Koerner / Asher Concise History of the Language Sciences

From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9754-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 509 Seiten, Web PDF

This book presents in a single volume a comprehensive history of the language sciences, from ancient times through to the twentieth century. While there has been a concentration on those traditions that have the greatest international relevance, a particular effort has been made to go beyond traditional Eurocentric accounts, and to cover a broad geographical spread. For the twentieth century a section has been devoted to the various trends, schools, and theoretical framework developed in Europe, North America and Australasia over the past seventy years. There has also been a concentration on those approaches in linguistic theory which can be expected to have some direct relevance to work being done at the beginning of the twenty-first century or those of which a knowledge is needed for the full understanding of the history of linguistic sciences through the last half of this century. The last section of this book reviews the applications of some of these findings. Based on the foundation provided by the award winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics this volume provides an excellent focal point of reference for anyone interested in the history of the language sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Koerner, E. F. K.

Asher, R. E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Editors' Foreword;12
6;SECTION I: General;14
6.1;Chapter 1. History of Linguistics: The Field;16
6.1.1;Bibliography;19
6.2;Chapter 2. Historiography of Linguistics;20
6.2.1;1. Approaches to Linguistic Historiography;22
6.2.2;2. Developing Principles for Linguistic Historiography;25
6.2.3;3. Conclusion: Tasks for the Historiography of Linguistics;28
6.2.4;Bibliography;28
7;SECTION II: Antiquity to Middle Ages— the Near East;30
7.1;Chapter 3. Babylonian Grammatical Texts;32
7.1.1;1. Cuneiform Scholarship: The List as Data/Discourse Structure;32
7.1.2;2. Grammar as Word-List;33
7.1.3;3. Grammar as Word-Constituent-List;34
7.1.4;Bibliography;34
7.2;Chapter 4. Hebrew Linguistic Tradition;34
7.2.1;1. A Late Beginning and a Quick Development;34
7.2.2;2. The Development of Hebrew Linguistics;35
7.2.3;3. Selected Topics;39
7.2.4;Bibliography;41
7.3;Chapter 5. Arabic Linguistic Tradition;41
7.3.1;1. The Beginnings of Arabic Grammar;41
7.3.2;2. The Foundation of Arabic Grammar;42
7.3.3;3. Transmitted Data;42
7.3.4;4. Analogy (Qiyas);43
7.3.5;5. The Organization of Arabic Grammar;45
7.3.6;6. Lexicography;48
7.3.7;7. Conclusion;50
7.3.8;Bibliography;50
8;SECTION III: Antiquity — the Far East;52
8.1;Chapter 6. Chinese Linguistic Tradition;54
8.1.1;1. Metalinguistic Speculation;54
8.1.2;2. Lexicography;54
8.1.3;3. Dialect Geography;55
8.1.4;4. Phonological Studies;56
8.1.5;5. Twentieth-century Developments;57
8.1.6;Bibliography;57
8.2;Chapter 7. Linguistic Thought in Japan;58
8.2.1;1. Linguistic Tradition;58
8.2.2;2. The Early and Medieval Period;58
8.2.3;3. The Early Modern Period;60
8.2.4;4. The Modern Period;62
8.2.5;Bibliography;64
8.3;Chapter 8. History of East Asian Phonetics;64
8.3.1;1. China;64
8.3.2;2. Korea;66
8.3.3;3. Japan;69
8.3.4;Bibliography;69
9;SECTION IV: Antiquity — India;70
9.1;Chapter 9. Päninian Linguistics;72
9.1.1;1. Pacini's Grammar;72
9.1.2;2. The Indian Grammatical Tradition;72
9.1.3;3. The Method of Grammatical Analysis;73
9.1.4;4. Morphology/Syntax;75
9.1.5;5. Phonology and Phonetics;77
9.1.6;6. Outlook;78
9.1.7;Bibliography;78
9.2;Chapter 10. Indian Theories of Meaning;79
9.2.1;1. Early Efforts;79
9.2.2;2. The Grammatical Tradition;79
9.2.3;3. Philosophical Theories of Meaning;81
9.2.4;Bibliography;84
9.3;Chapter 11. Ancient Indian Phonetics;85
9.3.1;1. Ancient Indian Phonetics;85
9.3.2;2. Origins of Sanskrit Phonetics;85
9.3.3;3. Emergence of Formal Phonetic Analysis;86
9.3.4;4. Formation of the Sanskrit Alphabet;87
9.3.5;5. Descriptive Techniques and Terminology;88
9.3.6;6. Phonetics and Phonology in Ancient India;89
9.3.7;Bibliography;89
9.4;Chapter 12. Tamil Linguistic Tradition;90
9.4.1;Bibliography;92
10;SECTION V: Antiquity — Europe;94
10.1;Chapter 13. Classical Linguistics: An Overview;96
10.1.1;1. Historiographical Problems;96
10.1.2;2. From the Origins to Plato and Aristotle;97
10.1.3;3. Stoic and Alexandrian Grammar;98
10.1.4;4. Linguistic Theory and Practice in Rome: Varro;99
10.1.5;5. Early Roman Imperial Grammar and the Alexandrian Renaissance;100
10.1.6;6. The Roman Ars grammatica;101
10.1.7;7. Conclusion;102
10.1.8;Bibliography;102
10.2;Chapter 14. Plato and His Predecessors;103
10.2.1;1. The Beginnings;103
10.2.2;2. The Sophists;104
10.2.3;3. Plato;105
10.2.4;Bibliography;106
10.3;Chapter 15. Aristotle and the Stoics on Language;106
10.3.1;1. Aristotle;106
10.3.2;2. The Stoics;108
10.3.3;Bibliography;111
10.4;Chapter 16. Dionysius Thrax, the TechnaU and Sextus Empiricus;112
10.4.1;1 The Technai;112
10.4.2;2. Dionysius Thrax;113
10.4.3;3. Sextus Empiricus;114
10.4.4;Bibliography;115
10.5;Chapter 17. Varro and Early Latin Language Science;116
10.5.1;1 Pre-Varronian Grammatical Scholarship;116
10.5.2;2. Varro's Linguistic Works;117
10.5.3;3. Varro's Linguistic Theory;117
10.5.4;4. Varro's Grammatical Methods;118
10.5.5;5. Varro's Legacy;119
10.5.6;6. Varro's Contemporaries;119
10.5.7;Bibliography;119
10.6;Chapter 18. Roman Language Science in the Early Empire;120
10.6.1;L The Status of Grammar;120
10.6.2;2. Grammarians and their Texts;121
10.6.3;3. Quintilian and Grammar in Roman Education;122
10.6.4;Bibliography;123
10.7;Chapter 19. Apollonius Dyscolus and Herodian;124
10.7.1;1. The Syntax;124
10.7.2;2. Other Works;126
10.7.3;3. Herodian;126
10.7.4;4. Conclusion;127
10.7.5;Bibliography;127
10.8;Chapter 20. Roman Ars Grammatica, including Priscian;128
10.8.1;I. Background;128
10.8.2;2. The Roman Grammarians;128
10.8.3;3. Priscian;129
10.8.4;4. The Roman Ars Grammatica—An Attempt at a Synopsis;130
10.8.5;Bibliography;131
11;SECTION VI: Middle Ages — Europe;132
11.1;Chapter 21. Early Medieval Grammar;134
11.1.1;1. The Late Latin Inheritance;135
11.1.2;2. Pre-Carolingian Grammar;136
11.1.3;3. Carohngian Renaissance;139
11.1.4;Bibliography;142
11.2;Chapter 22. Linguistics in the Later Middle Ages;143
11.2.1;L Grammar in the Later Middle Ages;143
11.2.2;2. Premodistic Grammar;143
11.2.3;3. The Modistae;145
11.2.4;4. Conclusion;148
11.2.5;Bibliography;149
11.3;Chapter 23. Medieval Language Philosophy;150
11.3.1;1. Sources and Stages of Development;150
11.3.2;2. The Properties of Terms;151
11.3.3;3. The Semantics of Propositions;153
11.3.4;4. Epistemologica! and Ontological Commitments;154
11.3.5;Bibliography;156
12;SECTION VII: Renaissance — Europe;158
12.1;Chapter 24. Renaissance Linguistics: An Overview;160
12.1.1;Bibliography;164
12.2;Chapter 25. Renaissance Linguistics in Italy;165
12.2.1;1. Cultural and Political Background;165
12.2.2;2. Diachronic and Comparative Linguistics;165
12.2.3;3. Spelling Systems and Phonetic Analysis;167
12.2.4;4. Grammar;167
12.2.5;5. Lexicography;168
12.2.6;6. Translation;168
12.2.7;7. Nonliterary Varieties of the Vernacular;169
12.2.8;Bibliography;169
12.3;Chapter 26. Renaissance Linguistics in Spain;170
12.3.1;L The Early Renaissance in Spain;170
12.3.2;2. The Late Renaissance in Spain;171
12.3.3;3. The Preoccupation with Orthography;172
12.3.4;4. Historical Linguistics;173
12.3.5;5. Dialects and Sociolects;173
12.3.6;Bibliography;174
12.4;Chapter 27. Renaissance Linguistics in France;174
12.4.1;1. Morphology and Syntax;175
12.4.2;2. Orthography and Pronunciation;176
12.4.3;3. Lexicography;177
12.4.4;4. History of the French Language in the Sixteenth Century;178
12.4.5;5. Subjective Appreciation of Language;178
12.4.6;Bibliography;179
13;SECTION VIII: 17th and 18th Century Europe;180
13.1;Chapter 28. Port-Royal Tradition of General Grammar;182
13.1.1;1. Background;182
13.1.2;2. Port-Royal;183
13.1.3;3. Port-Royal Works on Language;184
13.1.4;4. After Port-Royal;187
13.1.5;Bibliography;187
13.2;Chapter 29. Universal Language Schemes and Seventeenth-Century Britain;187
13.2.1;Bibliography;191
13.3;Chapter 30. Early Historical and Comparative Studies in Scandinavia, the Low Countries, and German-speaking Lands;192
13.3.1;Bibliography;195
13.4;Chapter 31. Beginnings of Comparative and Historical Studies in Britain;196
13.4.1;Bibliography;197
13.5;Chapter 32. Origin of Language Debate in the Eighteenth Century;197
13.5.1;Bibliography;200
13.6;Chapter 33. Discovery of Sanskrit by Europeans;201
13.6.1;1. Pioneers: Missionaries and Travelers in India (1583–1768);201
13.6.2;2. Breakthrough: British Colonials in Bengal (1768–1794);202
13.6.3;3. Taking Stock in Europe (1780–1806);203
13.6.4;4. A New Beginning: Sanskrit in Paris (1802–08);203
13.6.5;5. Mainstream (1808–);203
13.6.6;Bibliography;204
14;SECTION IX: The Main Strands of 19th Century Linguistics;206
14.1;Chapter 34. History of Comparative Linguistics;208
14.1.1;1. Early Genealogies;208
14.1.2;2. More Facts and Clearer Methods;209
14.1.3;3. Early Typologists;210
14.1.4;4. The Pioneers;211
14.1.5;5. Schleicher and the Scientists;211
14.1.6;6. Science as a Model;212
14.1.7;7. Tests and Critiques;214
14.1.8;Bibliography;215
14.2;Chapter 35. History of Historical Linguistics;216
14.2.1;1. The First Geneticists;216
14.2.2;2. The Search for Regularity;217
14.2.3;3. Fresh Evidence;219
14.2.4;4. Alternative Approaches;220
14.2.5;5. linguistic Palaeontology';223
14.2.6;Bibliography;223
14.3;Chapter 36. History of Typology and Language Classification;225
14.3.1;1. The Prehistory of Language Classification and Typology;225
14.3.2;2. Classical Typology of Language;226
14.3.3;3. Implicational Typology and Language Universals;228
14.3.4;Bibliography;229
15;SECTION .: 20th Century Linguistics;232
15.1;Chapter 37. Trends in Twentieth-Century Linguistics: An Overview;234
15.1.1;1. 'Progress' and 'Science' in Linguistics;234
15.1.2;2. Linguistic 'Mainstreams';234
15.1.3;3. Language Theory before Worid War I;235
15.1.4;4. Saussure and the Cours;237
15.1.5;5. The Emergence of Structuralist Schools;237
15.1.6;6. Developments in Historical Linguistics;240
15.1.7;7. Post-World War II 'Algebraic' Structuralism;240
15.1.8;8. Transformational–Generative Grammar, including Generative Phonology;241
15.1.9;9. Sociolinguistics;243
15.1.10;10. Universal–Typological Linguistics;244
15.1.11;11 Discourse Analysis;244
15.1.12;12. Conclusion;245
15.1.13;Bibliography;245
15.2;Chapter 38. Saussurean Tradition in Linguistics;246
15.2.1;1. The Establishment of Synchronic Linguistics;246
15.2.2;2. The Primacy of Spoken Language;247
15.2.3;3. The Object of Linguistics: Langue versus Parole;247
15.2.4;4. Langue as a Social Fact;248
15.2.5;5. Langue as a System of Signs: Semiology;248
15.2.6;6. The Arbitrariness of Linguistic Signs;249
15.2.7;7. The Linearity of Signifiers;250
15.2.8;8. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations: Langueas Form, not Substance;250
15.2.9;9. The Systematicity of Langue: Structuralism;251
15.2.10;Bibliography;252
15.3;Chapter 39. Geneva School, after Saussure;252
15.3.1;1, A School without a Leader;253
15.3.2;2. The First Generation;253
15.3.3;3. The Second Generation;254
15.3.4;4. The Third Generation;255
15.3.5;5. Appraisal and Prospects;255
15.3.6;Bibliography;255
15.4;Chapter 40. Neolinguistic School in Italy;256
15.4.1;1. The External History of the Neolinguistic School;257
15.4.2;2. The Essential Issues of the 'Neolinguistic Position';257
15.4.3;3. Reception and Critique;259
15.4.4;Bibliography;259
15.5;Chapter 41. Prague School Phonology;260
15.5.1;1. Phonology and Phoneme;260
15.5.2;2. Phonological Systems;261
15.5.3;3. Nondistinctive and Distinctive Variations;261
15.5.4;4. The Nature of Phonemic Systems;262
15.5.5;5. Grundzüge der Phonologie: Phonemes and Oppositions;263
15.5.6;6. Grundzüge der Phänologie: Neutralization andArchiphoneme;264
15.5.7;7. Grundzüge der Phonologie: Boundary Signals;265
15.5.8;8. The Notion of Function;265
15.5.9;9. Envoi;266
15.5.10;Bibliography;266
15.6;Chapter 42. Prague School Syntax and Semantics;266
15.6.1;1 The Main Roots of Prague School Syntax and Semantics;266
15.6.2;2. The Sentence Patterns Model;268
15.6.3;3. Valency in the Prague Generative Approach;268
15.6.4;4. Topic/Focus Articulation;270
15.6.5;5. Semantics;273
15.6.6;Bibliography;274
15.7;Chapter 43. The Glossematic School of Linguistics;275
15.7.1;1 Outline of the History of the Glossematic Movement;275
15.7.2;2. Logical Positivism and Glossematics;276
15.7.3;3. Form and Substance in Glossematics;277
15.7.4;4. The Analytical Procedure of Glossematics;278
15.7.5;5. Basic Relations in Glossematics;279
15.7.6;6. The Procedure Exemplified;279
15.7.7;7. Conclusion;281
15.7.8;Bibliography;281
15.8;Chapter 44. Firth and the London School of Linguistics;281
15.8.1;1 Firth's Views on Meaning;282
15.8.2;2. Techniques and Abstractions;282
15.8.3;3. Context of Situation;283
15.8.4;4. Collocation;283
15.8.5;5. Structure and System;284
15.8.6;6. Grammar;284
15.8.7;Bibliography;284
15.9;Chapter 45. Systemic Theory;285
15.9.1;1. Origins of Systemic Theory;285
15.9.2;2. Systems and Their Realization;285
15.9.3;3. Other Basic Concepts;286
15.9.4;4. Other Features of the Theory;286
15.9.5;5. Development of Systemic Theory;287
15.9.6;6. Influences and Trends;288
15.9.7;Bibliography;288
15.10;Chapter 46. Guíllaumean Linguistics;290
15.10.1;Bibliography;292
15.11;Chapter 47. Valency Grammar;293
15.11.1;1. The Basic Idea of Valency;293
15.11.2;2. Varying Views of Valency;293
15.11.3;3. Tesniere's Approach;294
15.11.4;4. An Essential Distinction: Actants versus Circonstants;294
15.11.5;5. The Diversity of Elaborators;296
15.11.6;6. The Special Status of Subjects;297
15.11.7;7. Levels of Analysis;297
15.11.8;8. Reflexive and Causative Verb Patterns;299
15.11.9;9. Adjective and Noun Valency;300
15.11.10;10. Embedded Clauses as Part of Valency;301
15.11.11;11. The Limits of Valency;301
15.11.12;Bibliography;302
15.12;Chapter 48. Functional Grammar;303
15.12.1;1. Functional Linguistics: A Short Historical Survey;303
15.12.2;2. An Empirico-deductive Approach;303
15.12.3;3. Functional Grammar;304
15.12.4;Bibliography;308
15.13;Chapter 49. American Structuralism;308
15.13.1;1. Franz Boas;309
15.13.2;2. Edward Sapir;310
15.13.3;3. Leonard Bloomfield;311
15.13.4;4. Distributionalism;316
15.13.5;5. Summary;317
15.13.6;Bibliography;318
15.14;Chapter 50. Post-Bloomfieldian Phonology;319
15.14.1;1. Leonard Bloomfield and Phonology;319
15.14.2;2. Bloomfield's Immediate Successors;320
15.14.3;3. American Structuralist Phonemics in the1940s and 1950s;321
15.14.4;4. Junctures;324
15.14.5;5. Dissent from the 'Mainstream' View;324
15.14.6;6. 'God's Truth' and 'Hocus-pocus';325
15.14.7;7. Further Reading;326
15.14.8;Bibliography;326
15.15;Chapter 51. Tagmemics;327
15.15.1;1. Historical Development;327
15.15.2;2. Basic Assumptions;328
15.15.3;3. The Hierarchical Principle;329
15.15.4;4. The Tagmeme;331
15.15.5;5. Notations;331
15.15.6;6. Applications;332
15.15.7;Bibliography;332
15.16;Chapter 52. Stratificational Grammar;333
15.16.1;I, The Basic Assumptions;333
15.16.2;2. Syntax;334
15.16.3;3. Performance Models;337
15.16.4;4. Stratification;338
15.16.5;Bibliography;338
15.17;Chapter 53. Evolution of Transformational Grammar;339
15.17.1;1. Early Transformational Grammar;339
15.17.2;2. The 'Standard Theory';343
15.17.3;3. Generative Semantics;345
15.17.4;4. The Extended Standard Theory;348
15.17.5;Bibliography;355
15.18;Chapter 54. Generative Semantics;356
15.18.1;1. GS Positions on Controversial Issues;356
15.18.2;2. GS Policies on the Conduct of Research;357
15.18.3;3. Prominent and Influential Analyses Proposed within the GS Approach;358
15.18.4;4. The History of GS;358
15.18.5;Bibliography;360
15.19;Chapter 55. Applicational Grammar;361
15.19.1;1. Background;361
15.19.2;2. The Properties of Applicational Grammar;361
15.19.3;3. Sentences and Transformational Fields;363
15.19.4;4. Genotype and Phenotype Grammars;363
15.19.5;5. The Later Model;363
15.19.6;6. A Critique of Applicational Grammar;364
15.19.7;Bibliography;364
15.20;Chapter 56. Case Grammar;365
15.20.1;1. Some Fundamentals;365
15.20.2;2. Varieties of Case Grammar;369
15.20.3;3. Defining Case Relations;371
15.20.4;Bibliography;376
15.21;Chapter 57. Cognitive Grammar;377
15.21.1;1. Linguistic Organization;377
15.21.2;2. Semantic Structure;378
15.21.3;3. Grammatical Structure;379
15.21.4;4. Assessment and Outlook;380
15.21.5;Bibliography;381
16;SECTION XI: Special Applications —Phonetics and Translation;382
16.1;Chapter 58. Phonetics: Precursors to Modern Approaches;384
16.1.1;1. Ancient India;384
16.1.2;2. Greece and Rome;385
16.1.3;3. The Middle Ages: 'The First Grammatical Treatise";386
16.1.4;4. Spelling Reform;386
16.1.5;5. The Beginnings of General Phonetics:Jacob Madsen;387
16.1.6;6. The Seventeenth Century;387
16.1.7;7. Doctors and Elocutionists;390
16.1.8;8. Early Developments in Experimental Phonetics;392
16.1.9;9. Physiological Approaches to Speech in the Nineteenth Century;394
16.1.10;10. Phonetics in Britain in the Nineteenth Century;396
16.1.11;11. Phonetics in Germany in the Nineteenth Century;399
16.1.12;12. Paul Passy and Otto Jespersen;400
16.1.13;13. Phonetics at the End of the Nineteenth Century;400
16.1.14;Bibliography;400
16.2;Chapter 59. History of Phonetic Transcription;401
16.2.1;L The Segmentation of Speech;401
16.2.2;2. Types of Transcription;402
16.2.3;3. Notation;402
16.2.4;4. Historical Survey of Transcription Systems;403
16.2.5;5. Nineteenth-century Transcription Systems;405
16.2.6;6. Twentieth-century Developments;413
16.2.7;Bibliography;414
16.3;Chapter 60. Early Modern Instrumental Phonetics;414
16.3.1;1. Early Discoveries, Assumptions, and New Questions;415
16.3.2;2. Early Instrumental and Experimental Work;421
16.3.3;3. Acoustic Nature of Speech Sounds;427
16.3.4;4. Conclusion;428
16.3.5;Bibliography;428
16.4;Chapter 61. Speech Technology: Historical Antecedents;429
16.4.1;1. Speech Synthesis;430
16.4.2;2. Speech Recognition;431
16.4.3;Bibliography;432
16.5;Chapter 62. History of Translation;432
16.5.1;1. The Classical Period;432
16.5.2;2. The Middle Ages;433
16.5.3;3. Renaissance and Humanism;434
16.5.4;4. The Age of Reason;436
16.5.5;5. The Nineteenth Century;438
16.5.6;6. Missionary Translation;440
16.5.7;7. The Twentieth Century;441
16.5.8;Bibliography;443
16.6;Chapter 63. Machine Translation: A Brief History;444
16.6.1;1 Basic Features and Terminology;444
16.6.2;2. Precursors and Pioneers, 1933–56;445
16.6.3;3. The Decade of High Expectation and Disillusion,1956–66;446
16.6.4;4. The ALPAC Report and its Consequences;448
16.6.5;5. The Quiet Decade, 1967–76;449
16.6.6;6. Operational and Commercial Systems in the 1970s and 1980s;449
16.6.7;7. Research in the 1980s;451
16.6.8;8. Corpus-based MT Research since 1989 to the Present;453
16.6.9;9. Rule-based Systems since 1990;454
16.6.10;10. New Areas of Research in the 1990s;455
16.6.11;11. Operational Systems since 1990;456
16.6.12;Bibliography;457
16.7;Chapter 64. Machine Translation in North America;458
16.7.1;1. The Period 1947-66;458
16.7.2;2. The Period 1966-79;461
16.7.3;3. The Period 1980 to the Present;462
16.7.4;4. Future Prospects;464
16.7.5;Bibliography;464
17;Subject Index;466