;126
4.4.3.5;4.3.5 Benefits of Quality Function Deployment;126
4.4.4;4.4 Product Requirements Analysis;126
4.4.4.1;4.4.1 Functional Objectives;127
4.4.4.2;4.4.2 Operational Functional Requirements;127
4.4.4.3;4.4.3 General Functional Requirements;128
4.4.5;4.5 General Functional Requirements’ Weights;128
4.4.6;4.6 Product/Concept Analysis;129
4.4.7;4.7 Product Physical Decomposition;130
4.4.8;4.8 Product Functional Decomposition;130
4.4.9;4.9 Product/Concept Integration;132
4.4.9.1;4.9.1 Identify System-Level Specifications;132
4.4.9.2;4.9.2 Functional Characteristics;132
4.4.9.3;4.9.3 Physical Characteristics;132
4.4.10;4.10 Identify the Impact of System-Level Specifications on General Functional Requirements;133
4.4.11;4.11 Similarity Index;134
4.4.12;4.12 Optimization-Based Solution Methodology for Grouping Components into Modules;135
4.4.13;4.13 Genetic Algorithm-Based Solution Methodology;136
4.4.13.1;4.13.1 Genetic Algorithms;136
4.4.13.2;4.13.2 Proposed Model;138
4.4.13.2.1;4.13.2.1 The Chromosomal Representation;139
4.4.13.2.2;4.13.2.2 Determination of Systems Parameters;139
4.4.13.2.3;4.13.2.3 Generation of Initial Populations;140
4.4.13.2.4;4.13.2.4 Selection and Use of the Fitness Function;141
4.4.13.2.5;4.13.2.5 Crossover;142
4.4.13.2.6;4.13.2.6 Mutation;142
4.4.14;4.14 Algorithm-Based Solution Methodology for Grouping Components into Modules;143
4.4.15;4.15 Summary;145
4.4.16;4.16 Review Questions;146
4.4.17;References;146
4.5;Chapter 5: DFMo Case Study: Four-Gear Speed Reducer Design;148
4.5.1;5.1 Introduction;148
4.5.2;5.2 Problem Description;148
4.5.3;5.3 Needs Analysis;149
4.5.3.1;5.3.1 Recording the Voice of the Customer;149
4.5.3.2;5.3.2 Product Features/Metrics Identification;149
4.5.3.3;5.3.3 Building the House of Quality;150
4.5.4;5.4 Product Requirements Analysis;150
4.5.4.1;5.4.1 Functional Objectives;150
4.5.4.2;5.4.2 Operational Functional Requirements;150
4.5.4.3;5.4.3 General Functional Requirements;151
4.5.4.4;5.4.4 General Functional Requirements’ Weights;151
4.5.5;5.5 Product Concept Analysis;151
4.5.5.1;5.5.1 Product Physical Decomposition;151
4.5.5.2;5.5.2 Product Functional Decomposition;152
4.5.6;5.6 Product/Concept Architecture;152
4.5.6.1;5.6.1 System-Level Specifications;152
4.5.6.2;5.6.2 Impact of the System-Level Specifications on the General Functional Requirements;155
4.5.6.2.1;5.6.2.1 Similarity Matrix;156
4.5.6.2.2;5.6.2.2 Grouping Components into Modules Using p-Median;157
4.5.7;5.7 Grouping Components into Modules Using Genetic Algorithm Model;158
4.5.8;5.8 Summary;162
4.5.9;5.9 Review Question;162
4.5.10;5.10 Engineering Design Specifications;163
4.6;Chapter 6: Design for Manufacture and Assembly;166
4.6.1;6.1 Introduction;166
4.6.2;6.2 DFMA Methodology;167
4.6.3;6.3 The Boothroyd–Dewhurst Method for Manual Assembly Analysis;170
4.6.3.1;6.3.1 Manual Assembly;171
4.6.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Design for Manual Assembly Procedure;171
4.6.4;6.4 Case Study: DFA Analysis of a Fog Lamp Design;173
4.6.4.1;6.4.1 Alternative Fog Lamp Designs;175
4.6.5;6.5 LUCAS Design for Assembly Analysis and Evaluation Method;177
4.6.6;6.6 Design for Manufacture;181
4.6.7;6.7 LUCAS Design for Manufacturing Analysis and Evaluation Method;182
4.6.8;6.8 Case Study: DFM Analysis Radiator Structure Front-End Support;184
4.6.9;6.9 Case Study: Automotive Recliner Mechanism (Based on the Work Done by DiCicco et al 2003);186
4.6.10;6.10 Introduction;186
4.6.10.1;6.10.1 Seat Recliner Subsystem History;186
4.6.10.2;6.10.2 Problem Statement;187
4.6.11;6.11 Competitive Benchmarking Study;188
4.6.12;6.12 Customer Functional Requirements;188
4.6.12.1;6.12.1 Customer Needs;188
4.6.12.2;6.12.2 Functional Requirements;190
4.6.12.3;6.12.3 FAST Diagram;190
4.6.12.4;6.12.4 Affinity Diagram;191
4.6.12.5;6.12.5 Product/Concept Integration;191
4.6.13;6.13 Conceptual Designs Analysis and Comparisons;193
4.6.13.1;6.13.1 Current Design;193
4.6.13.2;6.13.2 Pivot-Pawl Combinations;195
4.6.13.3;6.13.3 Clip Design;195
4.6.13.4;6.13.4 Latch Design;198
4.6.14;6.14 Conclusion and Discussions;198
4.6.15;6.15 Summary;204
4.6.16;6.16 Review Questions;207
4.6.17;References;208
5;Part II CAD/CAM and Features-BasedTechnologies;209
5.1;Chapter 7: Computer-Based Design and Manufacturing;210
5.1.1;7.1 Introduction;210
5.1.1.1;7.1.1 Computer-Aided Design;211
5.1.1.2;7.1.2 Computer-Aided Manufacturing;211
5.1.2;7.2 Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing Integration;211
5.1.3;7.3 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing;212
5.1.3.1;7.3.1 The Role of CAD/CAM in Manufacturing;214
5.1.4;7.4 Flexible Manufacturing Systems;216
5.1.5;7.5 Concurrent Engineering;216
5.1.6;7.6 Feature-Based Technologies;217
5.1.6.1;7.6.1 Types of Features;218
5.1.7;7.7 Summary;219
5.1.8;7.8 Review Questions;219
5.1.9;References;220
5.2;Chapter 8: Feature Representations;222
5.2.1;8.1 Feature Definitions;222
5.2.2;8.2 Features in Manufacturing;223
5.2.2.1;8.2.1 Process Planning;224
5.2.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Variant Process Planning;224
5.2.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Generative Process Planning;225
5.2.2.2;8.2.2 Assembly Planning;225
5.2.2.3;8.2.3 Inspection Planning;226
5.2.3;8.3 Geometric Data Format;226
5.2.3.1;8.3.1 Wireframe Modeling;227
5.2.3.2;8.3.2 Surface Modeling;228
5.2.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Ferguson’s Curve;228
5.2.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Bezier’s Curve;229
5.2.3.2.2.1;Properties of Bezier Curves;229
5.2.3.2.2.2;B-Spline Curve;230
5.2.3.3;8.3.3 Solid Modeling;231
5.2.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 History and Overview;231
5.2.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Types of Solid Modeling;233
5.2.4;8.4 Boundary Representation;236
5.2.4.1;8.4.1 Euler’s Formula;237
5.2.5;8.5 Constructive Solid Geometry;238
5.2.6;8.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Constructive Solid Geometry and Boundary Representation;240
5.2.7;8.7 Feature Recognition and Design;240
5.2.7.1;8.7.1 Feature-Based Design;241
5.2.7.2;8.7.2 Feature Interactions;242
5.2.8;8.8 Summary;243
5.2.9;8.9 Review Questions;244
5.2.10;References;246
5.3;Chapter 9: Feature Extraction Techniques;249
5.3.1;9.1 Feature Representation;249
5.3.1.1;9.1.1 Feature Representation by B-rep;250
5.3.1.2;9.1.2 Feature Representation by CSG;251
5.3.1.3;9.1.3 Feature Representation by B-rep and CSG (Hybrid Method);252
5.3.2;9.2 Feature Recognition Techniques;253
5.3.2.1;9.2.1 The Syntactic Pattern Recognition Approach;253
5.3.2.2;9.2.2 The Logic-Based Approach;254
5.3.2.3;9.2.3 Graph-Based Approach;256
5.3.2.4;9.2.4 Expert System Approach;259
5.3.2.5;9.2.5 Volume Decomposition and Composition Approach;263
5.3.2.6;9.2.6 3D Feature Recognition from a 2D Feature Approach;265
5.3.3;9.3 Intelligent Feature Recognition Methodology;269
5.3.4;9.4 Conversion of CAD Data Files to OODS;270
5.3.4.1;9.4.1 Basic IGES Entities;270
5.3.4.1.1;9.4.1.1 Line (Entity 110);270
5.3.4.1.2;9.4.1.2 Circular Arc (Entity 100);270
5.3.4.1.3;9.4.1.3 Transformation Matrix (Entity 124);271
5.3.4.1.4;9.4.1.4 Surface of Revolution (Entity 120);271
5.3.4.1.5;9.4.1.5 Point (Entity 116);271
5.3.4.1.6;9.4.1.6 Direction (Entity 123);271
5.3.4.1.7;9.4.1.7 Plane Surface (Entity 190);272
5.3.4.1.8;9.4.1.8 Vertex List (Entity 502);272
5.3.4.1.9;9.4.1.9 Edge List (Entity 504);272
5.3.4.1.10;9.4.1.10 Loop (Entity 508);272
5.3.4.1.11;9.4.1.11 Face (Entity 510);272
5.3.4.1.12;9.4.1.12 Shell (Entity 514);272
5.3.4.1.13;9.4.1.13 Right Circular Cylindrical Surface (Entity 192);272
5.3.4.1.14;9.4.1.14 Composite Curve (Entity 102);272
5.3.4.1.15;9.4.1.15 Conic Arc (Entity 104);273
5.3.4.1.16;9.4.1.16 Parametric Spline Curve (Entity 112);273
5.3.4.1.17;9.4.1.17 Parametric Spline Surface Curve (Entity 114);273
5.3.4.1.18;9.4.1.18 Ruled Surface (Entity 118);273
5.3.4.1.19;9.4.1.19 Tabulated Cylinder (Entity 122);273
5.3.4.1.20;9.4.1.20 Rational B-Spine Curve (Entity 126);273
5.3.4.1.21;9.4.1.21 Rational B-Spline Surface (Entity 128);274
5.3.4.1.22;9.4.1.22 Offset Curve (Entity 128);274
5.3.4.1.23;9.4.1.23 Offset Surface (Entity 140);274
5.3.4.1.24;9.4.1.24 Right Circular Conical Surface (Entity 194);274
5.3.4.1.25;9.4.1.25 Spherical Surface (Entity 196);274
5.3.4.1.26;9.4.1.26 Toroidal Surface (Entity 196);274
5.3.5;9.5 The Overall OODS of the Proposed Methodology;274
5.3.6;9.6 Geometry and Topology of B-rep;278
5.3.6.1;9.6.1 Classification of Edges;279
5.3.6.2;9.6.2 Classification of Loops;280
5.3.7;9.7 Data Fields for Proposed Data Structure;281
5.3.8;9.8 Algorithms for Extracting Geometric Entities from CAD File;283
5.3.8.1;9.8.1 Algorithm for Extracting Entries from Directory and Parameter Sections;283
5.3.8.2;9.8.2 Algorithm for Extracting the Basic Entities of the Designed Part;284
5.3.9;9.9 Extracting Form Features from CAD Files;286
5.3.9.1;9.9.1 An Example for Finding the Concave Edge/Faces;293
5.3.9.2;9.9.2 Algorithm for Determination of the Concavity of the Edge;294
5.3.9.3;9.9.3 Algorithm for Determination of the Concavity of the Loop;295
5.3.9.4;9.9.4 Algorithms for Feature Extraction (Production Rules);297
5.3.10;9.10 Summary;309
5.3.11;9.11 Review Questions;310
5.3.12;References;311
6;Part III Rapid Design and Manufacturing;314
6.1;Chapter 10: Engineering Materials: An Overview;315
6.1.1;10.1 Introduction;315
6.1.1.1;10.1.1 Materials in Engineering Applications;315
6.1.1.2;10.1.2 Atomic Bonding and Crystalline Structure;316
6.1.2;10.2 Mechanical Properties;319
6.1.2.1;10.2.1 Stress–Strain Relationship;320
6.1.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Tensile Properties;320
6.1.2.2;10.2.2 Other Properties;321
6.1.2.3;10.2.3 Hardness;321
6.1.3;10.3 Nanomaterial;321
6.1.3.1;10.3.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Applications;322
6.1.3.2;10.3.2 Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing;325
6.1.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Arc Discharge Method;325
6.1.3.2.1.1;Plasma Rotating Arc Discharge Method;325
6.1.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method;326
6.1.3.2.2.1;Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Method;326
6.1.3.2.2.2;Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition;327
6.1.3.2.3;10.3.2.3 Laser Ablation Method;327
6.1.4;10.4 Purification of Thin Films;328
6.1.5;10.5 Challenges and Limitations;329
6.1.6;10.6 Summary;330
6.1.7;10.7 Review Questions;331
6.1.8;References;331
6.2;Chapter 11: Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing;332
6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;332
6.2.2;11.2 GD&T Definition and Standard;333
6.2.3;11.3 GD&T Terminologies;334
6.2.3.1;11.3.1 Functional Dimensioning;334
6.2.3.2;11.3.2 Basic Dimensioning;335
6.2.3.3;11.3.3 ASME Y14.5M-1994 Fundamental rules of GD&T;335
6.2.4;11.4 Engineering Tolerance;336
6.2.5;11.5 Geometric Characteristic Symbols;341
6.2.5.1;11.5.1 Form Controls;341
6.2.5.1.1;11.5.1.1 Straightness;343
6.2.5.1.2;11.5.1.2 Flatness;346
6.2.5.1.3;11.5.1.3 Circularity;347
6.2.5.1.4;11.5.1.4 Cylindricity;347
6.2.5.2;11.5.2 Profile Control;348
6.2.5.2.1;11.5.2.1 Profile of a Line;348
6.2.5.2.2;11.5.2.2 Profile of a Surface;348
6.2.5.3;11.5.3 Orientation;349
6.2.5.3.1;11.5.3.1 Angularity;349
6.2.5.3.2;11.5.3.2 Perpendicularity;350
6.2.5.3.3;11.5.3.3 Parallelism;350
6.2.5.4;11.5.4 Location;351
6.2.5.5;11.5.5 Runout;352
6.2.6;11.6 Manufacturing Processes and Tolerances;353
6.2.7;11.7 Summary;354
6.2.8;11.8 Review Questions;356
6.2.9;References;356
6.3;Chapter 12: Rapid Prototyping;358
6.3.1;12.1 Introduction;358
6.3.2;12.2 Benefits of Rapid Prototyping Technology;359
6.3.3;12.3 Rapid Prototyping Terminology;360
6.3.4;12.4 Rapid Prototyping Systems;362
6.3.4.1;12.4.1 Stereolithography;362
6.3.4.1.1;12.4.1.1 Stereolithography Process Preparation;362
6.3.4.1.2;12.4.1.2 Stereolithography Process;363
6.3.4.1.3;12.4.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stereolithography;363
6.3.4.1.3.1;Advantages of Stereolithography;363
6.3.4.1.3.2;Disadvantages of Stereolithography;364
6.3.4.2;12.4.2 Solid Ground Curing;364
6.3.4.2.1;12.4.2.1 Solid Ground Curing Process Preparation;364
6.3.4.2.2;12.4.2.2 Solid Ground Curing Process;364
6.3.4.2.3;12.4.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid Ground Curing;365
6.3.4.2.3.1;Advantages of Solid Ground Curing;365
6.3.4.2.3.2;Disadvantages of Solid Ground Curing;365
6.3.4.3;12.4.3 Laminated Object Manufacturing;366
6.3.4.3.1;12.4.3.1 Laminated Object Manufacturing Process Preparation;366
6.3.4.3.2;12.4.3.2 Laminated Object Manufacturing Process;366
6.3.4.3.3;12.4.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laminated Object Manufacturing;367
6.3.4.3.3.1;Advantages of Laminated Object Manufacturing;367
6.3.4.3.3.2;Disadvantages of Laminated Object Manufacturing;367
6.3.4.4;12.4.4 Selective Laser Sintering;367
6.3.4.4.1;12.4.4.1 Selective Laser Sintering Process Preparation;367
6.3.4.4.2;12.4.4.2 Selective Laser Sintering Process;368
6.3.4.4.3;12.4.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Selective Laser Sintering;368
6.3.4.4.3.1;Advantages of Selective Laser Sintering;368
6.3.4.4.3.2;Disadvantages of Selective Laser Sintering;369
6.3.4.5;12.4.5 Direct Shell Production Casting;369
6.3.4.5.1;12.4.5.1 Direct Shell Production Casting Process Preparation;369
6.3.4.5.2;12.4.5.2 Direct Shell Production Casting Process;370
6.3.4.5.3;12.4.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Shell Production Casting;370
6.3.4.5.3.1;Advantages of Direct Shell Production Casting;370
6.3.4.5.3.2;Disadvantages of Direct Shell Production Casting;370
6.3.4.6;12.4.6 Fused Deposition Modeling;371
6.3.4.6.1;12.4.6.1 Fused Deposition Modeling Process;371
6.3.4.6.2;12.4.6.2 Fused Deposition Modeling Support System;371
6.3.4.6.3;12.4.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fused Deposition Modeling;371
6.3.4.6.3.1;Advantages of Fused Deposition Modeling;371
6.3.4.6.3.2;Disadvantages of Fused Deposition Modeling;372
6.3.5;12.5 Summary;372
6.3.6;12.6 Review Questions;372
6.3.7;References;372
6.4;Chapter 13: Data Mining Methodology and Techniques;374
6.4.1;13.1 Introduction;374
6.4.2;13.2 Data Mining;375
6.4.3;13.3 The Methodology;376
6.4.3.1;13.3.1 Problem Definition;377
6.4.3.2;13.3.2 Acquisition of Background Knowledge;378
6.4.3.3;13.3.3 Selection of Data;379
6.4.3.4;13.3.4 Pre-processing of Data;379
6.4.3.5;13.3.5 Analysis and Interpretation;380
6.4.3.6;13.3.6 Reporting and Use;380
6.4.4;13.4 Data Mining Techniques;381
6.4.4.1;13.4.1 Traditional Methods of Data Mining;381
6.4.4.2;13.4.2 Modern Methods of Data Mining;382
6.4.5;13.5 Genetic Algorithm;385
6.4.6;13.6 GA Methodology;386
6.4.6.1;13.6.1 Genetic Algorithms;387
6.4.6.2;13.6.2 Genetic Operations;390
6.4.6.2.1;13.6.2.1 Crossover;390
6.4.6.2.2;13.6.2.2 Mutation;392
6.4.6.3;13.6.3 Searching in Genetic Algorithms;394
6.4.6.4;13.6.4 Encoding Problems;395
6.4.6.5;13.6.5 Selection;395
6.4.7;13.7 Summary;398
6.4.8;13.8 Review Questions;398
6.4.9;References;398
6.5;Chapter 14: Group Technology and Applications;401
6.5.1;14.1 Introduction;401
6.5.2;14.2 Traditional Manufacturing Systems: An Overview;402
6.5.3;14.3 Group Technology;403
6.5.3.1;14.3.1 Hierarchical (Monocode) Structure;404
6.5.3.2;14.3.2 Chain (Attribute or Polycode) Structure;405
6.5.3.3;14.3.3 Hybrid Structure;405
6.5.4;14.4 Sorting Techniques;406
6.5.4.1;14.4.1 Rank Order Clustering Algorithm;407
6.5.4.2;14.4.2 Modified Rank Order Clustering Algorithm;409
6.5.4.3;14.4.3 Bond Energy Algorithm;409
6.5.4.4;14.4.4 Cluster Identification Algorithm;410
6.5.4.5;14.4.5 Extended Cluster Identification Algorithm;413
6.5.4.6;14.4.6 Similarity Coefficient-Based Clustering;413
6.5.4.7;14.4.7 Mathematical Programming-Based Clustering;414
6.5.4.7.1;14.4.7.1 The p-Median Model;415
6.5.4.7.2;14.4.7.2 Quadratic Programming Model;416
6.5.5;14.5 Cellular Manufacturing Systems and Design;417
6.5.5.1;14.5.1 The Methodology for Forming Machine Cells;419
6.5.5.1.1;14.5.1.1 Phase I: Part Families Formation;420
6.5.5.1.2;14.5.1.2 Phase II: Machine Cell Formation;426
6.5.6;14.6 Process Planning and Computer-Aided Process Planning Systems;436
6.5.6.1;14.6.1 Critical Issues in the Design of CAPP Systems;438
6.5.6.2;14.6.2 Structure for a Template-Based System;440
6.5.6.2.1;14.6.2.1 Knowledge Acquisition Modules;441
6.5.6.2.2;14.6.2.2 Global Database Systems;441
6.5.6.2.3;14.6.2.3 Design for Manufacture Module;441
6.5.6.2.4;14.6.2.4 Computer-Aided Process Planning Module;442
6.5.7;14.7 Summary;448
6.5.8;14.8 Review Questions;448
6.5.9;Appendix A: Formulation Used for Material Removal of Crankshaft;449
6.5.10;Appendix B: Sample Process plan;450
6.5.11;References;453
7;Index;456