Kazmierski / Beeby Energy Harvesting Systems

Principles, Modeling and Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7566-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 169 Seiten

Kinetic energy harvesting converts movement or vibrations into electrical energy, enables battery free operation of wireless sensors and autonomous devices and facilitates their placement in locations where replacing a battery is not feasible or attractive. This book provides an introduction to operating principles and design methods of modern kinetic energy harvesting systems and explains the implications of harvested power on autonomous electronic systems design. It describes power conditioning circuits that maximize available energy and electronic systems design strategies that minimize power consumption and enable operation. The principles discussed in the book will be supported by real case studies such as battery-less monitoring sensors at water waste processing plants, embedded battery-less sensors in automotive electronics and sensor-networks built with ultra-low power wireless nodes suitable for battery-less applications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beeby, Steve

Kazmierski, Tom J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;9
4;1 Kinetic Energy Harvesting;10
4.1;1.1 Introduction;10
4.2;1.2 Principles of Kinetic Energy Harvesting;11
4.2.1;1.2.1 Transfer Function;12
4.2.2;1.2.2 Equivalent Circuit;13
4.2.3;1.2.3 Damping in Kinetic Energy Harvesters;13
4.2.4;1.2.4 Output Power of Kinetic Energy Harvesters;14
4.3;1.3 Transduction Mechanisms;17
4.3.1;1.3.1 Electromagnetic (EM) Generators;17
4.3.2;1.3.2 Piezoelectric (PZ) Generators;21
4.3.3;1.3.3 Electrostatic (ES) Generators;23
4.3.4;1.3.4 Other Transduction Mechanisms;27
4.3.5;1.3.5 Comparisons of Transduction Mechanisms;28
4.4;1.4 Introduction to Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting;31
4.5;1.5 Strategies to Tune Resonant Frequency;32
4.5.1;1.5.1 Evaluating Tuning Approaches;32
4.5.2;1.5.2 Mechanical Tuning Methods;32
4.5.3;1.5.3 Electrical Tuning Methods;55
4.6;1.6 Strategies to Widen Bandwidth;62
4.6.1;1.6.1 Generator Array;62
4.6.2;1.6.2 Amplitude Limiter;68
4.6.3;1.6.3 Coupled Oscillators;69
4.6.4;1.6.4 Non-linear Generators;69
4.6.5;1.6.5 Bi-stable Generators;76
4.7;1.7 Comparisons of Different Strategies for Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting;77
4.8;1.8 Summary;78
4.9;References;82
5;2 Modelling, Performance Optimisation and Automated Designof Mixed-Technology Energy Harvester Systems;87
5.1;2.1 Introduction;87
5.2;2.2 Energy Harvester Design Flow;89
5.3;2.3 Energy Harvester Modelling;91
5.3.1;2.3.1 Micro-generator;91
5.3.2;2.3.2 Voltage Booster;95
5.3.3;2.3.3 Supercapacitor;96
5.3.4;2.3.4 Models Comparison;96
5.4;2.4 Automatic Structure Configuration Based on HDL Model Library;100
5.5;2.5 Performance Optimisation;102
5.5.1;2.5.1 Exhaustive Search;103
5.5.2;2.5.2 Genetic Optimisation;105
5.6;2.6 Concluding Remarks;108
5.7;References;108
6;3 Simulation of Ultra-Low Power Sensor Networks;110
6.1;3.1 Introduction;110
6.1.1;3.1.1 Scenario Analysis;113
6.2;3.2 Design Space and Design Issues;114
6.2.1;3.2.1 Issues;114
6.2.2;3.2.2 Partitioning;117
6.2.3;3.2.3 How to Solve the Issues;118
6.2.4;3.2.4 SystemC;118
6.2.5;3.2.5 SystemC AMS;120
6.2.6;3.2.6 Network Level Simulation;123
6.3;3.3 Modeling Strategies for Power Simulation;124
6.3.1;3.3.1 Power Analysis;125
6.3.2;3.3.2 Example: State Machine;127
6.3.3;3.3.3 Modelling the Channel (Air);127
6.4;3.4 TUV Building Block Library;128
6.4.1;3.4.1 Introduction to Example Implementation of a Transceiver System;128
6.4.2;3.4.2 Why Simulate Analog Components;129
6.4.3;3.4.3 What Is OFDM?;130
6.4.4;3.4.4 Full-Fledged OFDM Transceiver System;131
6.4.5;3.4.5 OFDM Transceiver with Library Usage;144
6.4.6;3.4.6 Advantage of High-Level Signal Processing with the BBL;144
6.5;References;147
7;4 Remote Sensing of Car Tire Pressure;148
7.1;4.1 Motivation for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems;148
7.2;4.2 Overview of State-of-the-Art TPMS;150
7.2.1;4.2.1 Direct Battery-Based (Active) Systems;150
7.2.2;4.2.2 Direct Battery-Less (Passive) Systems;151
7.2.3;4.2.3 Indirect (ABS-Based) Systems;151
7.3;4.3 Motivation and Requirements for In-Tire TPMS;152
7.4;4.4 A Self-Sufficient In-Tire TPMS Demonstrator;153
7.4.1;4.4.1 RF Transceiver;154
7.4.2;4.4.2 Power Supply Subsystem;157
7.4.3;4.4.3 Overall System Integration of the In-Tire TPMS Node;159
7.5;4.5 Outlook and Future Work;163
7.6;4.6 Conclusion;164
7.7;References;165
8;Index;167