Kenedi Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics

Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Glasgow, September 1964
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9449-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 512 Seiten, Web PDF

Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kenedi, R. M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;12
7;AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS NOT PRESENTAT THE SYMPOSIUM;18
8;MEDICAL ENGINEERING EXHIBITORS;19
9;INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND THE UNIVERSITIES;20
9.1;GROWTH OF SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE;20
9.2;CRITERION OF SUCCESS;22
9.3;PERSONAL EXPERIENCE;23
9.4;CONFERENCES;25
10;SESSION A: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES;26
10.1;CHAPTER
1. BIOMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING;28
10.1.1;THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENE;28
10.1.2;CENTRAL DIALYZER SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF KIDNEY FAILURE;31
10.1.3;APPARATUS FOR EXPERIMENTAL HEAD INJURY RESEARCH;33
10.1.4;AUTOMATED MICROTOME;35
10.1.5;REFERENCES;37
10.2;CHAPTER
2. INSTRUMENTATION IN PLASTIC AND ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY;40
10.2.1;BASIC ELEMENTS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN;40
10.2.2;LOCATION OF COMPONENTS;44
10.2.3;CLAMPING OF COMPONENTS;46
10.2.4;TOOL GUIDANCE;46
10.2.5;APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES;47
10.2.6;ERGONOMIC, ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN ASPECTS;49
10.2.7;PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS;50
10.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;59
10.2.9;REFERENCES;59
10.3;CHAPTER 3. THE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM
TWIST DRILL SHAPE FOR BONE;60
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;60
10.3.2;A BASIS FOR INVESTIGATION;60
10.3.3;METHOD OF INVESTIGATION;61
10.3.4;PRELIMINARY RESULTS;64
10.4;CHAPTER
4. PRESENTATION METHODS OF ULTRASONIC ECHO SOUNDING INFORMATION FROM TISSUE INTERFACES;66
10.4.1;ENERGY SOURCE;69
10.4.2;RESISTANCES;69
10.4.3;ADVENTITIOUS FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE RESULTS;73
10.4.4;ANGLES OF INCIDENCE AND REFLECTION;73
10.4.5;DISPLAY OF INFORMATION;75
10.4.6;HAZARDS AND INCONVENIENCES TO THE PATIENT;78
10.4.7;LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT TECHNIQUE;78
10.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;79
10.4.9;REFERENCES;79
10.5;CHAPTER
5. APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND IMAGE CONVERTERS IN BIOLOGY;82
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;82
10.5.2;COMPARISON OF PULSE ECHO AND IMAGE CONVERTER
TECHNIQUES;82
10.5.3;TYPES OF ELECTRONIC IMAGE CONVERSION SYSTEMS;84
10.5.4;DETAILS OF IMAGE CONVERTER SYSTEM USED FOR THESE
STUDIES;86
10.5.5;OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRACTICAL ULTRASOUND IMAGE SYSTEM;88
10.5.6;APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC ULTRASOUND IMAGE CONVERTERS;92
10.5.7;NEED FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;95
10.5.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;95
10.5.9;REFERENCES;95
10.6;CHAPTER
6. TELEMETERING TECHNIQUES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS;98
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;98
10.6.2;TELEMETRY OUTSIDE THE BODY;99
10.6.3;APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY FROM INSIDE THE BODY;100
10.6.4;CHOICE OF MODULATION;100
10.6.5;CHOICE OF FREQUENCY;102
10.6.6;POWER SOURCES;104
10.6.7;TELECONTROL BY MAGNETIC FIELDS;106
10.6.8;TRANSDUCERS;106
10.6.9;RELIABILITY;107
10.6.10;MATERIALS FOR IMPLANTED EQUIPMENT;109
10.6.11;POSSIBILITIES OF FURTHER MINIATURIZATION;109
10.6.12;CONCLUSIONS;110
10.6.13;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;111
10.6.14;REFERENCES;111
10.7;CHAPTER
7. DISCUSSION;113
10.7.1;REFERENCES;115
11;SESSION B: THE BROAD ASPECTS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION—SPECIALIZED CLINICAL AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS;116
11.1;CHAPTER
8. BIOMECHANICS IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY;118
11.1.1;MECHANICAL STRESS AND THE MODELLING OF BONE;118
11.1.2;MECHANICAL STRESS AND THE REPAIR OF BONE;119
11.1.3;IMMOBILIZATION IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY;126
11.1.4;SUMMARY;129
11.1.5;REFERENCES;129
11.2;CHAPTER
9. RADIO-TELEMETERING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACK;130
11.2.1;THE PRESSURE ENDORADIOSONDE;130
11.2.2;pH SENSITIVE ENDORADIOSONDE;135
11.2.3;STUDIES ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL MOTILITY AFTER VAGOTOMY USING THE PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ENDORADIOSONDE;140
11.2.4;REFERENCES;145
11.3;CHAPTER
10. BIOMECHANICS IN PLASTIC SURGERY;148
11.3.1;NORMAL TENSIONS IN SKIN;149
11.3.2;THE EFFECT OF INCREASED TENSION ON THE SKIN;150
11.3.3;THE EFFECT OF TENSION ON THE COLLAGEN
OF THE DERMIS;151
11.3.4;REFERENCES;153
11.4;CHAPTER 11. THE RESPONSE OF THE HUMAN BODY
TO IMPACT;154
11.4.1;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;158
11.5;CHAPTER
12. DISCUSSION;159
12;SESSION C: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TISSUE, CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STUDIES
AND THEIR ANALYSIS;164
12.1;CHAPTER
13. BIO-ENGINEERING STUDIES OF THE HUMAN SKIN II;166
12.1.1;TESTS ON DETACHED SPECIMENS;166
12.1.2;TESTS IN SITU ON LIVE SKIN;171
12.1.3;SUMMARY;176
12.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;177
12.1.5;REFERENCES;177
12.2;CHAPTER
14. HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF STRESSED SKIN;178
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;178
12.2.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;178
12.2.3;RESULTS;180
12.2.4;SUMMARY;182
12.2.5;REFERENCES;183
12.3;CHAPTER
15. A RHEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SKIN;184
12.3.1;METHODS;185
12.3.2;RESULTS;187
12.3.3;SUMMARY;193
12.3.4;REFERENCES;194
12.4;CHAPTER
16. APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE;196
12.4.1;REFERENCES;198
12.5;CHAPTER
17. THE HAEMODYNAMICS OF BONE;200
12.5.1;NORMAL MARROW PRESSURE AND BLOOD-FLOW IN BONE;200
12.5.2;THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUSION OF BLOOD VESSELS;201
12.5.3;THE CONTROL OF MARROW PRESSURE AND BLOOD-FLOW;203
12.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;205
12.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;205
12.5.6;REFERENCES;205
12.6;CHAPTER
18. DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM;206
12.6.1;INTRODUCTION;206
12.6.2;MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTICULAR
CARTILAGE;208
12.6.3;ANALOGY OF CONSOLIDATION;208
12.6.4;CONSOLIDATION OF CARTILAGE UNDER STATIC LOADING;211
12.6.5;ANALOGY FOR PROCESS OF ENERGY ABSORPTION
IN CARTILAGE;214
12.6.6;ACTION OF CARTILAGE UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING;217
12.6.7;CONCLUSIONS;219
12.6.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;221
12.6.9;REFERENCES;221
12.7;CHAPTER
19. SOME ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MASSIVE BONE REPLACEMENT;224
12.7.1;INTRODUCTION;224
12.7.2;BIOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL FACTORS IN PROSTHETIC
SURGERY;224
12.7.3;SELECTION OF PATIENTS;228
12.7.4;THE STABILIZATION OR FIXATION OF THE IMPLANT;231
12.7.5;COMPARISON OF LATERAL PLATE AND INTRAMEDULLARY PIN AND CEMENT FIXATION;241
12.7.6;REPLACEMENT OF WEIGHT-BEARING JOINTS;244
12.7.7;THE HUMAN GAIT;244
12.7.8;THE HUMAN HIP JOINT;245
12.7.9;EXPERIMENTAL WORK USING THE PIN AND DISC MACHINE;247
12.7.10;THE ARTIFICIAL HUMAN JOINT TEST RIG;256
12.7.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;258
12.7.12;REFERENCES;258
12.8;CHAPTER
20. ATIRITION OF TEETH;260
12.8.1;CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS;260
12.8.2;LABORATORY TESTS;260
12.9;CHAPTER
21. DISCUSSION;262
13;SESSION D: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TISSUE, CLINICAL AND LABORATORY
STUDIES AND THEIR ANALYSIS;266
13.1;CHAPTER
22. BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENTS;268
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;268
13.1.2;THE CIRCULATORY SYSTE"M;268
13.1.3;MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES;271
13.1.4;COMPARISONS BETWEEN THEORY AND EXPERIMENT;280
13.1.5;CONCLUSION;282
13.1.6;REFERENCES;283
13.2;CHAPTER
23. VENOUS BLOOD FLOW CHARACTERISTICS;284
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;284
13.2.2;THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION DISCUSSED AS A MECHANICAL
SYSTEM;284
13.2.3;PHYSICAL PHENOMENA RELATED TO CIRCULATION
DYNAMICS;285
13.2.4;THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VASCULAR TISSUE;286
13.2.5;THE VENOUS FLOW SYSTEM;288
13.2.6;THE CALF–MUSCLE PUMP;289
13.2.7;VENOUS VALVES OF THE LOWER LIMB;296
13.2.8;CONCLUSION;303
13.2.9;REFERENCES;303
13.3;CHAPTER
24. THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COSTAL CARTILAGE;304
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;304
13.3.2;DISTORTION OF CARTILAGE GRAFTS;304
13.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE: BASIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COSTAL CARTILAGE;306
13.3.4;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE: SELF LOCKED STRESS
EVALUATION;310
13.3.5;ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED SELF
LOCKED STRESS SYSTEM IN COSTAL CARTILAGE;312
13.3.6;CONCLUSION;315
13.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;315
13.3.8;APPENDIX I.;315
13.3.9;APPENDIX II.;318
13.3.10;REFERENCES;319
13.4;CHAPTER
25. LARGE DEFORMATIONS IN AMORPHOUS POLYMERS;320
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;320
13.4.2;THE STATISTICAL (OR KINETIC) THEORY OF RUBBERLIKE
ELASTICITY;321
13.4.3;THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY OF FINITE-STRAIN ELASTICITY FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS;325
13.4.4;FLOW PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS
AND MELTS;333
13.4.5;REFERENCES;338
13.5;CHAPTER
26.DISCUSSION;339
14;SESSION E: COLLABORATIVE MEDICAL-ENGINEERING STUDIES OF SOME OF THE MAJOR CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT DAY;342
14.1;CHAPTER
27. CLINICAL ASPECTS OF FEMORAL NECK FRACTURE;344
14.1.1;FRACTURE LEVEL;344
14.1.2;AGE;346
14.1.3;SEX;346
14.1.4;OSTEOPOROSIS;347
14.1.5;AVASCULAR NECROSIS;349
14.1.6;TREATMENT;350
14.1.7;FORCES AND DEFORMITY;350
14.1.8;FIXING METHODS;351
14.1.9;COMMENTS;351
14.1.10;DISCUSSION;356
14.1.11;REFERENCES;358
14.2;CHAPTER
28.FORCES IN THE HIP-JOINT;360
14.2.1;Part (I) General Considerations;360
14.3;CHAPTER 29. FORCES IN THE HIP-JOINT;370
14.3.1;Part (II) Intravital Measurements;370
14.3.1.1;THE MEASURING PROSTHESIS;370
14.3.1.2;FRICTION IN THE HIP-JOINT;373
14.3.1.3;RESULTS;373
14.4;CHAPTER 30. BIO-ENGINEERING STUDIES OF THE FORCES TRANSMlTIED BY JOINTS;378
14.4.1;(I) The Phasic Relationship of the Hip Muscles in Walking;378
14.4.1.1;FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY;378
14.4.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;380
14.4.1.3;RESULTS;380
14.4.1.4;DISCUSSION;386
14.4.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;386
14.5;CHAPTER
31. BIO-ENGINEERING STUDIES OF THE FORCES TRANSMITIED BY JOINTS;388
14.5.1;(II) Engineering Analysis;388
14.5.1.1;ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS;389
14.5.1.2;PRELlMINARY RESULTS;396
14.5.1.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;398
14.5.1.4;REFERENCES;399
14.6;CHAPTER
32. LOAD CAPACITY OF TUBULAR BONE;400
14.6.1;PRESENT INVESTIGATION;403
14.6.2;DISCUSSION;413
14.6.3;CONCLUSIONS;415
14.6.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;415
14.6.5;REFERENCES;415
14.7;CHAPTER
33. DISCUSSION;416
14.7.1;REFERENCES;428
15;SESSION F: ASPECTS OF HUMAN LOCOMOTION, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS;430
15.1;CHAPTER
34. HUMAN GAIT CHARACTERISTICS;432
15.1.1;SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;432
15.1.2;BIOMECHANICS OF GAIT;436
15.1.3;CONCLUSION;449
15.1.4;REFERENCES;449
15.2;CHAPTER
35. KNEE CONTROLS FOR ARTIFICIAL LEGS;452
15.2.1;THE GAIT CYCLE;452
15.2.2;THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE STANCE PHASE;454
15.2.3;THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SWING PHASE;455
15.2.4;NORMALITY;459
15.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;459
15.2.6;REFERENCES;459
15.3;CHAPTER
36. MOVEMENT AND CONTROL IN EXTERNALLY POWERED PROSTHESES AND SPLINTS;462
15.3.1;POWERED MOVEMENTS REQUIRED;463
15.3.2;CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS;465
15.3.3;PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS;469
15.3.4;REFERENCES;472
15.4;CHAPTER
37. DISCUSSION;473
16;SESSION G: ANALOGUES, OPEN TOPIC CONTRIBUTIONS;476
16.1;CHAPTER
38. THE E-LECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR LUNG FUNCTION;478
16.1.1;REFERENCES;485
16.2;CHAPTER
39. A PSYCHOTIC ANALOGUE;486
16.2.1;REFERENCES;492
16.3;CHAPTER
40. DISCUSSION;493
16.4;CHAPTER
41. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS;498
17;INDEX;504