Kim Thermoplastic and Rubber Compounds

Technology and Physical Chemistry
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-446-41856-1
Verlag: Carl Hanser Fachbuchverlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 316 Seiten

This book describes the composition of all major types of polymer compounds, both thermoplastics as well as rubbers. It describes the intended effects of various additives and the complexity of their, sometimes unintended, interactions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kim, Kwang-Jea

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Contents;10
3;1 Overview and Compound Ingredients;16
3.1;1.1 Introduction;16
3.2;1.2 Philosophy of Polymer Compounds;16
3.3;1.3 Polymers [8, 9];19
3.4;1.4 Particle Fillers and Reinforcements;38
3.4.1;1.4.1 General;38
3.4.2;1.4.2 Carbon Black [26, 53, 54];39
3.4.3;1.4.3 Calcium Carbonate;42
3.4.4;1.4.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO);44
3.4.5;1.4.5 Titanium Dioxide [26, 66, 67];46
3.4.6;1.4.6 Silica [54, 55, 57, 68 to 72];46
3.4.7;1.4.7 Talc andMica [55, 57];51
3.4.8;1.4.8 Kaolin Clays [55, 57, 91 to 93] (see Section 1.4.12.1);54
3.4.9;1.4.9 Fibrous Silicates and Wollastonite [96, 97];56
3.4.10;1.4.10 Glass Fibers [55, 97 to 103];58
3.4.11;1.4.11 Glass Spheres;58
3.4.12;1.4.12 Organic Fillers;59
3.4.12.1;1.4.12.1 Cellulose and Cellulose Fibers [55, 107];60
3.4.12.2;1.4.12.2 Starch [107];66
3.4.12.3;1.4.12.3 Aramid Fibers;67
3.4.12.4;1.4.12.4 Carbon Fibers [131];68
3.4.13;1.4.13 Nanofillers;68
3.4.13.1;1.4.13.1 Montmorillonite;68
3.4.13.2;1.4.13.2 Carbon Nanotubes;69
3.5;1.5 Oils and Plasticizers [3, 150];70
3.6;1.6 Antidegradents [3, 26, 150, 156];71
3.7;1.7 Processing Aids [7, 26];72
3.8;1.8 Curatives [3, 26, 181];75
3.9;1.9 Accelerators [3, 26, 181];77
4;2 Polymer-Particle Filler Systems;88
4.1;2.1 Introduction;88
4.2;2.2 Particle Properties and Interaction;88
4.2.1;2.2.1 Particle Density;88
4.2.2;2.2.2 Particle Size;90
4.2.3;2.2.3 Particle Shape;92
4.3;2.3 Hydrodynamic Theory of Suspensions;93
4.3.1;2.3.1 General;93
4.3.2;2.3.2 Spheres;94
4.3.3;2.3.3 Ellipsoids;95
4.3.4;2.3.4 Interacting Particles;96
4.3.5;2.3.5 Continuum Theories;96
4.4;2.4 Experimental Studies of Compound Properties;97
4.4.1;2.4.1 Large Spheres;97
4.4.2;2.4.2 Large Fibers and Ellipsoids;98
4.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Fluids;98
4.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Solids;100
4.4.3;2.4.3 Carbon Black;104
4.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Thermoplastic Melts/Uncured Compounds;104
4.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Rubber Vulcanizates;106
4.4.4;2.4.4 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3);108
4.4.4.1;2.4.4.1 Thermoplastic Melts;108
4.4.4.2;2.4.4.2 Solid Thermoplastics;110
4.4.5;2.4.5 Silica;111
4.4.5.1;2.4.5.1 Uncured Rubber Compounds;111
4.4.5.2;2.4.5.2 Rubber Vulcanizates;111
4.4.6;2.4.6 Talc andMica;111
4.4.6.1;2.4.6.1 Thermoplastic Melts;111
4.4.6.2;2.4.6.2 Solid Polymers;113
4.4.7;2.4.7 Montmorillonite and Organo Clays (Nano Composites);113
4.4.8;2.4.8 Carbon Nano-Tubes;114
4.5;2.5 Summary;115
5;3 Polymer Solutions and Swollen Vulcanizates;120
5.1;3.1 Introduction;120
5.2;3.2 Low Molecular Weight Solutions;120
5.3;3.3 Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions: Flexible Chains;125
5.4;3.4 Solubility of Crystalline Polymers;127
5.5;3.5 Solutions of Rigid Chain Polymers;128
5.6;3.6 Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Flexible Chain Polymer Solutions;129
5.7;3.7 Phase Separation and Equilibrium;129
5.8;3.8 Swelling of Vulcanizates;132
5.9;3.9 Rheological Properties of Polymer Solutions;133
5.10;3.10 Oil-Extended Rubber;137
5.11;3.11 Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride;138
5.12;3.12 Summary;139
6;4 Polymer Additive Binary Systems;144
6.1;4.1 Introduction;144
6.2;4.2 Solubility of Additives;144
6.3;4.3 Antioxidants;146
6.3.1;4.3.1 General [1];146
6.3.2;4.3.2 Mechanism of Oxidation;147
6.3.3;4.3.3 Antioxidant Mechanisms [13, 14];148
6.3.4;4.3.4 AntioxidantMiscibility;148
6.3.5;4.3.5 Antioxidant Migration;149
6.4;4.4 Antiozonants [31, 32];151
6.5;4.5 Light Stabilizers [33];152
6.6;4.6 Heat Stabilizers;153
6.7;4.7 Processing Aids;155
6.8;4.8 Surface Property Modifiers;159
6.9;4.9 Antistatic Additives [73];159
6.10;4.10 Nucleating Agents [76 to 96];160
6.11;4.11 Curatives;162
6.11.1;4.11.1 Sulfur Crosslinking;162
6.11.2;4.11.2 Crosslinking by Organic Peroxides [106 to 108];163
6.11.3;4.11.3 Crosslinking by Metallic Oxides [106, 110];164
6.11.4;4.11.4 Crosslinking by Phenolic Derivatives [106, 111 to 113];164
6.11.5;4.11.5 Crosslinking by High Energy Radiation [114];164
6.12;4.12 Summary;167
7;5 Binary Polymer Blends;172
7.1;5.1 Introduction;172
7.2;5.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer-Polymer Miscibility [1 to 5];172
7.3;5.3 Statistical Thermodynamic Interpretation;174
7.4;5.4 Miscible Polymer Blends;175
7.5;5.5 PartialMiscibility;179
7.6;5.6 ProblemsWith Copolymers;181
7.7;5.7 Immiscible Polymer Blends and Interfacial Tension;182
7.8;5.8 Phase Morphology in Immiscible Binary Polymer Blends;188
7.9;5.9 Special Polymer Melt Phase Distributions;190
7.10;5.10 Mechanical Properties of Binary Polymer Blends;192
7.11;5.11 Blends of Recycled Polymers;192
8;6 Ternary Systems: Polymer Blends plus Liquid Additives and Compatibilizing Agents;196
8.1;6.1 Introduction;196
8.2;6.2 Ternary Low Molecular Weight Systems;196
8.3;6.3 Polymer Plus Two Low MolecularWeight Liquids;198
8.4;6.4 Low MolecularWeight Oils/Additives in Binary Polymer Blends;201
8.5;6.5 Amphiphilic Molecules and Block Graft Copolymers in Immiscible Polymer Blends (Compatibilized Blends);205
8.6;6.6 Mechanical Properties of Compatibilized Blends;207
8.7;6.7 Compatibilized Recycled Polymer Blends [54];209
8.8;6.8 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS);209
8.9;6.9 Ternary Polymer Blends;210
8.10;6.10 Summary;210
9;7 Polymer-Filler-Additives andCurative-Accelerator Compounds;216
9.1;7.1 Introduction;216
9.2;7.2 Mineral Fillers: Carboxylic Acid-Polymer;216
9.3;7.3 Organic-Silane Coupling Agent for Thermosets, Thermoplastics, and Rubber;218
9.4;7.4 Organo Clay Nanocomposites (Clay-Organic Amine-Polymer);220
9.5;7.5 Rubber-Sulfur-Accelerator [98];222
9.6;7.6 Crosslinking by Enzymes [103];223
9.7;7.7 Particle Filler with Two Polymers;223
10;8 Multicomponent Compounds;228
10.1;8.1 Introduction;228
10.2;8.2 Simple Multicomponent Compounds;228
10.3;8.3 Tire Compounds;229
10.3.1;8.3.1 Polydiene-Carbon Black Oil Compounds;229
10.3.2;8.3.2 Polydiene-Rubber-Silica Compounds;230
10.4;8.4 Thermoplastic Compounds;231
10.4.1;8.4.1 Polyvinyl Chloride Compounds;231
10.4.2;8.4.2 Isotactic Polypropylene Compounds;232
10.4.3;8.4.3 Recycled Polymer Blend Compounds [26];233
10.5;8.5 Rubber Compounds with Special Mechanical Properties;234
10.5.1;8.5.1 Chlorinated Butyl Rubber Compounds;234
10.5.2;8.5.2 Nitrile Rubber Compounds;237
10.5.3;8.5.3 Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Compounds;239
10.6;8.6 Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Compounds [44, 45];240
10.6.1;8.6.1 Elastomer-Modified Polypropylene;240
10.6.2;8.6.2 SBS-Type Thermoplastic Elastomer;240
11;9 Mixing Machinery: Batch and Continuous;244
11.1;9.1 Introduction;244
11.2;9.2 BatchMixers;244
11.2.1;9.2.1 Mills;244
11.2.2;9.2.2 Open BatchMixers;245
11.2.3;9.2.3 InternalMixers: Non-Intermeshing Rotors;249
11.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Technology;249
11.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Basic Studies;258
11.2.4;9.2.4 InternalMixers: Intermeshing;261
11.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Technology;261
11.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Basic Studies;262
11.2.5;9.2.5 InternalMixer Cycles;262
11.3;9.3 ContinuousMixers;264
11.3.1;9.3.1 Single-Screw Extruders [3, 4, 7];264
11.3.2;9.3.2 List (Buss-Coperion) Kokneters/Kneaders [79, 80];264
11.3.2.1;9.3.2.1 Technology;264
11.3.2.2;9.3.2.2 Basic Studies;266
11.3.3;9.3.3 Intermeshing Modular Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders;267
11.3.3.1;9.3.3.1 Technology [6, 95 to 97];267
11.3.3.2;9.3.3.2 Basic Studies;270
11.3.4;9.3.4 Intermeshing Modular Counter-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders;272
11.3.4.1;9.3.4.1 Technology;272
11.3.4.2;9.3.4.2 Basic Studies;274
11.3.5;9.3.5 Tangential Modular Counter-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders;275
11.3.5.1;9.3.5.1 Technology;275
11.3.5.2;9.3.5.2 Basic Studies;275
11.3.6;9.3.6 ContinuousMixers;276
11.3.6.1;9.3.6.1 Technology;276
11.3.6.2;9.3.6.2 Basic Studies;277
11.3.7;9.3.7 The Strategy of Adding Ingredients During Continuous Mixing;279
11.4;9.4 Comparison of CommercialMixing Machines;279
11.4.1;9.4.1 Batch InternalMixers vs.Continuous Mixers;279
11.4.2;9.4.2 Comparison of Continuous Mixing Machines;280
11.5;9.5 Reactive Extrusion;280
11.5.1;9.5.1 Polymer Modification and Grafting Reactions;280
11.5.2;9.5.2 Polymerization;281
12;Subject Index;290
13;Author Index;302