Klimanskaya / Lanza Adult Stem Cells

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-046916-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 419, 576 Seiten

Reihe: Methods in Enzymology

This is the second of three planned volumes in the Methods in Enzymology series on the topic of stem cells. This volume is a unique anthology of stem cell techniques focusing on adult stem cells, and written by experts from the top laboratories in the world. The contributors not only have hands-on experience in the field but often have developed the original approaches that they share with great attention to detail. The chapters provide a brief review of each field followed by a 'cookbook and handy illustrations. The collection of protocols includes the isolation and maintenance of stem cells from various species using 'conventional and novel methods, such as derivation of ES cells from single blastomeres, differentiation of stem cells into specific tissue types, isolation and maintenance of somatic stem cells, stem cell-specific techniques and approaches to tissue engineering using stem cell derivatives. The reader will find that some of the topics are covered by more than one group of authors and complement each other. Comprehensive step-by-step protocols and informative illustrations can be easily followed by even the least experienced researchers in the field, and allow the setup and troubleshooting of these state-of-the-art technologies in other laboratories. - Provides complete coverage spanning from derivation/isolation of stem cells, and including differentiation protocols, characterization and maintenance of derivatives and tissue engineering - Presents the latest most innovative technologies - Addresses therapeutic relevance including FDA compliance and tissue engineering

Autoren/Hrsg.

Klimanskaya, Irina

Lanza, Robert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Adult Stem Cells;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication Page;6
5;Table of Contents;8
6;Contributors to Volume 419;10
7;Preface;14
8;Foreword;16
9;Volumes in Series;18
10;Section I: Ectoderm;42
10.1;Chapter 1: Neural Stem Cell Isolation and Characterization;44
10.1.1;Introduction;44
10.1.2;Reagents and Instrumentation;46
10.1.3;Methods;50
10.1.4;Acknowledgments;63
10.1.5;References;64
10.2;Chapter 2: Neural Stem Cells and Their Manipulation;64
10.2.1;Introduction;65
10.2.2;Adult Niches for Stem Cells In Vivo;66
10.2.3;In Vitro Manipulation of NSCs;68
10.2.4;Conclusions and Projections;82
10.2.5;Sample Protocols for the Culture and Characterization of NSCs;84
10.2.6;Acknowledgments;86
10.2.7;References;86
10.3;Chapter 3: Retinal Stem Cells;93
10.3.1;Introduction;94
10.3.2;Materials and Methods;101
10.3.3;Overview;110
10.3.4;References;110
10.4;Chapter 4: Epithelial Skin Stem Cells;114
10.4.1;Introduction to Skin Epithelial Stem Cells;114
10.4.2;Epithelial Skin Organization and the Hair Cycle;117
10.4.3;Characteristics of Skin Epithelial Stem Cells;118
10.4.4;References;135
10.5;Chapter 5: Dental Pulp Stem Cells;140
10.5.1;Introduction;140
10.5.2;Identification of Dental Pulp Stem Cells;142
10.5.3;Isolation of DPSCs;144
10.5.4;Differentiation of DPSCs;146
10.5.5;References;150
11;Section II: Mesoderm;156
11.1;Chapter 6: Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells;158
11.1.1;Introduction;158
11.1.2;Skeletal Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells;159
11.1.3;Defining a Skeletal Stem Cell;160
11.1.4;Origin and Nature of Skeletal Stem Cells;166
11.1.5;Plasticity of BMSCs;167
11.1.6;Role of Skeletal Stem Cells in Disease;169
11.1.7;Molecular Engineering;170
11.1.8;Potential Use of Skeletal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine;171
11.1.9;Establishment of Nonclonal Populations of BMSCs In Vitro;173
11.1.10;Establishment of Clonal Populations of BMSCs In Vitro;175
11.1.11;Determination of Colony-Forming Efficiency;177
11.1.12;In Vitro Differentiation of BMSCs;179
11.1.13;In Vivo Differentiation of BMSCs;181
11.1.14;Acknowledgments;186
11.1.15;References;186
11.2;Chapter 7: Hematopoietic Stem Cells;190
11.2.1;Introduction;190
11.2.2;Identification and Enrichment of HSCs;191
11.2.3;Functional Characterization of Candidate HSCs;198
11.2.4;Long-Term Culture of Candidate HSCs and Progenitors;205
11.2.5;Acknowledgments;209
11.2.6;References;209
11.3;Chapter 8: Hemangioblasts and Their Progeny;220
11.3.1;Introduction;220
11.3.2;Ex Vivo Expansion of CD133+ Cells;221
11.3.3;Hematopoietic and Endothelial Differentiation of Single Cell-Derived EGFP+ Clones;221
11.3.4;Phenotypical and Functional Studies of CD133-Derived Cells during Ex Vivo Expansion and Differentiation;222
11.3.5;Materials;223
11.3.6;Reagents;223
11.3.7;Methods;227
11.3.8;References;234
11.4;Chapter 9: Kidney Epithelial Cells;235
11.4.1;Introduction;235
11.4.2;Analysis of Steady State Tubular Epithelium Maintenance;236
11.4.3;Regeneration of Experimentally Injured Kidney Tubules;237
11.4.4;Extratubular Progenitor Cells;242
11.4.5;Culture of Human Tubular Progenitor Cells;244
11.4.6;References;246
11.5;Chapter 10: Ovarian Germ Cells;249
11.5.1;Introduction;249
11.5.2;Origin of Primordial Germ Cells;250
11.5.3;Formation of Human Fetal Oocytes and Primordial and Primary Follicles;251
11.5.4;Immune System-Related Cells and Oogenesis in Fetal Ovaries;252
11.5.5;Fetal Programming of Follicular Renewal during Adulthood;255
11.5.6;"Ovary within the Ovary " Pattern and Thy-1 Differentiation Protein;267
11.5.7;Cessation of Adult Oogenesis;268
11.5.8;Oogenesis and Follicular Renewal in Adult Ovaries;269
11.5.9;Working Hypothesis on the Role of the Gonadal Environment;272
11.5.10;Differentiation of Stem Cells and Tissue Control System Theory;274
11.5.11;Potential Treatment of Ovarian Infertility by Producing New Primary Follicles In Vivo;277
11.5.12;Mystery of the Origin of Oocytes in Adult Mammalian Ovaries;278
11.5.13;Development of Distinct Cell Types from Totipotent Ovarian Stem Cells In Vitro;282
11.5.14;Ovarian Stem Cell Culture Protocol;285
11.5.15;Ovarian Stem Cell Cultures and Autologous Treatment of POF;289
11.5.16;Potential Pitfalls;290
11.5.17;Autologous Ovarian Stem Cells and Treatment of Degenerative Diseases;291
11.5.18;Conclusion;291
11.5.19;Acknowledgment;293
11.5.20;References;293
11.6;Chapter 11: Spermatogonial Stem Cells;300
11.6.1;Introduction;300
11.6.2;Spermatogonial Stem Cells;301
11.6.3;SSC Transplantation;304
11.6.4;SSC Culture;311
11.6.5;Implications;319
11.6.6;Acknowledgments;320
11.6.7;References;320
12;Section III: Endoderm;324
12.1;Chapter 12: Stem Cells in the Lung;326
12.1.1;Introduction;326
12.1.2;Anatomical and Cellular Diversity of Adult Lung;328
12.1.3;Stem Cell Phenotypes and Niches in Adult Lung;331
12.1.4;In Vivo Injury Models of the Lung;334
12.1.5;Ex Vivo Epithelial Tracheal Xenograft Model to Study Stem Cell Expansion in Proximal Airway;341
12.1.6;In Vitro Colony-Forming Efficiency Assay to Characterize Stem Cell Populations in Conducting Airway Epithelium;351
12.1.7;Models to Study Stem/Progenitor Cells of Airway Submucosal Glands;355
12.1.8;Acknowledgments;358
12.1.9;References;358
12.2;Chapter 13: Pancreatic Cells and Their Progenitors;363
12.2.1;Introduction;363
12.2.2;Pancreas Development;364
12.2.3;Origins of Beta Cells During Postnatal Life;367
12.2.4;Summary and Perspective;371
12.2.5;Methods: Design of a Lineage-Tracing Experiment in Mice;372
12.2.6;References;374
12.3;Chapter 14: Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells and Progenitors;378
12.3.1;Introduction;379
12.3.2;Assaying Intestinal Stem Cells, Progenitors, and Their Lineages In Vivo;382
12.3.3;Intestinal Epithelium In Vitro;394
12.3.4;References;413
13;Section IV: Extraembryonic and Perinatal Stem Cells;426
13.1;Chapter 15: Trophoblast Stem Cells;428
13.1.1;Introduction;428
13.1.2;Preparations for Culture of TS Cells;430
13.1.3;Preparation of Feeder Cell Stocks;432
13.1.4;Establishment of TS Cell Lines;433
13.1.5;Passage and Maintenance of TS Cells;437
13.1.6;Freezing and Thawing of TS Cells;439
13.1.7;References;440
13.2;Chapter 16: Pluripotent Stem Cells from Germ Cells;441
13.2.1;Introduction;442
13.2.2;Germ Cell Development;443
13.2.3;Embryonic Germ Cell Derivation;444
13.2.4;Characterization of EG Cultures;453
13.2.5;Embryoid Body Formation and Analysis;458
13.2.6;Embryoid Body-Derived Cells ;459
13.2.7;Acknowledgments;462
13.2.8;References;462
13.3;Chapter 17: Amniotic Fluid and Placental Stem Cells;467
13.3.1;Introduction;467
13.3.2;Amniotic Fluid and Placenta in Developmental Biology;468
13.3.3;Amniotic Fluid and Placenta for Cell Therapy;469
13.3.4;Isolation and Characterization of Progenitor Cells;470
13.3.5;Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid- and Placenta-Derived Progenitor Cells;471
13.3.6;Amniotic Fluid and Placental Differentiation Protocols;475
13.3.7;Conclusion;476
13.3.8;References;477
13.4;Chapter 18: Cord Blood Stem and Progenitor Cells;480
13.4.1;Introduction: Cord Blood Transplantation;480
13.4.2;Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells;482
13.4.3;Endothelial Progenitor Cells;484
13.4.4;Methodologies for Assessing Hematopoietic Progenitor and Stem Cells, as Well as Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Present in Human Cord Blood;488
13.4.5;Methods for Enumerating Human Myeloid Progenitor Cells in Umbilical Cord Blood by In Vitro Colony Formation;488
13.4.6;Methods for Enumerating Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Umbilical Cord Blood;496
13.4.7;Methods for Enumerating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Umbilical Cord Blood;504
13.4.8;Uses of Preceding Assays;508
13.4.9;References;508
14;Author Index;516
15;Subject Index;566

Leseproben

[2] Neural Stem Cells and Their Manipulation
Prithi Rajan; Evan Snyder Abstract
Extracellular signals dictate the biological processes of neural stem cells (NSCs) both in vivo and in vitro. The intracellular response elicited by these signals is dependent on the context in which the signal is received, which in turn is decided by previous and concurrent signals impinging on the cell. A synthesis of signaling pathways that control proliferation, survival, and differentiation of NSCs in vivo and in vitro will lead to a better understanding of their biology, and will also permit more precise and reproducible manipulation of these cells to particular end points. In this review we summarize the known signals that cause proliferation, survival, and differentiation in mammalian NSCs. Introduction
Neural stem cells (NSCs) may be isolated from embryonic and adult brains, and are defined by their dual properties of self-renewal and their capacity to differentiate into the fates characteristic of the adult nervous system. The resident population of NSCs in the developing brain peaks before embryonic days 12–14 (E12–E14) in the rat, and gradually diminishes because of differentiation into neurons initially, followed by astrocytes and then oligodendrocytes. Neurogenesis is maximal around E14, followed by gliogenesis, which peaks around E19 (Caviness et al., 1995; Frederiksen and McKay, 1988). Neuronal architecture and glial differentiation continue to occur postnatally, especially synaptic pruning and myelination. NSCs are isolated with ease from all areas of the embryonic central nervous system, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, mid-brain including the substantia nigra, cerebellum, and spinal cord. In the adult there are structural zones to which these cells are restricted; this is discussed in relative detail below. NSCs have also been isolated from the neural crest and retina, and have been used as biological platforms to study the mechanisms of regulation of proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are isolated from chick, mouse, or rat neural tube explants and give rise to tissue derivatives of the neural crest including neurons and glia from the peripheral nervous system and smooth muscle (Shah and Anderson, 1997). Retinal stem cells have been isolated from the ciliary margin zone of the adult eyes of amphibians and fish, and have also been cultured from pigmented ciliary margin of mouse retinas (Moshiri et al., 2004; Tropepe et al., 2000). The most obvious practical advantage of NSCs is their potential to be an unrestricted source of neurons for replacement therapies. In addition to these transplantation therapies other important uses of stem cells lie in the creation of platforms for drug discovery (Rajan et al., 2006). To make these processes more efficient by the successful manipulation of these cells, it is necessary to study the biology of NSCs in in vitro culture systems that are used to maintain and propagate them, and to determine the signaling pathways that control the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of these cells in culture. Although the population of NSCs in the adult brain is appreciably less than in the embryonic brain, NSCs exist in localized regions called niches. The biology of the adult NSCs within their niches also needs to be studied in detail for two reasons: in addition to replacement therapies in which cells from allogeneic donors may be transplanted, resident stem cells may also be mobilized in order to harness their therapeutic potential. The use of fetal and adult NSCs for transplantation therapies may also benefit by knowledge of the in vivo survival and differentiation requirements of these cells. In this review we attempt to summarize the signals controlling some aspects of neural stem cell biology including the in vivo niches in which neural stem cells reside in the adult and during development in the embryo, and the signals that are known to orchestrate the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Inclusion of the details of each pathway is beyond the scope of this review, but may be found in several excellent reviews focusing on individual pathways (Bieberich, 2004; Blaise et al., 2005; Cross and Templeton, 2004; Kleber and Sommer, 2004; Louvi and Artavanis-Tsakonas, 2006; McMahon, 2000; Polster and Fiskum, 2004; Stupack, 2005; Sela- Donenfeld and Wilkinson, 2005). Depending on the laboratory in which these studies were performed, NSC cultures have been derived from rodent or human tissues, and cultured under conditions that vary in three-dimensional structure (monolayer or neurosphere), and culture additives [serum, B27, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)]. Admittedly, these parameters confer significant differences to the NSC cultures generated. For example, neurospheres, which are NSC cultures maintained in suspended balls of cells, generate cultures of vastly different local density and extracellular matrix composition when compared with NSCs generated in monolayers. In addition, NSC cultures prepared from tissue derived from identical brain regions but from different ages of embryo differ in their responses to growth factors, attesting to the idea that the response elicited from a cell by an impinging ligand is affected by the context in which the signal is received, which in turn is dictated by cell-intrinsic and extracellular cues. For these contextual reasons, only those results that have been obtained in mammalian, and preferably neural-related, systems are considered here. Finally, some conclusions have been drawn by overexpression of signaling proteins and transcription factors, which may lead to spurious effects. However, in this review we consider data generated using all these paradigms in addition to in vivo studies to generate a heuristic model that will undoubtedly undergo refinements as our understanding of stem cell biology progresses. Adult Niches for Stem Cells In Vivo
The adult mammalian brain has two prominent zones wherein stem cells reside. Stem cells are known to exist in the subventricular zone (SVZ), which extends anatomically around the ventricle in the cerebral cortex. These stem cells participate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in rodents, generating interneurons in the olfactory bulb; however, there is little evidence for the presence of a migrating stream similar to the RMS in humans (Sanai et al., 2004). The second concentration of stem cells in the adult occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus, from which neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus (Gage, 2000). Although the stem cells that reside in the SVZ were originally thought to comprise the layer of ependymal cells that line the ventricle (Johansson et al., 1999), the current consensus suggests instead that astrocytes serve as functional stem cells (Alvarez-Buylla et al., 2002), whereas the ependymal cells participate in regulating the niche that these cells occupy (Lim et al., 2000). The current model suggests that the niche comprises three types of cell: the stem cell/astrocyte, which contacts the basal lamina and is capable of self-renewal (B cell); the preneuronal cell (C cell); and the young migrating neuron (A cell). B cells express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a mature astrocytic marker, whereas stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1), which is considered characteristic of rodent embryonic stem cells, is present on a subset of astrocytes in vivo (Alvarez-Buylla and Lim, 2004). C cells may also be considered stem cells and respond to EGF as a mitogen in vitro to give rise to NSC cultures. A similar hierarchy of cells is present in the SGZ in the adult hippocampus. In this case GFAP-positive astrocytes give rise to neuronal precursors, which mature into granule cells that populate the dentate gyrus. In addition, there is some evidence for the presence of restricted progenitors, distributed in the white matter of the cerebral cortex, which have been designated white matter precursor cells (WMPCs) (Goldman and Sim, 2005). These are largely glial progenitors and less restricted multipotential progenitors that are scattered in the SVZ and throughout the parenchyma of the brain. WMPCs express platelet-derived growth factor receptor a(PDGFRa) and the A2B5 epitope and thus appear to be oligodendrocyte precursors (Scolding et al., 1998, 1999), but have the capacity to generate all neural phenotypes when cultured in vitro (Nunes et al., 2003). When sorted WMPCs were analyzed for their gene expression profiles they exhibited some characteristics of neural progenitor cells such as HES1, musashi, doublecortin, and MASH1 (Goldman and Sim, 2005). Surprisingly, about 4% of the dissociated white matter from human surgical biopsies was shown to comprise these A2B5-positive cells. Although the biology by which the WMPCs are maintained in the brain remains to be elucidated, a picture is emerging of the SVZ and SGZ niches, mostly by in vivo transgenic and gene ablation studies. The participation of extracellular matrix (ECM), basal lamina, and blood vessels and the paracrine effects of the cells themselves are important...