Kendall / Rehfeldt Adhesion of Cells, Viruses and Nanoparticles

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2585-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 282 Seiten

'Adhesion of Cells, Viruses and Nanoparticles' describes the adhesion of cells, viruses and nanoparticles starting from the basic principles of adhesion science, familiar to postgraduates, and leading on to recent research results. The underlying theory is that of van der Waals forces acting between cells and substrates, embodied in the molecules lying at the surfaces, together with the geometry and elasticity of the materials involved. The first part describes the fundamental background to adhesion principles, including the phenomenology, the important equations and the modeling ideas. Then the mechanisms of adhesion are explored in the second part, including the elastic deformations of spheres and the importance of the energy of adhesion as measured in various tests. It is demonstrated that adhesion of cells is statistical and depends on Brownian movement and on the complex multiple contacts that can form as cells move around. Then, detailed chapters on cell adhesion, contact of viruses and aggregation of nanoparticles follow in Part 3. Finally, the last chapter looks to the future understanding of cell adhesion and points out some interesting directions of research, development and treatment of diseases related to these phenomena. This book is an ideal resource for researchers on adhesion molecules, receptors, cell and tissue culturing, virus infection, toxicity of nanoparticles and bioreactor fouling. It can also be used to support undergraduate and Masters level teaching courses. 'This is a fascinating book and it is an invaluable resource for understanding particle-particle/surface adhesion at micro- and nano- scales. I intend to keep one for my future reference and highly recommend it to my students.' (Prof. Zhibing Zhang, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK)

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kendall, Kevin

Kendall, Michaela

Rehfeldt, Florian

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Adhesion of Cells, Virusesand Nanoparticles;3
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;References;8
1.3;Contents;11
1.4;Part I:Fundamentals;17
1.4.1;Chapter 1: Background to Adhesion of Cells, Viruses and Nanoparticles;18
1.4.1.1;1.1 The Problem of Understanding Adhesion;19
1.4.1.2;1.2 van der Waals Forces Cause Adhesion;20
1.4.1.3;1.3 Adhesion Molecules: Learning from the Gecko;21
1.4.1.4;1.4 False Hypotheses;22
1.4.1.5;1.5 van der Waals Force;23
1.4.1.6;1.6 Difference Between van der Waals and Electrostatic Forces: Yeast Adhesion;24
1.4.1.7;1.7 Fall in Adhesion Under Water;26
1.4.1.8;1.8 The Short Range of van der Waals Force;27
1.4.1.9;1.9 Measurement of van der Waals Force on Polymer Spheres;28
1.4.1.10;1.10 Effect of Contaminant Molecules on the Surfaces;30
1.4.1.11;1.11 Effect of Roughness;31
1.4.1.12;1.12 Effect of Elasticity on Adhesion;32
1.4.1.13;References;34
1.4.2;Chapter 2: Phenomenology of Adhesion: From Macro- to Nano-Systems;36
1.4.2.1;2.1 Showing the van der Waals Adhesion Force;37
1.4.2.2;2.2 The First Demonstration of Nanoparticle Adhesion;38
1.4.2.3;2.3 Arguments Against van der Waals Adhesion;40
1.4.2.4;2.4 Definition of van der Waals Adhesion;40
1.4.2.5;2.5 Definition of W, the Work of Adhesion in Peeling;42
1.4.2.6;2.6 Nature of Bonds in the Equilibrium Theory of Adhesion;43
1.4.2.7;2.7 Bradley’s Adhesion Rule;44
1.4.2.8;2.8 The Significance of Bradley’s Rule;47
1.4.2.9;2.9 Adhesion of Spheres; Hertz Theory;49
1.4.2.10;2.10 The JKR Contribution;50
1.4.2.11;2.11 The Nature of Adhesive Contact Between Polymer Spheres;52
1.4.2.12;2.12 Application to Nanoparticles, Viruses and Cells;53
1.4.2.13;2.13 Conclusions;57
1.4.2.14;References;57
1.4.3;Chapter 3: Modelling Nanoparticle, Virus and Cell Adhesion;59
1.4.3.1;3.1 Two Parameter Model of Atomic Interaction Force and Energy;60
1.4.3.2;3.2 Demands on the Model;62
1.4.3.3;3.3 Modelling Simple Nanoparticle Adhesion;64
1.4.3.4;3.4 Sodium Chloride Nanoparticle Results;66
1.4.3.5;3.5 Elastic and Plastic Adhesion;68
1.4.3.6;3.6 Influence of Surface Contamination;69
1.4.3.7;3.7 Effect of Surfactants;72
1.4.3.8;3.8 Proteins as Surfactants;75
1.4.3.9;3.9 Models of Polymer ‘Adhesion Molecule’;78
1.4.3.10;3.10 Membrane Models;79
1.4.3.11;3.11 Three Components: Surface, Water, Adhesion Molecule;80
1.4.3.12;3.12 Conclusions;82
1.4.3.13;References;83
1.5;Part II:Mechanisms;86
1.5.1;Chapter 4: Macroscopic View of Adhesion for Nanoparticles, Viruses and Cells;87
1.5.1.1;4.1 Fundamental Definitions;87
1.5.1.2;4.2 Theory Using Work of Adhesion W;89
1.5.1.3;4.3 Different Geometries; Wedging, Peeling and Spheres;90
1.5.1.4;4.4 Effect of Elasticity; Scraping and Stretching;91
1.5.1.5;4.5 More Complex Geometries; Button Test, Tension and Probes;93
1.5.1.6;4.6 Measured Values of Adhesion Energy;95
1.5.1.7;4.7 Reducing W by Adding Surface Active Agents;96
1.5.1.8;4.8 Measurements of Cell Adhesion by Probe Methods;99
1.5.1.9;4.9 Crack Stopping by Geometry Change;101
1.5.1.10;4.10 Elastic Changes Affecting Adhesion: Shrinkage and Pre-stressing;104
1.5.1.11;4.11 Stringing and Crazing;106
1.5.1.12;4.12 Biofilm Adhesion;108
1.5.1.13;4.13 Conclusions;109
1.5.1.14;References;110
1.5.2;Chapter 5: Statistics of Adhesion at Nanoscale;112
1.5.2.1;5.1 The Flickering Black Spot; Large Contacts;112
1.5.2.2;5.2 The Flickering Black Spot; Small Contacts;114
1.5.2.3;5.3 The Dwell-Time Effect;115
1.5.2.4;5.4 Reaching Equilibrium;117
1.5.2.5;5.5 Adhesion with Water Present at Surfaces;119
1.5.2.6;5.6 Adhesive Drag;121
1.5.2.7;5.7 Adhesive Hysteresis;122
1.5.2.8;5.8 Peel Stopping by Viscoelastic Loss;125
1.5.2.9;5.9 Rolling Resistance as a Measure of Adhesion Hysteresis, Drag and Dwell-Time Effect;127
1.5.2.10;5.10 Aggregation Statistics of Nano-Particles;128
1.5.2.11;5.11 Conclusions;131
1.5.2.12;References;131
1.5.3;Chapter 6: Subdivision and Separation of Contact Spots;133
1.5.3.1;6.1 Increase in Adhesion Force for Subdivided Contact Spots;133
1.5.3.2;6.2 Force Versus Energy;135
1.5.3.3;6.3 Peeling Off the Gecko Foot;137
1.5.3.4;6.4 Measurement of Single Seta Adhesion Force;138
1.5.3.5;6.5 Possibility of Adhesive Dislocations;139
1.5.3.6;6.6 Subdividing Contact Spots Increases Adhesion;142
1.5.3.7;6.7 Gecko Tape;143
1.5.3.8;6.8 Micro-Patterning;146
1.5.3.9;6.9 Stiffness and Adhesion of Multiple Contacts;148
1.5.3.10;6.10 Conclusions;151
1.5.3.11;References;152
1.5.4;Chapter 7: Measurement Methods;154
1.5.4.1;7.1 Light Microscopy;155
1.5.4.2;7.2 Reflectance Interference Contrast Microscopy;156
1.5.4.3;7.3 Fluorescence Microscopy, Interference Contrast, Total Internal Reflection;157
1.5.4.4;7.4 Atomic Force Microscopy;158
1.5.4.5;7.5 Optical Tweezers;160
1.5.4.6;7.6 Micropipette Aspiration;161
1.5.4.7;7.7 Spinning Disc;161
1.5.4.8;7.8 Cell Adhesion by Flow Methods;162
1.5.4.9;7.9 Cell Counting Methods;166
1.5.4.10;7.10 Adhesion by Counting Doublets;167
1.5.4.11;7.11 Experimental Results;170
1.5.4.12;7.12 Conclusions;172
1.5.4.13;References;173
1.6;Part III:Detailed Research;175
1.6.1;Chapter 8: Adhesion of Nanoparticles;176
1.6.1.1;8.1 Nanoparticles in Space;176
1.6.1.2;8.2 Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere;178
1.6.1.3;8.3 Characterisation of Atmospheric Nanoparticle and Their Health Effects;180
1.6.1.4;8.4 Nanoparticles in Water;183
1.6.1.5;8.5 Synthetic Nanoparticle Polymers; Latex Coalescence;185
1.6.1.6;8.6 Synthetic Inorganic Nanoparticles;187
1.6.1.7;8.7 Gas-Phase Nanoparticle Production;190
1.6.1.8;8.8 Liquid Phase Preparation of Nanoparticles;191
1.6.1.9;8.9 New Method for Nanoparticle Tracking;193
1.6.1.10;8.10 Adhesion from Doublet Numbers;195
1.6.1.11;8.11 Detection of Adhesion with FemtoNewton Resolution;197
1.6.1.12;8.12 Conclusions;198
1.6.1.13;References;198
1.6.2;Chapter 9: Adhesion of Viruses;201
1.6.2.1;9.1 Variety of Virus Particles;202
1.6.2.2;9.2 Observing the Adhesion of Viruses by TEM & X-Ray;203
1.6.2.3;9.3 TEM Investigations of Adhesion Mechanism;205
1.6.2.4;9.4 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Studies;206
1.6.2.5;9.5 Sensor Methods for Detecting Adhesion;210
1.6.2.6;9.6 Single Particle Fluorescence;212
1.6.2.7;9.7 Self Adhesion and Aggregation by Light Scattering;214
1.6.2.8;9.8 Virus Calibration Using Standard Polystyrene Latex;217
1.6.2.9;9.9 Self-Adhesion of Viruses;218
1.6.2.10;9.10 Drug Treatments Associated with Adhesion;219
1.6.2.11;9.11 Preventing Virus Detachment;222
1.6.2.12;9.12 Conclusions;224
1.6.2.13;References;224
1.6.3;Chapter 10: Adhesion of Cells;227
1.6.3.1;10.1 Cell Adhesion Is a Vital Phenomenon;227
1.6.3.2;10.2 The Emergence of Cell Culture as Investigative Tool;229
1.6.3.3;10.3 Factors in Cell Adhesion – More than Lock and Key;230
1.6.3.4;10.4 Substrate Elasticity and Cell Health;233
1.6.3.5;10.5 Model Systems for Cell Adhesion Measurements;234
1.6.3.6;10.6 Substrate Geometry Effects on Cell Health;237
1.6.3.7;10.7 Elasticity Drives Stem Cell Differentiation;239
1.6.3.8;10.8 Physical Models for Cell-Substrate Interactions;239
1.6.3.9;10.9 Conclusions;244
1.6.3.10;References;245
1.6.4;Chapter 11: Nanoparticles Adhering to Cells; Toxicity Effects;247
1.6.4.1;11.1 Pathways into the Body;247
1.6.4.2;11.2 Variety of Nanoparticles;249
1.6.4.3;11.3 Measures of Nanoparticle Toxicity;251
1.6.4.4;11.4 Nanoparticle Surface Interactions with Extracellular Molecules;252
1.6.4.5;11.5 Nanoparticles Approaching the Cell Surface;255
1.6.4.6;11.6 Nanoparticles Entering Cells;257
1.6.4.7;11.7 Toxicity Mechanics;259
1.6.4.8;11.8 Translocation of Nanoparticles Within Organisms;262
1.6.4.9;11.9 Nanoparticle Toxicity: Lessons from the Lung;263
1.6.4.10;11.10 Conclusions;266
1.6.4.11;References;267
1.6.5;Chapter 12: Cell, Virus and Nanoparticle Adhesion: Significance and Future;271
1.6.5.1;12.1 Key Questions of Adhesion;271
1.6.5.2;12.2 Adhesion Fundamentals;273
1.6.5.3;12.3 Adhesion at the Molecular Level;274
1.6.5.4;12.4 Subdivision of Contact Spots;276
1.6.5.5;12.5 Connexion Between Nanoparticles, Viruses and Cells;278
1.6.5.6;12.6 Future Problems and Trends;279
1.6.5.7;12.7 A Vision of the Future;280
1.6.5.8;References;281
1.7;Index;282