Kavanagh Analytical Microbiology

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7054-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 724 Seiten, Web PDF

Analytical Microbiology focuses on the processes, methodologies, developments, and approaches involved in analytical microbiology, including microbiological, antibiotic, and amino acid assays and dilution methods. The selection first offers information on the theory of antibiotic inhibition zones, microbiological assay using large plate methods, and dilution methods of antibiotic assays. Discussions focus on serial dilution assay, requirements for accurate assay, microbiological assay of riboflavin, laws of adsorption and partition, mechanisms of antibiotic action, and biological considerations affecting the use of statistical methods. The text then ponders on the elements of photometric assaying and automation of microbiological assays. The manuscript elaborates on antibiotic substances, vitamins, and amino acids. Topics include assay organisms, validity, specificity, reliability, and calculation of results of amino acid assays, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, erythromycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. The selection is a dependable reference for researchers interested in analytical microbiology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kavanagh, Frederick

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analytical Microbiology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Contributor;6
6;Preface;8
7;CHAPTER 1. The Theory of Antibiotic Inhibition Zones;18
7.1;I. Introduction. The Principles Involved;18
7.2;II. The Laws of Diffusion;21
7.3;III. The Laws of Growth and Multiplication;55
7.4;IV. The Laws of Adsorption and Partition;73
7.5;V. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action;83
7.6;VI. Some Biological Considerations Affecting the Use of Statistical Methods;88
7.7;VII. Other Uses of Diffusion Methods;95
7.8;VIM. Sensitivity Tests;98
7.9;IX. Summary of Antibiotic Zone Formation;100
7.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;103
8;CHAPTER 2. Microbiological Assay Using Large Plate Methods;104
8.1;I. Introduction;105
8.2;II. Requirements for Accurate Assay;107
8.3;III. Assay Designs;111
8.4;IV. Microbiological Assay of Penicillin;118
8.5;V. Microbiological Assay of Riboflavin;128
8.6;VI. Interpretation of Results;134
8.7;VII. Sources of Errors;135
8.8;VIII. Validity of Assay;138
9;CHAPTER 3. Dilution Methods of Antibiotic Assays;142
9.1;I. Streak-Plate Method;142
9.2;II. Serial Dilution Assay;143
9.3;III. Antiluminescent Assay;155
10;CHAPTER 4. Elements of Photometric Assaying;158
10.1;I. Introduction;159
10.2;II. Physical Factors Influencing Turbidity;160
10.3;III. Calibration of Photometers;166
10.4;IV. Inoculum;176
10.5;V. Media;183
10.6;VI. Incubation;186
10.7;VII. Response of Bacteria;191
10.8;VIII. Modes of Expressing Response;197
10.9;IX. Design and Validity;211
10.10;X. Sensitivity;220
10.11;XI. Meaning of a Photometric Response;221
10.12;XII. Variations and Errors;223
11;CHAPTER 5. Automation of Microbiological Assays;236
11.1;I. Introduction;236
11.2;II. Mechanization of Manual Methods;237
11.3;III. Continuous Flow Methods;243
11.4;IV. Computations;262
12;CHAPTER 6. Antibiotic Substances;266
12.1;Part I: Antibacterial Assays;266
12.1.1;6.1 Introduction;266
12.1.1.1;I. Plan of the Chapter;266
12.1.1.2;II. Sources of Standard Preparations;267
12.1.1.3;III. Interferences;269
12.1.1.4;IV. Solubilities;272
12.1.2;6.2 Bacitracin;278
12.1.2.1;I. Introduction;278
12.1.2.2;II. Test Organisms;279
12.1.2.3;III. Standard Solutions;279
12.1.2.4;IV. Sample Preparation;279
12.1.2.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;279
12.1.2.6;VI. Measuring the Response;281
12.1.2.7;VII. Computation of Answers;281
12.1.3;6.3 Cephalosporin C;282
12.1.3.1;I. Introduction;282
12.1.3.2;II. Plate Assay;283
12.1.3.3;III. Large Plate Assay;285
12.1.4;6.4 Chloramphenicol;288
12.1.4.1;I. Introduction;288
12.1.4.2;II. Cylinder Plate Assay Method;289
12.1.4.3;III. Turbidimetric Assay Method;295
12.1.5;6.5 Dihydrostreptomycin;300
12.1.5.1;I. Introduction;300
12.1.5.2;II. Turbidimetric Assay;301
12.1.5.3;III. Plate Assay for Dihydrostreptomycin and Streptomycin;302
12.1.6;6.6 Erythromycin;306
12.1.6.1;I. Introduction;306
12.1.6.2;II. Turbidimetric Method;307
12.1.6.3;III. Plate Assay;309
12.1.7;6.7 Fumagillin;312
12.1.7.1;I. Introduction;312
12.1.7.2;II. Plate Method;313
12.1.7.3;III. Spectrophotometric Method;317
12.1.7.4;IV. Other Methods;317
12.1.8;6.8 Hygromycin B;320
12.1.8.1;I. Introduction;320
12.1.8.2;II. Test Organism;320
12.1.8.3;III. Standard Solutions;321
12.1.8.4;IV. Sample Preparation;321
12.1.8.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;323
12.1.8.6;VI. Measuring the Response;324
12.1.8.7;VII. Computation of Answers;324
12.1.9;6.9 Neomycin;326
12.1.9.1;I. Introduction;326
12.1.9.2;II. Test Organisms;327
12.1.9.3;III. Standard Solutions;327
12.1.9.4;IV. Sample Preparation;327
12.1.9.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;327
12.1.9.6;VI. Measuring the Response;329
12.1.9.7;VII. Computation of Answers;329
12.1.10;6.10 Penicillins;330
12.1.10.1;I. Introduction;331
12.1.10.2;II. Photometric Assay;333
12.1.10.3;III. Petri Plate Assay;344
12.1.10.4;IV. Large Plate Assay;357
12.1.10.5;V. Hydroxamic Acid Method;357
12.1.11;6.11 Penicillin V;364
12.1.11.1;I. Photometric Method;364
12.1.11.2;II. Plate Method;364
12.1.12;6.12 Polymyxin;366
12.1.12.1;I. Introduction;366
12.1.12.2;II. Test Organism;367
12.1.12.3;III. Standard Solutions;367
12.1.12.4;IV. Sample Preparation;367
12.1.12.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;367
12.1.12.6;VI. Measuring the Response;369
12.1.12.7;VII. Computation of Answers;369
12.1.13;6.13 Ristocetin;370
12.1.13.1;I. Introduction;370
12.1.13.2;II. Turbidimetric Method;371
12.1.13.3;III. Blood Assay Method;373
12.1.13.4;IV. Plate Method;374
12.1.13.5;V. Salt Plate Method;377
12.1.14;6.14 Streptomycin;378
12.1.14.1;I. Introduction;378
12.1.14.2;II. Turbidimetric Assay;378
12.1.14.3;III. Plate Assay;378
12.1.15;6.15 Tetracydines;380
12.1.15.1;Text;380
12.1.16;6.16 Thiostrepton;382
12.1.16.1;I. Introduction;382
12.1.16.2;II. Test Organism;383
12.1.16.3;III. Preparation of Standards and Samples for Assay;383
12.1.16.4;IV. Assay Design;384
12.1.16.5;V. Thiostrepton in Milk;384
12.1.17;6.17 Tylosin;386
12.1.17.1;I. Introduction;386
12.1.17.2;II. Photometric Assay;387
12.1.17.3;III. Plate Assay;388
12.1.18;6.18 Vancomycin;392
12.1.18.1;I. Introduction;392
12.1.18.2;II. Turbidimetric Method;393
12.1.18.3;III. Bacillus subfilis Plate Assay;394
12.1.18.4;IV. Staphlyococcus oureus Plate Assay;396
12.1.19;6.19 Media and Buffers;398
12.1.19.1;Text;398
12.2;Part II: Antifungal Assays;404
12.2.1;I. Introduction;404
12.2.2;II. Turbidimetric Methods;408
12.2.3;III. Agar Dilution Assay Method;414
12.2.4;IV. Diffusion in Agar;416
12.2.5;V. Respirometric Method of Assay;423
13;CHAPTER 7. Vitamins;428
13.1;7.1 Introduction;428
13.1.1;Text;428
13.2;7.2 pH as Assay Response;432
13.2.1;Text;432
13.3;7.3 Specificity;434
13.3.1;Text;434
13.4;7.4 Biotin;438
13.4.1;I. Test Organism;439
13.4.2;II. Standard Solution;439
13.4.3;III. Stability of Compound;439
13.4.4;IV. Preparation of Samples for Assay;440
13.4.5;V. Preservation of the Test Organism;440
13.4.6;VI. Preparation of Inoculum;441
13.4.7;VII. Medium;441
13.4.8;VIII. Design of the Assay;442
13.4.9;IX. Assay Conditions;443
13.4.10;X. Reading the Assay;443
13.4.11;XI. Computation of Answers;445
13.4.12;XII. Other Assay Methods for Biotin;445
13.5;7.5 The Folic Acid Group;448
13.5.1;I. Introduction;449
13.5.2;II. Preparation of Samples for Assay;463
13.5.3;III. Microbiological Assay Methods;470
13.5.4;IV. Agar Diffusion Methods;495
13.5.5;V. Chemical Methods for Folic Acid;501
13.5.6;VI. Critical Evaluation of the Microbiological Assay of Folic Acid and Related Compounds;502
13.6;7.6 Agar Plate Assays for Pantothenic Acid, Inositol, and Pyridoxine;506
13.6.1;I. Introduction;506
13.6.2;II. Test Organism;508
13.6.3;III. Standard Solutions;508
13.6.4;IV. Sample Preparation;508
13.6.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;509
13.6.6;VI. Measuring the Response;511
13.6.7;VII. Computation of Answers;512
13.7;7.7 Pantothenic Acid and Related Compounds;514
13.7.1;I. Introduction;514
13.7.2;II. Methods of Treating Natural Products to Release Total Pantothenate Activity;517
13.7.3;III. Assay Procedures for Components of Co A in Natural Products;520
13.7.4;IV. Assay Procedures for Pantothenic Acid and Panthenol in Pharmaceutical Products;527
13.8;7.8 Riboflavin;536
13.8.1;Text;536
13.9;7.9 Turbidimetric Assay for Thiamine;538
13.9.1;I. Test Organism;539
13.9.2;II. Standard Solution;539
13.9.3;III. Stability of Compound;539
13.9.4;IV. Preparation of Sample for Assay;539
13.9.5;V. Preservation of Test Organism;540
13.9.6;VI. Preparation of Inoculum;541
13.9.7;VII. Media;541
13.9.8;VIII. Design of Assay;541
13.9.9;IX. Assay Conditions;542
13.9.10;X. Reading the Assay;542
13.9.11;XI. Calculation of Results;542
13.10;7.10 Vitamin Bu and Congeners;544
13.10.1;I. Introduction;544
13.10.2;II. Turbidimetric Methods;547
13.10.3;III. Plate Methods;561
13.10.4;IV. Nonmicrobiological Methods;566
13.11;7.11 Lactobacillus leichmannii Assay for Vitamin B12;568
13.11.1;I. Test Organism;569
13.11.2;II. Standard Solutions;570
13.11.3;III. Stability of Cobalamins;570
13.11.4;IV. Activity and pH;571
13.11.5;V. Preparation of Sample for Assay;571
13.11.6;VI. Preservation of Test Organisms;575
13.11.7;VII. Preparation of Inoculum;576
13.11.8;VIII. Media;576
13.11.9;IX. Design of the Assay;580
13.11.10;X. Assay Conditions;580
13.11.11;X1. Special Precautions;580
13.11.12;XII. Reading the Assay;582
14;CHAPTER 8. Amino Acids;584
14.1;I. Introduction;585
14.2;II. Comparison of Microbiological Assays to Other Available Methods;586
14.3;III. The Assay Organisms;588
14.4;IV. The Lactic Acid Bacteria (Lactobacteriaceae);597
14.5;V. Measurement of Response to Amino Acids;617
14.6;VI. Validity, Specificity, Reliability, and Calculation of Results of Amino Acid Assays;623
14.7;VII. Preparation of Sample for Assay;630
14.8;VIII. Assay Media;638
14.9;IX. Apparatus, Instruments, General Methods, and Techniques;643
14.10;X. Recommended Turbidimetric Assays;660
14.11;XI. Recommended Titrimetric Assays;682
14.12;XII. Alternative Methods for Amino Acid Assays;686
14.13;XIII. Inhibition Assays;688
15;CHAPTER 9. Glucose;692
15.1;I. Organism;692
15.2;II. Inoculum;692
15.3;III. Glucose Assay;693
16;Author Index;696
17;Subject Index;709