Platt / Iwahashi / Kim Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9674-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 311 Seiten

The extent of harmful effects of pollution on atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic environments can be translated into extreme temperature changes, dirty air, clean water shortages, and increased incidence of toxicity that harms every life on earth. Within a lifetime, our environment is changing drastically. Much of the information of environmental pollution impacts needs to be studied, from the mechanism of toxic nanoparticles on the molecular level to the detection of trace gases on the satellite perspective. It is therefore essential to develop advanced monitoring techniques, e- cient process technologies and health impact assessment tools to ?ll the gaps in our scienti?c knowledge. This edition of 'Atmospheric and Biological Environmental Monitoring' is a handful of recent developments and techniques from environmental scientists in well-diversi?ed ?elds. These collections of manuscripts are extracts from the recently concluded '7th International Symposium on Advanced Environmental Monitoring' organized by the ADvanced Environmental Monitoring and Research Center (ADEMRC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Korea and held on February 25-28, 2008 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The three parts highlight important aspects of emerging environmental monitoring technologies: Atmospheric Environment, Contaminants Control Process, and Environmental Toxicity Asse- ment. Observational tools presented in the ?rst part ranges from in-situ measurements to satellite remote sensing for atmospheric monitoring. Highlighted in the second part is the recently developed water quality monitoring system for lake strati?cation and membrane technologies for detection and removal of contaminants. Lastly, toxicity monitoring of endocrine disruptors and nanoparticles are highlighted in the third part with new discoveries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Platt, Ulrich

Iwahashi, Hitoshi

Kim, Young

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;About the Editors;7
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;12
5;Part I Atmospheric Environment Monitoring;19
5.1;Two- and Three Dimensional Observation of Trace Gas and Aerosol Distributions by DOAS Techniques;20
5.1.1;1 Introduction;20
5.1.2;2 Spatially Resolved Doas –Measurements;20
5.1.3;3 Summary and Outlook;27
5.1.4;References;28
5.2;Atmospheric Aerosol Monitoring from Satellite Observations: A History of Three Decades;29
5.2.1;1 Introduction;29
5.2.2;2 Satellite Observations for Aerosol Monitoring;30
5.2.3;3 Satellite Aerosol Remote Sensing Techniques;33
5.2.4;4 Data Products and Applications;39
5.2.5;5 Future Instruments;45
5.2.6;6 Summary;47
5.2.7;References;49
5.3;Digital Photographic Technique to Quantify Plume Opacity During Daytime and Nighttime;55
5.3.1;1 Introduction;55
5.3.2;2 Digital Optical Method;56
5.3.3;3 Field Tests;60
5.3.4;4 Results and Discussion;62
5.3.5;5 Summary;65
5.3.6;Abbreviations;65
5.3.7;References;66
5.4;Scanning Infrared Remote Sensing Systemfor Detection, Identification and Visualization of Airborne Pollutants;67
5.4.1;1 Introduction;67
5.4.2;2 Theory of Passive FTIR;68
5.4.3;3 The Scanning Infrared Remote Sensing System;71
5.4.4;4 Laboratory and FieldMeasurements;72
5.4.5;5 Summary;78
5.4.6;References;78
5.5;Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Trace Gases (NO2 and SO2) from SCIAMACHY;79
5.5.1;1 Introduction;79
5.5.2;2 Principle of Spectral Fitting;80
5.5.3;3 Air Mass Factor (AMF);81
5.5.4;4 Retrieval of Tropospheric Columns;83
5.5.5;5 Conclusions;86
5.5.6;References;86
5.6;An Advanced Test Method forMeasuring Fugitive Dust Emissions Using a Hybrid System of Optical Remote Sensing and PointMonitor Techniques;89
5.6.1;1 Introduction;89
5.6.2;2 TheMethod;90
5.6.3;3 Method Demonstration and Validation;91
5.6.4;4 Conclusion;96
5.6.5;References;97
5.7;Aerosol Sampling Efficiency Evaluation Methods at the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center;98
5.7.1;1 Introduction;98
5.7.2;2 Background;102
5.7.3;3 Chambers and Equipment;104
5.7.4;4 Sampler Efficiency TestMethods;111
5.7.5;5 Applications: Example Aerosol Samplers and Their Sampling Efficiencies;113
5.7.6;6 Discussion;116
5.7.7;7 Summary;117
5.7.8;References;118
5.8;Smog Chamber Measurements;119
5.8.1;1 Introduction;119
5.8.2;2 Smog Chamber Experiments;123
5.8.3;3 Applications;145
5.8.4;4 Summary;146
5.8.5;References;148
5.9;Aerosol Concentrations and Remote Sources of Airborne Elements Over Pico Mountain, Azores, Portugal;151
5.9.1;1 Introduction;151
5.9.2;2 Experimental;153
5.9.3;3 Results and Discussion;156
5.9.4;4 Conclusion;164
5.9.5;References;168
6;Part II Contaminants Control Process Monitoring;172
6.1;Removal of Selected OrganicMicropollutants fromWWTP Effluent with Powdered Activated Carbon and Retention by Nanofiltration;173
6.1.1;1 Introduction;173
6.1.2;2 Material and Methods;177
6.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;181
6.1.4;4 Summary;187
6.1.5;References;188
6.2;Development of Vertically Moving AutomaticWater Monitoring System (VeMAS) for LakeWater Quality Management;191
6.2.1;1 Introduction;191
6.2.2;2 Advances in Water Quality Modeling;193
6.2.3;3 AutomaticWater Quality Monitoring System in Korea;194
6.2.4;4 Development of VeMAS (Vertically Moving Automatic Water Monitoring System);196
6.2.5;5 Future Improvements;197
6.2.6;6 Conclusions;200
6.2.7;Abbreviation (Dongil Seo);201
6.2.8;References;201
7;Part III Environmental Toxicity Monitoring and Assessment;203
7.1;Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles inMicroorganisms- a Review;204
7.1.1;1 Introduction;204
7.1.2;2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles;206
7.1.3;3 Nanoparticles Pose Potential Threat to Bacteria;207
7.1.4;4 Nanoparticles Disrupt the Integrity of Cell Membrane;207
7.1.5;5 Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Toxicity by Generating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS);210
7.1.6;6 Current Understanding on Toxicity of Nano-Sized Particles to Bacteria;212
7.1.7;7 Toxicity Assays of NPs Using Bacteria as Models;213
7.1.8;8 Summary and Future Outlook;213
7.1.9;References;214
7.2;EnvironmentalMonitoring by Use of Genomics andMetabolomics Technologies;218
7.2.1;1 Introduction;218
7.2.2;2 Materials and Methods;219
7.2.3;3 Results and Discussion;221
7.2.4;4 Conclusion;228
7.2.5;References;228
7.3;A Gene Expression Profiling Approach to Study the Influence of Ultrafine Particles on Rat Lungs;230
7.3.1;1 Introduction;230
7.3.2;2 Material and Methods;231
7.3.3;3 Results and Discussion;232
7.3.4;4 Conclusion;237
7.3.5;References;237
7.4;Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Nervous SystemRelated Gene Expression: Comprehensive Analysis of Medaka Fish;239
7.4.1;1 Introduction;239
7.4.2;2 Materials and Methods;240
7.4.3;3 Results;241
7.4.4;4 Discussion;245
7.4.5;References;248
7.5;Assessment of River Health by CombinedMicroscale Toxicity Testing and Chemical Analysis;250
7.5.1;1 Introduction;250
7.5.2;2 Materials and Methods;251
7.5.3;3 Results;253
7.5.4;References;257
7.6;Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Biosensor ´ for Cyto- and Genotoxic Activity;259
7.6.1;1 Regulatory Framework;259
7.6.2;2 Biotest Based Analysis of Environmental Pollutants;260
7.6.3;3 New Technologies;264
7.6.4;4 Summary;265
7.6.5;References;265
7.7;The Application of Cell Based Biosensor and Biochip for EnvironmentalMonitoring;268
7.7.1;1 Introduction;268
7.7.2;2 On Chip Cell Cultivation Technologies;269
7.7.3;4 The Environmental Application of cell Based Biosensor;272
7.7.4;5 Prospects;277
7.7.5;References;277
7.8;Fabrication of Electrophoretic PDMS/PDMS Lab-on-a-chip Integrated with Au Thin-Film Based Amperometric Detection for Phenolic Chemicals;281
7.8.1;1 Introduction;281
7.8.2;2 Experimental;283
7.8.3;3 Results and Discussion;285
7.8.4;4 Conclusion;289
7.8.5;References;289
7.9;Swimming Behavioral Toxicity in JapaneseMedaka (Oryzias latipes) Exposed to Various Chemicals for Biological Monitoring ofWater Quality;291
7.9.1;1 Introduction;291
7.9.2;2 Material and Methods;292
7.9.3;3 Results;293
7.9.4;4 Discussion;295
7.9.5;References;299
7.10;The Effects of EarthwormMaturity on Arsenic Accumulation and Growth After Exposure to OECD Soils ContainingMine Tailings;300
7.10.1;1 Introduction;300
7.10.2;2 Material and Methods;301
7.10.3;3 Results;302
7.10.4;4 Discussion;304
7.10.5;5 Conclusions;305
7.10.6;References;305
8;Abbreviations;308
9;Index;311