Kavanagh Analytical Microbiology

Volume II
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7055-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 650 Seiten, Web PDF

Analytical Microbiology, Volume II is a six-chapter work that covers the significant changes and improvements made in the theory and practice of analytical microbiology. The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical aspects of assaying of specific compounds. These topics are followed by discussions of the theoretical and practical aspects of diffusions assays, as well as the theoretical developments of photometric methods of assay, including their improvement resulting from automation. A chapter explores the assay methods for various antibiotic groups. Another chapter discusses the advances in assay technology and analytically important interrelations among the folic acid complex. The last chapter describes a simple diffusion method designed for the assay of certain amino acids in a wide variety of samples. This book will prove useful to analytical microbiologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kavanagh, Frederick

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analytical Microbiology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;List of Contributors;16
6;Preface;20
7;Contents of Volume I;22
8;Errata and Additions (Volume I);25
9;Chapter 1. Introduction;28
9.1;I. Introduction;28
9.2;II. Official Methods;30
9.3;III. Causes of Assay Error;31
9.4;IV. Some Definitions;36
9.5;REFERENCES;39
10;Chapter 2. Diffusion Assays;40
10.1;2.1 THE THEORY OF ANTIBIOTIC DIFFUSION ZONES;40
10.1.1;I. Introduction;40
10.1.2;II. Diffusion;41
10.1.3;III. Growth and Multiplication;42
10.1.4;IV. Adsorption;44
10.1.5;V. Mechanisms of Action;46
10.1.6;VI. Assay;47
10.1.7;VII. Special Methods;52
10.1.8;VIII. Sensitivity Tests;54
10.1.9;IX. Exhibition Zones;56
10.1.10;REFERENCES;56
10.2;2.2 AN APPROACH TO ACCURATE DIFFUSION ASSAYS;58
10.2.1;I. Introduction;58
10.2.2;II. Operations;59
10.2.3;REFERENCES;69
11;Chapter 3. Photometric Assaying;70
11.1;I. Introduction;71
11.2;II. Kinetics of Drug and Microbe Interaction;71
11.3;III. Scattering of Light by Microorganisms;74
11.4;IV. Measurement of Turbidity;76
11.5;V. Dose-Response Lines;87
11.6;VI. Assay Errors;114
11.7;VII. Automation;119
11.8;VIII. Designing an Antibiotic Assay;128
11.9;REFERENCES;146
12;Chapter 4. Antibiotic Substances;150
12.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;150
12.1.1;I. Plan of Chapter;150
12.1.2;II. Sources of Standards;151
12.1.3;III. Outline of F.D.A. Methods;152
12.1.4;IV. Interference Thresholds in F.D.A. Assays;161
12.1.5;V. Solubilities of Antibiotics;162
12.1.6;VI. Buffers and Media;171
12.1.7;REFERENCES;171
12.2;4.2 AMPHOTERICIN B AND NYSTATIN;174
12.2.1;I. Introduction;174
12.2.2;II. Turbidimetric Methods;175
12.2.3;III. Agar Diffusion Methods;178
12.2.4;IV. Respirometric Methods;190
12.2.5;V. Nystatin and Amphotericin B in Body Fluids and Animal Tissues;198
12.2.6;VI. Method for Nystatin in Animal Feed;210
12.2.7;REFERENCES;211
12.3;4.3 CAPREOMYCIN;214
12.3.1;I. Introduction;214
12.3.2;II. Photometric Assay;215
12.3.3;III. Plate Assay;217
12.3.4;IV. Chromatographic Separation of Capreomycins I and II;217
12.3.5;REFERENCES;218
12.4;4.4 BIOCHEMISTRY OF CEPHALOSPORINS;220
12.4.1;I. Introduction;220
12.4.2;II. Enzymic Degradation;222
12.4.3;III. Stability in Solution;224
12.4.4;IV. Sample Preparation;226
12.4.5;V. Assay Methods;226
12.4.6;VI. Interpretation of Assays;228
12.4.7;REFERENCES;231
12.5;4.5 CEPHALEXIN;234
12.5.1;I. Introduction;234
12.5.2;II. Sample Preparation;234
12.5.3;III. Plate Assay;235
12.5.4;IV. Bioautography;236
12.6;4.6 CEPHALOGLYCIN;238
12.6.1;I. Introduction;238
12.6.2;II. Sample Preparation;238
12.6.3;III. Plate Assay;239
12.6.4;IV. Photometric Assay;239
12.6.5;V. Bioautography;240
12.6.6;4.7 CEPHALORIDINE;242
12.6.7;I. Introduction;242
12.6.8;II. Microbiological Assays;243
12.6.9;REFERENCE;243
12.7;4.8 CEPHALOTHIN;244
12.7.1;I. Introduction;244
12.7.2;II. Plate Assays;245
12.7.3;III. Photometrie Assay;246
12.7.4;IV. Bioautography;246
12.7.5;REFERENCE;246
12.8;4.9 LARGE PLATE ASSAY OF CEPHALORIDINE;248
12.8.1;I. Introduction;248
12.8.2;II. Test Organism;248
12.8.3;III. Preparation of Concentrated and Dilute Spore Suspensions;249
12.8.4;IV. Standard Solutions;250
12.8.5;V. Sample Preparation;250
12.8.6;VI. Mechanics of the Assay;250
12.9;4.10 ASSAY OF MIXTURES OF ACTIVE AND INACTIVE CEPHALOSPORINS;254
12.9.1;I. Introduction;254
12.9.2;II. Organisms;255
12.9.3;III. Assay of Cephaloridine or Cephalothin;256
12.9.4;IV. Assay of ß-Lactamase-Resistant Cephalosporins;257
12.9.5;V. Assay of Mixtures of Both Types of Cephalosporins;258
12.9.6;REFERENCE;260
12.10;4.11 RAPID ASSAY OF SOME NEPHROTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS AND THE ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MIXTURES;262
12.10.1;I. Introduction;262
12.10.2;II. Plate Methods;264
12.10.3;III. Other Methods;272
12.10.4;IV. Assay of Mixtures of Penicillins and Cephalosporins in
the Presence of a Third Antibiotic;273
12.10.5;REFERENCES;274
12.11;4.12 CLINDAMYCIN;276
12.11.1;I. Microbiological Assay;276
12.11.2;II. Vapor Phase Chromatography;276
12.11.3;REFERENCES;277
12.12;4.13 CYCLOHEXIMIDE;278
12.12.1;I. Introduction;278
12.12.2;II. Paper-Disc Agar-Diffusion Assay;278
12.12.3;III. Cylinder Plate Assay;279
12.12.4;REFERENCES;280
12.13;4.14 CYCLOSERINE;282
12.13.1;I. Introduction;282
12.13.2;II. High-Level Plate Assay;285
12.13.3;III. Low-Level Plate Assay;287
12.13.4;IV. Chemical Assay;289
12.13.5;REFERENCES;290
12.14;4.15 ERYTHROMYCIN;292
12.14.1;I. Introduction;292
12.14.2;II. Hydrolysis of Esters;293
12.14.3;III. Stability of Solutions;294
12.14.4;IV. Turbidimetric Assay;295
12.14.5;V. Diffusion Assay;295
12.14.6;REFERENCES;296
12.15;4.16 GENTAMICIN;298
12.15.1;I. Introduction;298
12.15.2;II. Plate Assay;299
12.15.3;III. Differential Chromatographic Bioassay For Gentamicin Complex;301
12.15.4;IV. Differential Chromatographic Bioassay (Official FDA Procedure);305
12.15.5;V. Differential Ninhydrin Chromatographic Assay;307
12.15.6;REFERENCES;311
12.16;4.17 GRISEOFULVIN;312
12.16.1;I. Introduction;312
12.16.2;II. Plate Assay;312
12.17;4.18 LINCOMYCIN;316
12.17.1;I. Introduction;316
12.17.2;II. Cylinder Plate Method;317
12.17.3;III. Blood Assay Method;318
12.17.4;IV. Paper Disc Method;319
12.17.5;V. Vapor Phase Chromatography Method;319
12.17.6;REFERENCES;320
12.18;4.19 MONENSIN;322
12.18.1;I. Introduction;322
12.18.2;II. Design of the Turbidimetric Assay;323
12.18.3;III. Test Organism;324
12.18.4;IV. Standard Solutions;324
12.18.5;V. Preparation of Samples of Feeds;324
12.18.6;VI. Mechanics of the Sensitive Assay;325
12.18.7;VII. Interfering Substances;328
12.18.8;VIII. Assay of Low Sensitivity;329
12.18.9;IX. Manual Method;329
12.18.10;REFERENCES;329
12.19;4.20 NEOMYCIN;332
12.19.1;I. Introduction;332
12.19.2;II. Chemical Structures;333
12.19.3;III. Response Differences of Neomycins B and C;333
12.19.4;IV. The Standards Dilemma;334
12.19.5;V. Diffusion Methods;334
12.19.6;VI. Turbidimetric Assay;339
12.19.7;REFERENCES;339
12.20;4.21 NOVOBIOCIN;342
12.20.1;I. Introduction;342
12.20.2;II. Test Organism;343
12.20.3;III. Stock Standard Solution;343
12.20.4;IV. Sample Preparation;344
12.20.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;344
12.20.6;VI. Novobiocin in Serum;345
12.20.7;VII. Novobiocin in Urine;346
12.20.8;REFERENCES;346
12.21;4.22 PRESERVATIVES;348
12.21.1;I. Introduction;348
12.21.2;II. Test Organisms;349
12.21.3;III. Standard Solutions;349
12.21.4;IV. Sample Preparation;351
12.21.5;V. Mechanics of the Assay;351
12.22;4.23 PYRROLNITRIN;356
12.22.1;I. Introduction;356
12.22.2;II. Agar Diffusion and Tube Dilution Sensitivity Test Methods;357
12.22.3;III. Paper-Disc Agar-Diffusion Assay Method for Fermentation and Isolation Samples;359
12.22.4;IV. Microbiological Determination of the Duration of Pyrrolnitrin Applied Topically in Vivo;363
12.22.5;REFERENCES;364
12.23;4.24 SPECTINOMYCIN;366
12.23.1;I. Introduction;366
12.23.2;II. Diffusion Assays;367
12.23.3;III. Turbidimetric Assay;368
12.23.4;REFERENCES;368
12.24;4.25 THIMEROSAL;370
12.24.1;I. Introduction;370
12.24.2;II. Design of a Photometric Assay;370
12.24.3;III. Organism and Inoculum;371
12.24.4;IV. Standard;371
12.24.5;V. Preparation of Samples;372
12.24.6;VI. Assay Medium;372
12.24.7;VII. Test Set Up;372
12.25;4.26 THIOSTREPTON;374
12.25.1;I. Introduction;374
12.25.2;II. Agar Diffusion Methods;375
12.25.3;III. Automated Turbidimetric Method;378
12.25.4;REFERENCES;381
12.26;4.27 TOLNAFTATE;382
12.26.1;I. Introduction;382
12.26.2;II. Plate Assay;382
12.26.3;REFERENCE;384
12.27;4.28 TYLOSIN IN FEEDS;386
12.27.1;I. Introduction;386
12.27.2;II. Preparation of Samples for Assay;386
12.27.3;III. Details of the Assay;388
12.27.4;IV. Commentary;389
12.28;4.29 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF THE TETRACYCLINES;392
12.28.1;I. Introduction;392
12.28.2;II. General Conditions;395
12.28.3;III. Turbidimetric Assay;398
12.28.4;IV. Agar Diffusion Assays;401
12.28.5;REFERENCES;409
13;Chapter 5. Folic Acid and Pteridine;412
13.1;INTRODUCTION;412
13.2;5.1 CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF FOLIC ACID;414
13.2.1;I. Nomenclature and Structure;414
13.2.2;II. Properties;415
13.2.3;III. Reactions and Interconversions of Folic Acid;419
13.2.4;IV. Microbiological Activity of Various Forms of Folic Acid;424
13.2.5;V. Metabolic Reactions of Folic Acid Coenzymes;426
13.2.6;REFERENCES;433
13.3;5.2 DIFFERENTIAL ASSAYS OF FOLIC ACID IN ANIMAL TISSUES;436
13.3.1;I. Introduction;436
13.3.2;II. Evolution of Folate Assay Procedures;439
13.3.3;III. Use of Combined Criteria for Differential Assays of Folates;441
13.3.4;IV. Recommended Procedures;456
13.3.5;V. Interpretation of Results;462
13.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;463
13.3.7;REFERENCES;463
13.4;5.3 ASSAY FOR FOLIC ACID ACTIVITY IN BLOOD;466
13.4.1;I. Historical Introduction;466
13.4.2;II. Assay Microorganisms, Inoculation Broth, and Inoculum;468
13.4.3;III. Choice and Preparation of Basal Medium;473
13.4.4;IV. The Reference Standard;475
13.4.5;V. Procedures for Setting Up the Assay;478
13.4.6;VI. Calculation of the Assay Results;480
13.4.7;VII. Washing the Glassware;481
13.4.8;VIII. Choice of an Incubator for the Assays;482
13.4.9;REFERENCES;482
13.5;5.4 ASSAYS FOR UNCONJUGATED PTERIDINES (CRITHIDIA FACTOR), ALONE OR UNCONJUGATED, AND CONJUGATED PTERIDINES;484
13.5.1;I. Introduction;484
13.5.2;II. Methods Applicable to All Turbidimetric Assays;489
13.5.3;III. Specific Microbial Assay Methods;494
13.5.4;REFERENCES;503
14;Chapter 6. Large Plate Assays for Amino Acids;506
14.1;I. Introduction;507
14.2;II. General Outline of Large Plate Assays;509
14.3;III. Comparison of Large Plate Assays to Other Methods;518
14.4;IV. Test Organisms;520
14.5;V. Assay Media;534
14.6;VI. Assay Procedure;553
14.7;VII. Preparation of Samples;569
14.8;VIII. Validity and Precision of Assays;582
14.9;IX. Sources of Error;590
14.10;X. Future Developments;606
14.11;REFERENCES;611
15;Author Index;620
16;Subject Index;634