Kindlmann / Dixon / Michaud Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change

Patterns and Processes
2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-8601-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 191 Seiten

This book presents the results of recent research on aphid population dynamics and ecology relevant to current environmental changes resulting from global wa- ing. It incorporates a selection of the contributions presented at the International Symposium on Aphids in Fremantle, Australia, in October 2005, plus some ad- tional invited chapters. The objective was to incorporate the major issues in the ?eld and simultaneously create a closely interrelated and integrated volume. The ?rst chapter sets the scene. Kindlmann and Dixon present a critical review of existing models of aphid population dynamics, examine the biological assumptions that are incorporated in the models and present one of the latest models of aphid metapopulation dynamics. They conclude that natural enemies are unlikely to affect aphid population dynamics late in a season, but in some years may have an effect very early in the season, when aphid colonies are still small and predators might be able to reduce the numbers of colonies. The question, whether aphids will move to different locations, adapt to the change in conditions in their current habitat or go extinct is discussed by Ameixa. She concludes that the distributions of aphids are most likely to change, with the distribution of each species moving globally as their preferred habitat moves in response to changes in the climate, which may be more dif?cult than in the past because of habitat fragmentation and habitat loss.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kindlmann, Pavel

Dixon, A.F.G.

Michaud, J.P.

Dixon, A. F. G.

Michaud, J. P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;1 Modelling Population Dynamics of Aphids and Their Natural Enemies;11
4.1;1.1 Introduction;12
4.2;1.2 Biological Background;13
4.2.1;1.2.1 Aphid Biology Relevant to Population Dynamics;13
4.2.2;1.2.2 Biology of Natural Enemies Relevant to Aphid Population Dynamics;16
4.2.3;1.2.3 Assessment of the Efficiency of Natural Enemies to Suppress the Abundance of Their Prey;19
4.3;1.3 Theory of Aphid Population Dynamics;20
4.3.1;1.3.1 Features of Aphid Population Dynamics that Should Be Incorporated in Models;20
4.3.2;1.3.2 The Metapopulation Model;20
4.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Egg-Window Dynamics;21
4.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Within-Season Dynamics;22
4.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Between-Season Dynamics;24
4.3.2.4;1.3.2.4 Model Predictions;24
4.4;1.4 Predictions;24
4.5;References;25
5;2 Aphids in a Changing World;31
5.1;2.1 Introduction;32
5.2;2.2 Empirical Studies on the Behaviour of Aphids;33
5.3;2.3 Aphids as Fossils;44
5.4;References;47
6;3 Trends in the Timings of the Start and End of AnnualFlight Periods;51
6.1;3.1 Introduction;51
6.2;3.2 Methods;52
6.3;3.3 Results;55
6.3.1;3.3.1 Date of First Record in Relation to Winter Temperature;55
6.3.2;3.3.2 Date of First Record in Relation to Year;57
6.3.3;3.3.3 Date of Last Record in Relation to Year;57
6.4;3.4 Discussion;59
6.5;References;64
7;4 Consequences of Climate Change for Aphid-Based Multi-trophic Systems;65
7.1;4.1 Introduction;66
7.2;4.2 Life History Traits;67
7.2.1;4.2.1 Development Time and Population Dynamics;67
7.2.2;4.2.2 Metabolic Rate, Activity, Longevity and Fecundity;68
7.2.3;4.2.3 Sex Allocation;69
7.2.4;4.2.4 Effects of CO2 Increase on Life History Traits ;69
7.3;4.3 Endosymbionts;70
7.4;4.4 Virus Transmission by Aphids;71
7.5;4.5 Changes in the Geographical Distribution of Hosts and Parasitoids;72
7.6;4.6 Phenological Synchronisation and Diapause;73
7.7;4.7 Conclusions;75
7.8;References;76
8;5 Implications of Climate Change for Cereal Aphidson the Great Plains of North America;79
8.1;5.1 Introduction;79
8.2;5.2 The Region and Its Climate;80
8.3;5.3 Agroecosystems;82
8.4;5.4 Aphid Populations;84
8.4.1;5.4.1 Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid;85
8.4.2;5.4.2 Russian Wheat Aphid;86
8.4.3;5.4.3 Greenbug;87
8.4.4;5.4.4 Shorter, Warmer Winters;88
8.4.5;5.4.5 Longer, Hotter Summers;88
8.4.6;5.4.6 Drought;90
8.4.7;5.4.7 Virus Transmission;91
8.4.8;5.4.8 Biological Control;92
8.5;References;93
9;6 Implications of Climate Change for Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), a Disease Vector of Citrus in Florida;100
9.1;6.1 Introduction;101
9.2;6.2 Floridas Climate;102
9.3;6.3 Citrus Production;104
9.4;6.4 Climate Change and Brown Citrus Aphid;105
9.4.1;6.4.1 Fall and Winter Populations of BrCA;106
9.4.2;6.4.2 Spring and Summer Populations of BrCA;107
9.4.3;6.4.3 Biological Control of BrCA;110
9.5;6.5 Conclusions;111
9.6;References;111
10;7 Ecological Factors Influencing Pea Aphid Outbreaks in the US Pacific Northwest;116
10.1;7.1 Introduction;117
10.2;7.2 The Landscape;119
10.3;7.3 Pea Aphid Legume Relationships;119
10.4;7.4 Characterizing Outbreaks;123
10.5;7.5 History of Outbreaks;125
10.6;7.6 Winter Temperatures and Outbreaks;126
10.7;7.7 Other Causal Factors;127
10.8;7.8 Forecasting Outbreaks;131
10.9;7.9 Concluding Remarks;132
10.10;References;133
11;8 Temperature, Seasonal Development and Distributionof Insects with Particular Reference to Aphids;138
11.1;8.1 Introduction;139
11.2;8.2 Thermal Time;140
11.2.1;8.2.1 Aphid Biology;141
11.3;8.3 Seasonal Development in Aphids;141
11.3.1;8.3.1 Aphids on Sycamore;141
11.3.2;8.3.2 Aphids on Birch;143
11.3.3;8.3.3 Host Alternating Aphids;145
11.4;8.4 Seasonal Development in Predators of Aphids;145
11.5;8.5 Distribution of Birch Aphids in Europe;146
11.6;8.6 World Wide Distribution of Aphids;147
11.7;8.7 Discussion;150
11.8;References;153
12;9 Coccinellids in a Changing World;157
12.1;9.1 Introduction;157
12.2;9.2 Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae);158
12.3;9.3 Main Drivers of Biodiversity Change;160
12.3.1;9.3.1 Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation;160
12.3.2;9.3.2 Climate Change;162
12.3.3;9.3.3 Invasive Species;168
12.3.4;9.3.4 Overexploitation;170
12.3.5;9.3.5 Pollution;171
12.4;9.4 Summary;173
12.5;References;174
13;10 Ecological Costs of Alarm Signalling in Aphids;179
13.1;10.1 Introduction;180
13.2;10.2 Materials and Methods;181
13.2.1;10.2.1 Aphids and Colony Production;181
13.2.2;10.2.2 Experimental Design;182
13.2.3;10.2.3 Statistical Analysis;182
13.3;10.3 Results;183
13.4;10.4 Discussion;185
13.5;References;187
14;Species Index;190
15;Subject Index;193