Kirkham Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations

1. Auflage 2004
ISBN: 978-0-08-049216-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten

Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations combines biology and physics to show how water moves through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. This text explores the instrumentation and the methods used to measure the status of water in soil and plants. Principles are clearly presented with the aid of diagrams, anatomical figures, and images of instrumentation. The methods on instrumentation can be used by researchers, consultants, and the military to monitor soil degradation, including measurements of soil compaction, repellency, oxygen diffusion rate, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
Intended for graduate students in plant and soil science programs, this book also serves as a useful reference for agronomists, plant ecologists, and agricultural engineers.
* Principles are presented in an easy-to-understand style
* Heavily illustrated with more than 200 figures; diagrams are professionally drawn
* Anatomical figures show root, stem, leaf, and stomata
* Figures of instruments show how they work
* Book is carefully referenced, giving sources for all information
* Struggles and accomplishments of scientists who developed the theories are given in short biographies.

M. B. Kirkham is a Professor in the Department of Agronomy at Kansas State University. Her research involves two areas: soil-plant-water relations and uptake of heavy metals by crops grown on polluted soil (called 'phytoremediation”). Dr. Kirkham is currently collaborating with colleagues at the Kansas State University Northwest Research-Extension Center in Colby, Kansas to study yield and water relations of sorghum grown under the semi-arid conditions of far western Kansas. Dr. Kirkham serves on several editorial boards: Soil Science; Journal of Crop Improvement; International Agrophysics; Crop Science; Australian Journal of Soil Research; Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment; Agricultural Water Management; Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research; Agricultural, Food and Analytical Bacteriology; and Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. In addition, Dr. Kirkham has received the CSSA Crop Science Research Award and the 2010-11 Iman Outstanding Faculty Award for Research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kirkham, M. B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Preface;16
6;Chapter 1. Introduction;20
6.1;I. Why Study Soil-Plant-Water Relations?;20
6.2;II. Plant Growth Curves;25
6.3;III. Appendix: Biography of John Napier;30
7;Chapter 2. Definitions of Physical Units and the International System;34
7.1;I.Definitions;34
7.2;II. Le Système International d’Unités;39
7.3;III. Example: Applying Units of Work and Pressure to a Root;42
7.4;IV. Appendix: Biography of Isaac Newton;43
8;Chapter 3. Structure and Properties of Water;46
8.1;I. Structure of Water;46
8.2;II. Forces That Bind Water Molecules Together;47
8.3;III. Properties of Water;49
8.4;IV. Appendix: Biography of Johannes van der Waals;58
9;Chapter 4. Tensiometers;60
9.1;I. Description of a Tensiometer;60
9.2;II. Types of Tensiometers;64
9.3;III. Temperature Effects on Tensiometers;69
9.4;IV. Applications of Tensiometers;70
9.5;V. Appendix: Biography of L.A. Richards;71
10;Chapter 5. Soil-Water Terminology and Applications;74
10.1;I. Water Content;74
10.2;II. Water Potential;74
10.3;III. Heads in a Column of Soil;79
10.4;IV. Movement of Water Between Tensiometers;82
10.5;V. Appendix: Biography of William L. Powers;83
11;Chapter 6. Static Water in Soil;86
11.1;I. Surface Tension;86
11.2;II. Examples of Surface Tension;92
11.3;III. Rise and Fall of Water in Soil Pores;94
11.4;IV. Appendix: History of Surface Tension;98
11.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Marquis de Laplace;101
12;Chapter 7. Water Movement in Saturated Soil;104
12.1;I. Darcy’s Law;104
12.2;II. Hydraulic Conductivity;106
12.3;III. Laplace’s Equation;107
12.4;IV. Ellipse Equation;107
12.5;V. Linear Flow Laws;112
12.6;VI. Appendix: Biography of Apollonius of Perga;115
12.7;VII. Appendix: Biography of Henry Darcy;116
13;Chapter 8. Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Available Water, and the Non-Limiting Water Range;120
13.1;I. Field Capacity;120
13.2;II. Wilting Point;123
13.3;III. Available Water;126
13.4;IV. Non-Limiting Water Range;127
13.5;V. Biographies of Briggs and Shantz;129
14;Chapter 9. Penetrometer Measurements;136
14.1;I. Definition, Types of Penetrometers, and Uses;136
14.2;II. Types of Tests;137
14.3;III. What Penetrometer Measurements Depend Upon;138
14.4;IV. Cone Penetrometer;140
14.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Champ Tanner;143
15;Chapter 10. Measurement of Oxygen Diffusion Rate;148
15.1;I. The Oxygen Diffusion Rate Method;148
15.2;II. Electrolysis;150
15.3;III. Model and Principles of the ODR Method;153
15.4;IV.Method;156
15.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Michael Faraday;160
16;Chapter 11. Infiltration;164
16.1;I. Definition of Infiltration;164
16.2;II. Four Models of One-Dimensional Infiltration;166
16.3;III. Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration;169
16.4;IV. Redistribution;169
16.5;V. Tension Infiltrometer or Disc Permeameter;170
16.6;VI. Minidisk Infiltrometer;173
16.7;VII. Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Sorptivity with the Tension Infiltrometer;174
16.8;VIII. Measurement of Repellency with the Tension Infiltrometer;179
16.9;IX. Measurement of Mobility with the Tension Infiltrometer;180
16.10;X. Ellipsoidal Description of Water Flow into Soil from a Surface Disc;185
16.11;XI. Appendix: Biography of John Philip;187
17;Chapter 12. Pore Volume;192
17.1;I. Definitions;192
17.2;II. Illustration of Breakthrough Curves and Pore Volumes;194
17.3;III. Mathematical Analysis of Pore Volume;194
17.4;IV. Calculation of a Pore Volume;198
17.5;V. Pore Volumes Based on Length Units;200
17.6;VI. Miscible Displacement;202
17.7;VII. Relation Between Mobile Water Content and Pore Volume;202
17.8;VIII. Appendix: Biography of Donald Nielsen;202
18;Chapter 13. Time Domain Reflectometry to Measure Volumetric Soil Water Content;206
18.1;I. Definitions;206
18.2;II. Dielectric Constant, Frequency Domain, and Time Domain;208
18.3;III. Theory for Use of the Dielectric Constant to Measure Soil Water Content;209
18.4;IV. Coaxial Cable and Waveguides;213
18.5;V. Measurement of Soil Water Content Using TDR;214
18.6;VI. Practical Information When Using TDR to Measure Soil Water Content;216
18.7;VII. Example of Using TDR to Determine Root Water Uptake;218
18.8;VIII. HydroSense™;218
18.9;IX. Appendix: Biography of Heinrich Hertz;220
18.10;X. Appendix: Biography of Sergei Schelkunoff;221
19;Chapter 14. Root Anatomy and Poiseuille’s Law for Water Flow in Roots;226
19.1;I. Root Anatomy;226
19.2;II. Poiseuille’s Law;235
19.3;III. Assumptions of Poiseuille’s Law;236
19.4;IV. Calculations of Flow Based on Poiseuille’s Law;237
19.5;V. Agronomic Applications of Poiseuille’s Law;241
19.6;VI. Appendix: Biography of J.L.M. Poiseuille;244
19.7;VII. Appendix: Biography of Osborne Reynolds;244
20;Chapter 15. Gardner’s Equation for Water Movement to Plant Roots;248
20.1;I. Description of the Equation;248
20.2;II. Assumptions;250
20.3;III. Values for the Rate of Water Uptake;250
20.4;IV. Examples;252
20.5;V. Effect of Wet and Dry Soil;252
20.6;VI. Effect of Root Radius;253
20.7;VII. Comparison of Matric Potential at Root and in Soil for Different Rates of Water Uptake;254
20.8;VIII. Effect of Root Distribution on Wilting;255
20.9;IX. Final Comment;256
20.10;X. Appendix: Biography of Wilford Gardner;256
21;Chapter 16. Measurement of Water Potential with Thermocouple Psychrometers;260
21.1;I. Relation Between Water Potential and Relative Humidity;260
21.2;II. Thermoelectric Effects;261
21.3;III. Joule Heating;263
21.4;IV. Thermoelectric Power;264
21.5;V. Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Temperature;265
21.6;VI. Calibration;266
21.7;VII. Importance of Isothermal Conditions When Making Measurements;267
21.8;VIII. Types of Thermocouple Psychrometers;268
21.9;IX. Appendix: Biography of J.C.A. Peltier;276
21.10;X. Appendix: Biography of James Prescott Joule.;276
21.11;XI. Appendix: Biography of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin;277
22;Chapter 17. Measurement of Water Potential with Pressure Chambers;282
22.1;I. Comparison of Measurements Made With the Pressure Chamber and the Thermocouple Psychrometer;282
22.2;II. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Pressure Chamber;287
22.3;III. Hydraulic Press;290
22.4;IV. Pump-Up Pressure Chamber;293
22.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Per Scholander;293
22.6;VI. Appendix: Biography of John Boyer;295
23;Chapter 18. Stem Anatomy and Measurement of Osmotic Potential and Turgor Potential Using Pressure-Volume Curves;300
23.1;I. Stem Anatomy;300
23.2;II. Measurement of the Components of the Water Potential;306
23.3;III. Osmotic Potential (.S);308
23.4;IV. Theory of Scholander Pressure-Volume Curves;308
23.5;V How to Analyze a Pressure-Volume Curve;314
23.6;VI. Turgor Potential (.P);317
23.7;VII. Measurement of Plant Water Content and Relative Water Content;319
23.8;VIII.Osmometer;324
23.9;IX. Appendix: Biography of Wilhelm Pfeffer;327
23.10;X. Appendix: Biography of Jacobus van’t Hoff;329
23.11;XI. Appendix: Biography of Rudolf Clausius;330
24;Chapter 19. The Ascent of Water in Plants;334
24.1;I. The Problem;334
24.2;II. How Water Gets to the Top of Tall Buildings and Animals;335
24.3;III. Cohesion Theory;336
24.4;IV. Limitations of the Cohesion Theory;338
24.5;V. Alternative Theory to the Cohesion Theory;346
24.6;VI. New Techniques to Confirm the Cohesion Theory;350
24.7;VII. Controvery About the Cohesion Theory;351
24.8;VIII. Potentials in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum;351
24.9;IX. Appendix: Biography of Henry Dixon;354
24.10;X. Appendix: Biography of John Joly;355
25;Chapter 20. Electrical Analogues for Water Movement through the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum;360
25.1;I. The Analogy;360
25.2;II. Measurement of Resistance With the Wheatstone Bridge;361
25.3;III. Law of Resistance;362
25.4;IV. Units of Electrical Conductivity;364
25.5;V. Example of an Electrical Analogue Applied to Soil With Wormholes;365
25.6;VI. Van den Honert’s Equation;366
25.7;VII. Proof of van den Honert’s Equation;368
25.8;VIII. Appendix: Biography of Georg Ohm;369
25.9;IX. Appendix: Biography of Charles Wheatstone;371
25.10;X. Appendix: Biographies of Members of the Siemens Family;372
26;Chapter 21. Leaf Anatomy and Leaf Elasticity;376
26.1;I. Leaf Anatomy;376
26.2;II. Internal Water Relations;382
26.3;III. Elasticity;385
26.4;IV. Elasticity Applied to Plant Leaves;388
26.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Robert Hooke;393
26.6;VI. Appendix: Biography of Thomas Young;394
27;Chapter 22. Stomata and Measurement of Stomatal Resistance;398
27.1;I. Definition of Stomata and Their Distribution;398
27.2;II. Stomatal Anatomy of Dicots and Monocots;399
27.3;III. Stomatal Density;400
27.4;IV. Diffusion of Gases Through Stomatal Pores;402
27.5;V. Guard Cells;403
27.6;VI. Mechanism of Stomatal Opening;405
27.7;VII. Boundary Layer;406
27.8;VIII. Leaf Resistances;407
27.9;IX. Measurement of Stomatal Aperture and Stomatal Resistance;411
27.10;X. Theory of Mass-Flow and Diffusion Porometers;414
27.11;XI. Appendix: Biography of Adolf Fick;416
28;Chapter 23. Solar Radiation, Black Bodies, Heat Budget, and Radiation Balance;422
28.1;I. Solar Radiation;422
28.2;II. Terrestrial Radiation;423
28.3;III. Definition of a Black Body;425
28.4;IV. Example of a Black Body;427
28.5;V. Temperature of a Black Body;428
28.6;VI. Gray Body;429
28.7;VII. Spectrum of a Black Body;429
28.8;VIII. Sun’s Temperature;431
28.9;IX. Earth’s Temperature;432
28.10;X. Comparison of Solar and Terrestrial Radiation;432
28.11;XI. Heat Budget;433
28.12;XII. Radiation Balance;435
28.13;XIII. Appendix: Biography of Gustav Kirchhoff;437
28.14;XIV. Appendix: Biography of Josef Stefan;439
28.15;XV. Appendix: Biography of Ludwig Boltzmann;440
28.16;XVI. Appendix: Biography of Wilhelm Wien;441
29;Chapter 24. Measurement of Canopy Temperature with Infrared Thermometers;444
29.1;I. Infrared Thermometers;445
29.2;II. Definitions;446
29.3;III. Principles of Infrared Thermometry;446
29.4;IV. Use of a Portable Infrared Thermometer;449
29.5;V. Calibration of Infrared Thermometers;450
29.6;VI. Advantages of Infrared Thermometers;451
29.7;VII. Appendix: Biography of Ray Jackson;452
30;Chapter 25. Stress-Degree-Day Concept and Crop-Water-Stress Index;456
30.1;I. Stress-Degree-Day Procedure;456
30.2;II. Canopy-Minus-Air Temperature and Evapotranspiration;459
30.3;III. Crop-Water-Stress Index;462
30.4;IV. How to Calculate the Crop-Water-Stress Index;467
30.5;V. Crop-Water-Stress Index for Alfalfa, Soybeans, and Cotton;467
30.6;VI. Importance of a Wide Range of Vapor-Pressure Deficit Values;470
30.7;VII. Appendix: Biography of Sherwood Idso;470
31;Chapter 26. Potential Evapotranspiration;474
31.1;I. Definition of Potential Evapotranspiration;474
31.2;II. Factors That Affect Potential Evapotranspiration;474
31.3;III. Advection;483
31.4;IV. Example Calculation to Determine Potential Evapotranspiration;483
31.5;V. Appendix: Biography of Howard Penman;485
32;Chapter 27. Water and Yield;488
32.1;I. De Wit’s Analysis;488
32.2;II. Relationship Between Yield and Transpiration and Yield and Evapotranspiration;490
32.3;III. Water and Marketable Yield;497
32.4;IV. Water and Quality;497
32.5;V. Crop-Water-Use Efficiency;498
32.6;VI. Appendix: Biography of Cornelius de Wit;501
33;Index;504