Katiyar / Kumar / Mulchandani Advances in Sustainable Polymers

Synthesis, Fabrication and Characterization
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-981-15-1251-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 421 Seiten

Reihe: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials

This book discusses synthesis and characterization of sustainable polymers. The book covers opportunities and challenges of using sustainable polymers to replace existing petroleum based feedstock. This volume provides insights into the chemistry of polymerization, and discusses tailoring the properties of the polymers at the source in order fit requirements of specific applications. The book also covers processing of these polymers and their critical assessment. The book will be of use to chemists and engineers in the industry and academia working on sustainable polymers and their commercialization to replace dependence on petroleum-based polymers.


Vimal Katiyar is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, India. He has done his M. Tech and PhD in Chemical Engineering from IIT Kanpur and IIT Bombay respectively, and postdoctoral work in Riso National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, DTU, Denmark. His current research interests include the synthetic and biodegradable polymers, polymer processing, biothermosets, nanobiocomposites and fuel cells. Dr Katiyar has more than 100 research publications in reputed journals, and has authored numerous book chapters and conference papers, and holds 22 published patents.
Amit Kumar is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati. He has done his B.Tech and PhD from IIT Kharagpur and the University of Delaware respectively. His research interests include molecular modeling and simulation, polymers and polymer nanocomposites, gas adsorption, transport and separation. He has authored 3 book chapters and more than 30 research papers in reputed journals and conferences.
Neha Mulchandani is a research scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati. Her work focuses on developing carbon dioxide derived lactone based copolymers and composites for potential applications. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Katiyar, Vimal

Kumar, Amit

Mulchandani, Neha

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;11
3;About Fourth International Symposium on Advances in Sustainable Polymers (ASP 17): From 08–11 January 2018 organized by IIT Guwahati;12
4;Contents;14
5;Editors and Contributors;16
6;Abbreviations;19
7;1 Synthesis Strategies for Biomedical Grade Polymers;28
7.1;1 Introduction;28
7.2;2 Methods of Polymerization;29
7.2.1;2.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization;30
7.2.2;2.2 Step-Growth Polymerization;31
7.2.3;2.3 Branched Polymers;31
7.3;3 Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers;32
7.3.1;3.1 Non-biodegradable Polymers and  their Medical Uses;32
7.3.2;3.2 Biodegradable Polymers and  their Medical Uses;33
7.4;4 Considerations for Biomedical Applications;37
7.4.1;4.1 Selection of Initiator and Catalyst;37
7.4.2;4.2 Sterilization Techniques;38
7.5;5 Commercially Available Medical Grade Polymers;39
7.5.1;5.1 Silicone Rubbers;39
7.5.2;5.2 Polyaryletheretherketones;40
7.6;6 Summary;41
7.7;References;41
8;2 Sustainable Routes for Synthesis of Poly(?-Caprolactone): Prospects in Chemical Industries;48
8.1;1 Introduction;48
8.2;2 Ring-Opening Polymerization of ?-Caprolactone;50
8.2.1;2.1 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization;51
8.2.2;2.2 Coordination–Insertion Polymerization;51
8.3;3 Caprolactone from Biomass;52
8.3.1;3.1 Extraction of Hydroxymethylfurfural from Biomass;53
8.4;4 Caprolactone from Petroleum Resources;55
8.5;5 Microbial Synthesis of Caprolactone;55
8.6;6 Future Prospects in Chemical Industries;56
8.7;References;56
9;3 Polymers from Carbon Dioxide—A Route Towards a Sustainable Future;61
9.1;1 Introduction;62
9.2;2 Carbon Dioxide: Potential as a Monomer;63
9.2.1;2.1 CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization;63
9.2.2;2.2 CO2/Alkyne Copolymerization;65
9.2.3;2.3 CO2/Olefin Copolymerization;66
9.2.4;2.4 CO2/Diol Copolymerization;67
9.2.5;2.5 Other Methods;69
9.3;3 Existing Technologies for Making Polymers from CO2;72
9.4;4 Current Challenges and Future Scope;72
9.5;References;73
10;4 Production, Characterization, and Applications of Biodegradable Polymer: Polyhydroxyalkanoates;76
10.1;1 Introduction;77
10.1.1;1.1 Historical Overview;79
10.1.2;1.2 General Structure and Classification of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs);79
10.1.3;1.3 Physical Properties of PHA;80
10.2;2 Production of PHAs;82
10.2.1;2.1 PHA-Producing Microorganisms;82
10.2.2;2.2 Substrates for PHAs Production;85
10.3;3 PHAs Extraction from Microorganism;95
10.3.1;3.1 Solvent Extraction;95
10.3.2;3.2 Digestion Method;95
10.3.3;3.3 Mechanical Disruption;96
10.3.4;3.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction;96
10.3.5;3.5 Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction;97
10.3.6;3.6 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction;97
10.4;4 Characterization of PHA;98
10.4.1;4.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy;98
10.4.2;4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy;99
10.4.3;4.3 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;99
10.4.4;4.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);100
10.4.5;4.5 Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA and DTG);101
10.4.6;4.6 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC);102
10.4.7;4.7 Mechanical Properties (Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus, and Elongation at Break);103
10.5;5 Biodegradability of PHAs;105
10.6;6 Application of PHAs;106
10.6.1;6.1 Medical Sector;106
10.6.2;6.2 Agricultural Sector;107
10.6.3;6.3 Industrial Sector;107
10.7;7 Challenges in PHAs Production;108
10.8;8 Conclusion;109
10.9;References;110
11;5 Alternating Copolymers Based on Amino Acids and Peptides;120
11.1;1 Introduction;121
11.2;2 Different Synthetic Strategies;122
11.3;3 Mechanistic Models on Styrene–Maleic Anhydride Radical Copolymerization;125
11.4;4 Recent Development of Alternating Copolymers Containing Amino Acids and Peptides;125
11.5;5 General Applications Originated from Alternating Architectures;135
11.6;6 Conclusions;137
11.7;References;138
12;6 Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and their Composites: Candidates for Resorbable Sutures;145
12.1;1 Introduction;146
12.2;2 Suture;146
12.2.1;2.1 Characteristics of Suture;147
12.3;3 Classification of Suture Materials;148
12.3.1;3.1 Selection of Suture;149
12.3.2;3.2 Fabrication of Sutures;150
12.4;4 Biodegradable Suture;153
12.4.1;4.1 Biodegradable Polymer-Based Suture (BPBS);154
12.4.2;4.2 Biodegradable Composite-Based Sutures (BCBS);155
12.4.3;4.3 Advantages of BCBS Over BPBS;157
12.5;5 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers;158
12.5.1;5.1 Magnetic Field Responsive Polymers;159
12.5.2;5.2 Electric Field Responsive Polymers;160
12.5.3;5.3 Temperature and pH Responsive Polymers;161
12.5.4;5.4 Chemical Environment, Photo Effect, Sonication and Other Stimulus;161
12.6;6 Resorbable Sutures: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies;163
12.7;7 Future Perspectives;164
12.8;References;165
13;7 Biocompatible Thermoresponsive Polymers: Property and Synthesis;169
13.1;1 Introduction;173
13.2;2 Selected Thermoresponsive Polymers and Their Behavior;175
13.2.1;2.1 Poly(N-Alkylacrylamide);175
13.2.2;2.2 Poly(N-Vinyl Caprolactam) (PVCa);177
13.2.3;2.3 Poly(Methyl Vinyl Ether) (PMVE);178
13.2.4;2.4 Poly(N-Ethyl Oxazoline) (PEtOx);178
13.2.5;2.5 Poly(Acrylic Acid-Co-Acrylamide);178
13.3;3 Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Polymers in Solution Using Different Polymerization Techniques;178
13.3.1;3.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP);180
13.3.2;3.2 Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization;185
13.3.3;3.3 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP);192
13.4;4 Thermoresponsive Polymers on Surfaces Using Different Surface Polymerization Techniques;197
13.5;5 Conclusion;199
13.6;References;201
14;8 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in Ionic Liquids: A Sustainable Process;206
14.1;1 Introduction;206
14.2;2 Polymerization of Methacrylates in ILs;207
14.2.1;2.1 Polymerization Kinetics of Methacrylates in ILs;210
14.2.2;2.2 Recovery and Reuse of ILs;212
14.3;3 Conclusion;214
14.4;References;214
15;9 Creation of Electrically and Optically Functional Materials from Cellulose Derivatives via Simple Modification and Orientation Control;217
15.1;1 Introduction;217
15.2;2 Improvement of Dielectric Constant;219
15.2.1;2.1 Background;219
15.2.2;2.2 Sample Preparation;220
15.2.3;2.3 Fundamental Characterization of Cm-CyEC;220
15.2.4;2.4 Stretching and Segmental Orientation;222
15.2.5;2.5 Dielectric Properties;224
15.2.6;2.6 Summary and Future Prospects;225
15.3;3 Birefringence Control;225
15.3.1;3.1 Background;225
15.3.2;3.2 CA-Graft-PLLA: Discontinuous Birefringence Change Accompanying Branch Chain Length;226
15.3.3;3.3 CA-Graft-PMMA: Reversal of Polarity of Birefringence Due to Increase in Graft Chain Length;229
15.3.4;3.4 Summary;231
15.4;4 Dual Mechanochromism;231
15.4.1;4.1 Background;231
15.4.2;4.2 Preparation of ChLC Film by Combining Cellulose Derivative and Synthetic Polymer;232
15.4.3;4.3 Color Tone Change by Compressing EC/PAA Films;232
15.4.4;4.4 Circular Dichroism Inversion by Compression of EC/PAA Film;233
15.4.5;4.5 Mechanism of CD Inversion;234
15.4.6;4.6 Future Prospects;234
15.5;References;235
16;10 Biocompatible Anisotropic Designer Particles;238
16.1;1 Introduction;239
16.2;2 Fabrication of Polylactide-Based Multicompartmental Microparticles/Cylinders/Fibers Using Electrohydrodynamic Co-jetting Technique;241
16.3;3 Controlled Bending Transitions of Compositionally Anisotropic Microcylinders;245
16.4;4 Chemically Orthogonal Three-Patch Particles;247
16.5;5 Selective In Vitro Hydrolytic Degradation of Compositionally Anisotropic Microparticles;251
16.6;6 Compositionally Anisotropic Bicompartmental Particles for Dual-Drug Delivery;252
16.7;7 Conclusion;255
16.8;References;255
17;11 Development of Biomass-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals and its Composites;258
17.1;1 Introduction;258
17.2;2 Cellulose Nanocrystals;260
17.2.1;2.1 Structural Arrangement of Cellulose;260
17.2.2;2.2 Cellulosic Nanomaterials;261
17.2.3;2.3 Various Crystalline forms of Cellulose Nanocrystals;262
17.2.4;2.4 Dimensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals;263
17.3;3 Biomass-Based Sustainable Sources of Cellulose Nanocrystals;264
17.3.1;3.1 Lignocellulosic Sources;264
17.3.2;3.2 Algal Sources and Bacterial Sources;265
17.3.3;3.3 Other Sources;265
17.4;4 Various Extraction Techniques of Cellulose Nanocrystals;266
17.4.1;4.1 Acid Hydrolysis;267
17.4.2;4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis;271
17.4.3;4.3 Mechanical Methods;272
17.4.4;4.4 Oxidation Methods;273
17.4.5;4.5 Ionic Liquid Treatment;274
17.4.6;4.6 Subcritical Water Hydrolysis;276
17.4.7;4.7 Combined Processes;277
17.4.8;4.8 Purification and Fractionation;278
17.5;5 Typical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Its Composites;279
17.5.1;5.1 Mechanical Properties;279
17.5.2;5.2 Rheological Properties;280
17.5.3;5.3 Surface Modification/Functionalization;282
17.6;6 Conclusion;284
17.7;References;284
18;12 Biodegradable Nanocomposite Foams: Processing, Structure, and Properties;291
18.1;1 Introduction;291
18.1.1;1.1 Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA);294
18.2;2 Fabrication of Polymeric Foams;295
18.2.1;2.1 Batch Foaming Process;295
18.2.2;2.2 Continuous Foaming Process;296
18.3;3 Polymer Foaming Technology;297
18.3.1;3.1 Physical Foaming;297
18.3.2;3.2 Reactive Foaming;298
18.4;4 Recent Advances in Biodegradable PLA-Based Foams;299
18.5;5 Nanostructured Materials in PLA-Based Foams;302
18.5.1;5.1 PLA- and Silk Fibroin-Based Nanocomposite Foams;302
18.5.2;5.2 PLA and Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Foams;303
18.5.3;5.3 PLA- and Nanochitosan-Based Nanocomposite Foams;303
18.5.4;5.4 PLA- and Nanogum-Based Nanocomposite Foams;304
18.6;6 Other Bio-based Sustainable Foams;304
18.7;References;306
19;13 Biodegradable Copolyester-Based Natural Fibers–Polymer Composites: Morphological, Mechanical, and Degradation Behavior;309
19.1;1 Introduction;310
19.2;2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques;311
19.2.1;2.1 Preparation of Micro-and Nanocrystalline Cellulose;311
19.2.2;2.2 Preparation of Polymer Composites;313
19.2.3;2.3 Characterization Techniques;314
19.3;3 Natural Fibers and Degradable Green Composites;319
19.3.1;3.1 Natural Fiber Composites;319
19.3.2;3.2 Degradable Polymer Composites;320
19.3.3;3.3 Completely Degradable Green Polymer Composites;323
19.4;4 Biodegradation Mechanisms;329
19.5;5 Summary, Trends, and New Opportunities;330
19.6;References;331
20;14 DSC and SWAXS Studies on the Effects of Silk Nanocrystals on Crystallization of Poly(l-Lactic Acid);340
20.1;1 Introduction;340
20.2;2 Experimental;341
20.2.1;2.1 Results and Discussion;343
20.3;3 Conclusion;357
20.4;References;357
21;15 Mimicking Smart Textile by Fabricating Stereocomplex Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposite Fibers;359
21.1;1 Introduction;360
21.1.1;1.1 Smart Textile;361
21.2;2 Nanotechnology;363
21.2.1;2.1 Organic Nanoparticle;363
21.2.2;2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles;367
21.3;3 Different Preparation Techniques for Organic and Inorganic Nanomaterials;369
21.3.1;3.1 Non-biodegradable Polyester as Fibers;369
21.3.2;3.2 Natural and Synthetic Fiber Composites;370
21.4;4 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA);371
21.4.1;4.1 PLA as Composite Fibers;372
21.4.2;4.2 Stereocomplex PLA Fibers;374
21.5;5 Conclusion and Future Scope;376
21.6;References;377
22;16 Life Cycle Assessment of Chitosan;381
22.1;1 Introduction;382
22.2;2 Intended Purpose, Methods, and Variants of LCA;383
22.2.1;2.1 Phases of LCA;384
22.2.2;2.2 Process Variants of LCA;386
22.3;3 Origin of Chitosan: A Class of Polysaccharides;387
22.3.1;3.1 Storage Polysaccharides;387
22.3.2;3.2 Structural Polysaccharides;388
22.4;4 History Outline of Chitosan;389
22.4.1;4.1 Routes of Chitosan Fabrication;390
22.4.2;4.2 Properties of Chitosan;390
22.4.3;4.3 Applications of Chitosan;393
22.5;5 LCA of Chitosan and Related Products;396
22.5.1;5.1 LCA of Chitosan Production;396
22.5.2;5.2 LCA of Chitosan as Edible Coatings and Films;398
22.5.3;5.3 LCA of Chitosan as Flocculation and Adhesives;399
22.6;6 Conclusion;400
22.7;References;400
23;17 Recent Trends and Advances in the Biodegradation of Conventional Plastics;406
23.1;1 Introduction;406
23.2;2 Types of Plastics;408
23.2.1;2.1 Natural Plastics;408
23.2.2;2.2 Synthetic Plastics;408
23.3;3 Biodegradation of Plastics;409
23.3.1;3.1 Factors Affecting Plastic Biodegradation;411
23.4;4 Recent Advances in Biodegradation of Plastics;412
23.5;5 Challenges and Future Directions;416
23.6;References;417