Kole Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources

Millets and Grasses
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-14255-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 318 Seiten

Wild crop plants play a significant part in the elucidation and improvement of the genomes of their cultivated counterparts. The 10-volume Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources offers a comprehensive examination of wild crops as a gold mine for breeding. It details the status, origin, distribution, morphology, cytology, genetic diversity and available genetic and genomic resources of numerous wild crop relatives, as well as of their evolution and phylogenetic relationship. Further topics include their role as model plants, genetic erosion and conservation efforts, and their domestication for the purposes of bioenergy, phytomedicines, nutraceuticals and phytoremediation. Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources comprises 10 volumes on cereals, millets and grasses, oilseeds, legume crops and forages, vegetables, temperate fruits, tropical and subtropical fruits, industrial crops, plantation and ornamental crops, and forest trees. It contains 126 chapters contributed by 380 authors from 39 countries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kole, Chittaranjan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources;3
1.1;Dedication;5
1.2;Preface;9
1.3;Contents;15
1.4;Abbreviations;17
1.5;List of Contributors;21
1.6;Chapter 1: Agrostis;25
1.6.1;1.1 Introduction;25
1.6.2;1.2 Three Major Bentgrass Species;25
1.6.2.1;1.2.1 Creeping Bentgrass (A. stolonifera L.);25
1.6.2.2;1.2.2 Colonial Bentgrass (A. capillaris L.);26
1.6.2.3;1.2.3 Velvet Bentgrass (A. canina L.);26
1.6.3;1.3 Three Minor Bentgrass Species;27
1.6.3.1;1.3.1 Redtop (A. gigantea Roth);27
1.6.3.2;1.3.2 Highland Bentgrass (A. castellana Boiss. and Reuter);27
1.6.3.3;1.3.3 Idaho Bentgrass (Agrostis idahoensis Nash);27
1.6.4;1.4 Marker Systems;27
1.6.5;1.5 Heat Stress and Drought Tolerance;28
1.6.6;1.6 Salt Tolerance;30
1.6.7;1.7 Invasion Properties and Weed Control Invasion;30
1.6.8;1.8 Diseases in Agrostis Species;30
1.6.9;1.9 Plant Transformation in Agrostis Species;31
1.6.10;1.10 Hybridization Studies and Gene Escape;33
1.6.11;References;34
1.7;Chapter 2: Bromus;38
1.7.1;2.1 Introduction;38
1.7.2;2.2 Evolution and Systematics;38
1.7.3;2.3 Agricultural Status;39
1.7.4;2.4 Mediterranean and SW Asian Annual Species of Section Genea;40
1.7.5;2.5 Section Pnigma;40
1.7.5.1;2.5.1 B. inermis (Smooth Bromegrass, Russian Brome);41
1.7.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Genetic Diversity in B. inermis;42
1.7.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 Breeding Progress;43
1.7.5.2;2.5.2 B. riparius Rehm. (Meadow Bromegrass);43
1.7.5.3;2.5.3 B. erectus (Erect Bromegrass);44
1.7.5.4;2.5.4 B. variegatus;44
1.7.5.5;2.5.5 B. pumpellianus (Arctic Bromegrass);44
1.7.5.6;2.5.6 Other North American Species in Section Pnigma;44
1.7.5.7;2.5.7 South American Species in Section Pnigma;45
1.7.6;2.6 Section Bromus;45
1.7.6.1;2.6.1 B. arvensis (Field Bromegrass) and Its Close Relatives;46
1.7.6.2;2.6.2 B. hordeaceus;46
1.7.7;2.7 Section Ceratochloa;47
1.7.7.1;2.7.1 The Hexaploid B. catharticus Complex (2n=42);47
1.7.7.2;2.7.2 Two Disjunct Octoploid Groups;47
1.7.7.2.1;2.7.2.1 B. carinatus (California Brome);48
1.7.7.2.2;2.7.2.2 B. marginatus (Mountain Brome);48
1.7.7.2.3;2.7.2.3 B. sitchensis (Sitka or Alaska Brome);48
1.7.7.3;2.7.3 B. arizonicus (2n=84) (Arizona Brome);48
1.7.7.4;2.7.4 Duodecaploid (2n=84) Accessions Found in Andean Regions of South America;48
1.7.8;2.8 Section Neobromus;49
1.7.9;2.9 Section Nevskiella;49
1.7.10;2.10 Role of Bromus Species in Crop Improvement Using Biotechnology;49
1.7.10.1;2.10.1 Tissue Culture;49
1.7.10.2;2.10.2 Cell Culture;49
1.7.10.3;2.10.3 Protoplast Fusion;49
1.7.10.4;2.10.4 Genome Mapping;49
1.7.11;2.11 Bromus Species in Genetic Research;49
1.7.11.1;2.11.1 Herbicide Resistance;49
1.7.11.2;2.11.2 Genetic Diversity and Weediness;49
1.7.12;2.12 Endophytic Fungi in Bromus;50
1.7.13;2.13 Recommendations for Future Action;50
1.7.14;References;50
1.8;Chapter 3: Cenchrus;54
1.8.1;3.1 Introduction;54
1.8.2;3.2 Morphology, Taxonomy, and Geographical Distribution of Genetic Diversity;54
1.8.3;3.3 Cytology and Cytogenetics;60
1.8.4;3.4 Phylogenetic Relationship;62
1.8.5;3.5 Ecological Behavior;64
1.8.6;3.6 Traits of Agronomic Importance and Scope for Domestication;64
1.8.7;3.7 Breeding and Crop Improvement;65
1.8.8;3.8 Application of Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement;65
1.8.9;3.9 Genetic Map;66
1.8.10;3.10 BAC Libraries;70
1.8.11;3.11 Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Apomixis in Buffelgrass;70
1.8.12;3.12 Genomic Database;71
1.8.13;3.13 Germplasm Banks;72
1.8.14;3.14 Potential and Pitfalls;72
1.8.15;References;73
1.9;Chapter 4: Cynodon;76
1.9.1;4.1 Introduction;76
1.9.2;4.2 Basic Botany of the Species;77
1.9.2.1;4.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology, and Distribution;77
1.9.2.2;4.2.2 Cytology, Karyotype, and Genome Size;80
1.9.2.3;4.2.3 Agriculture Uses;81
1.9.3;4.3 Conservation Initiatives;82
1.9.3.1;4.3.1 Species for Forage;82
1.9.3.2;4.3.2 Germplasm Collection and Conservation;83
1.9.4;4.4 Origin and Evolution;86
1.9.5;4.5 Cynodon Genetic Diversity Revealed by Molecular Markers;88
1.9.6;4.6 Breeding Interspecific Hybrid Cultivars;90
1.9.7;4.7 Recommendations for Future Actions;91
1.9.8;References;92
1.10;Chapter 5: Dactylis;95
1.10.1;5.1 Introduction;95
1.10.2;5.2 Agricultural Status;95
1.10.3;5.3 Basic Botany of the Species;95
1.10.3.1;5.3.1 Morphology;95
1.10.3.2;5.3.2 Taxonomy of D. glomerata L;95
1.10.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Diploid D. glomerata Forms;96
1.10.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Origin of Diploids ;96
1.10.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 The Diploid Subspecies;98
1.10.3.2.3.1;Himalayensis;98
1.10.3.2.3.2;Sinensis;98
1.10.3.2.3.3;Altaica;98
1.10.3.2.3.4;Aschersoniana;99
1.10.3.2.3.5;Parthiana;99
1.10.3.2.3.6;Reichenbachii;99
1.10.3.2.3.7;Lusitanica;99
1.10.3.2.3.8;Iscoi;99
1.10.3.2.3.9;Woronowii;100
1.10.3.2.3.10;Hyrcana;100
1.10.3.2.3.11;Mairei;100
1.10.3.2.3.12;Santai and ``castellata´´;100
1.10.3.2.3.13;Smithii;100
1.10.3.2.3.14;Metlesicii;100
1.10.3.2.3.15;Juncinella;101
1.10.3.2.3.16;Ibizensis;101
1.10.3.2.3.17;Judaica;101
1.10.3.2.4;5.3.2.4 Tetraploid D. glomerata Forms;101
1.10.3.2.5;5.3.2.5 Origin of Tetraploids;101
1.10.3.2.6;5.3.2.6 The Tetraploid Subspecies;102
1.10.3.2.6.1;Glomerata ;102
1.10.3.2.6.2;Slovenica;102
1.10.3.2.6.3;Hispanica;102
1.10.3.2.6.4;Marina;103
1.10.3.2.6.5;Oceanica;103
1.10.3.2.6.6;Hylodes;104
1.10.3.2.7;5.3.2.7 Hexaploid D. glomerata ;104
1.10.3.3;5.3.3 Climatic Races;104
1.10.3.4;5.3.4 Edaphic Adaptation;104
1.10.3.5;5.3.5 Genome Size;105
1.10.4;5.4 Genetic Resources;105
1.10.4.1;5.4.1 Primary Gene Pool;105
1.10.4.2;5.4.2 Secondary Gene Pool;105
1.10.4.3;5.4.3 Tertiary Gene Pool;105
1.10.4.4;5.4.4 Quaternary Gene Pool;106
1.10.4.5;5.4.5 Conservation Recommendations;106
1.10.4.6;5.4.6 Genomics Resources;106
1.10.4.7;5.4.7 Karyotype;106
1.10.4.8;5.4.8 Inheritance;107
1.10.4.9;5.4.9 Role in Crop Improvement Through Traditional and Advanced Tools;107
1.10.4.10;5.4.10 The Future Improvement of Dactylis Using Wild Relatives;107
1.10.5;References;107
1.11;Chapter 6: Dichanthium;110
1.11.1;6.1 Introduction;110
1.11.2;6.2 Taxonomy and Distribution;110
1.11.3;6.3 Cytology and Hybridization;117
1.11.3.1;6.3.1 Cytological Characters;117
1.11.3.2;6.3.2 Ploidy Cycles in Dichanthium;118
1.11.3.3;6.3.3 Hybridization;118
1.11.4;6.4 Embryology;119
1.11.5;6.5 Nature and Inheritance of Apomixis in Dichanthium;120
1.11.5.1;6.5.1 Bothriochloa-Dichanthium-Capillipedium Agamic Complex;121
1.11.6;6.6 Breeding and Genomics;121
1.11.6.1;6.6.1 Germplasm Collections;121
1.11.6.2;6.6.2 Development of Cultivars;122
1.11.6.3;6.6.3 Genomics;123
1.11.6.3.1;6.6.3.1 DNA Extraction Methodology;123
1.11.6.3.2;6.6.3.2 Protein or Isozyme Markers;123
1.11.6.3.3;6.6.3.3 DNA Markers;123
1.11.6.3.4;6.6.3.4 Phylogenetic Studies;124
1.11.6.4;6.6.4 Biotechnological Studies in Dichanthium;126
1.11.7;6.7 Primary Productivity and Biomass Production;126
1.11.7.1;6.7.1 Various Factors Affecting Productivity and Biomass Production in Dichanthium;128
1.11.7.1.1;6.7.1.1 Biotic Factors;128
1.11.7.1.1.1;Grazing and Herbage Removal;128
1.11.7.1.1.2;Diseases and Pests;128
1.11.7.1.2;6.7.1.2 Abiotic Factors;129
1.11.7.1.2.1;Seasonal Burning;129
1.11.7.1.2.2;Factors affecting Seed Germination;129
1.11.7.1.2.3;Seed Dormancy;129
1.11.7.1.2.4;Salinity;129
1.11.7.1.2.5;Soil Moisture;129
1.11.7.1.2.6;Shade;129
1.11.8;6.8 Conclusion;130
1.11.9;References;130
1.12;Chapter 7: Eleusine;134
1.12.1;7.1 Introduction;134
1.12.2;7.2 Taxonomy and Species Characterization;134
1.12.2.1;7.2.1 E. coracana;135
1.12.2.1.1;7.2.1.1 E. coracana subsp. coracana;138
1.12.2.1.2;7.2.1.2 E. coracana subsp. africana;138
1.12.2.2;7.2.2 E. floccifolia;139
1.12.2.3;7.2.3 E. indica;139
1.12.2.4;7.2.4 E. intermedia;139
1.12.2.5;7.2.5 E. jaegeri;139
1.12.2.6;7.2.6 E. kigeziensis;139
1.12.2.7;7.2.7 E. multiflora;140
1.12.2.8;7.2.8 E. tristachya;141
1.12.2.9;7.2.9 Species of Uncertain Status or Now Placed in Other Genera;141
1.12.3;7.3 Morphological, Classical Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies in the Genus Eleusine;141
1.12.3.1;7.3.1 FISH and GISH Analyses;142
1.12.3.2;7.3.2 Genome Size;143
1.12.4;7.4 Evolution of the Genus Eleusine: Molecular Evidence;143
1.12.4.1;7.4.1 Eleusine Evolution: The DNA Data;143
1.12.4.2;7.4.2 Phylogenetic Placement of Eleusine Among Other Grasses;145
1.12.5;7.5 The Origin of Finger Millet: Current Understanding;145
1.12.6;7.6 Genome Analysis in Eleusine: Molecular Tools and Genomic Resources;146
1.12.6.1;7.6.1 Molecular Tools: SSRs, AFLPs, ESTs, and Others;146
1.12.6.2;7.6.2 The Genetic Map of E. coracana and Comparative Genomics;147
1.12.6.3;7.6.3 Genetic Diversity and Structure of Populations;148
1.12.7;7.7 Conservation of Genetic Resources;148
1.12.8;7.8 Problems and Limitations of the Eleusine Species;149
1.12.8.1;7.8.1 Diseases and Pests;149
1.12.8.2;7.8.2 E. indica: An ``Intractable´´ Weed;150
1.12.9;7.9 Future Prospects and Recommendations;151
1.12.10;References;152
1.13;Chapter 8: Eragrostis;155
1.13.1;8.1 Introduction;155
1.13.2;8.2 Basic Botany of the Species;155
1.13.2.1;8.2.1 Taxonomic Position;155
1.13.2.2;8.2.2 Morphology of Eragrostis;156
1.13.2.3;8.2.3 Cytology and Karyotype;157
1.13.2.4;8.2.4 Agricultural Status;159
1.13.3;8.3 Conservation Initiatives;159
1.13.4;8.4 Role in Elucidation of Origin and Evolution of Allied Crop Plants;160
1.13.5;8.5 Crop Improvement Through Traditional and Advanced Tools;162
1.13.5.1;8.5.1 Forage Crop Improvement;162
1.13.5.1.1;8.5.1.1 Traditional Tools;162
1.13.5.1.2;8.5.1.2 Advanced Tools;163
1.13.5.2;8.5.2 Improvement in Cultivated E. tef Utilizing Its Wild Relatives;164
1.13.5.2.1;8.5.2.1 Traditional Tools;164
1.13.5.2.2;8.5.2.2 Advanced Tools;164
1.13.6;8.6 Genomics Resources Developed;165
1.13.7;8.7 Scope for Domestication and Commercialization;165
1.13.8;8.8 Some Dark Sides;166
1.13.8.1;8.8.1 The Invasive Nature of Some Eragrostis Species;166
1.13.9;8.9 Recommendations for Future Actions;167
1.13.10;References;167
1.14;Chapter 9: Festuca;172
1.14.1;9.1 Basic Botany of the Species;172
1.14.2;9.2 Conservation Initiatives;174
1.14.3;9.3 Role in Elucidation of Origin and Evolution of Allied Crop Plants;175
1.14.4;9.4 Role in Development of Cytogenetic Stocks and Their Utility;175
1.14.5;9.5 Role in Classical and Molecular Genetic Study;176
1.14.6;9.6 Role in Crop Improvement Through Traditional and Advanced Tools;177
1.14.7;9.7 Genomics Resources Developed;179
1.14.8;9.8 Scope for Domestication and Commercialization;179
1.14.9;9.9 Some Dark Sides and Their Addressing;179
1.14.10;9.10 Recommendations for Future Actions;179
1.14.11;References;180
1.15;Chapter 10: Lolium;184
1.15.1;10.1 Introduction;184
1.15.2;10.2 Basic Botany of the Species;185
1.15.3;10.3 Genetic Resources;186
1.15.4;10.4 Genetic Diversity of L. temulentum, L. rigidum, and L. persicum;187
1.15.5;10.5 The Classical and Molecular Genetic Studies of L. temulentum and Other Lolium species;187
1.15.6;10.6 Introgression Studies and Genetic Transformation of L. temulentum;188
1.15.7;10.7 Genomics Resources: ESTs and SSR Markers;188
1.15.8;10.8 Endophytic Fungi;189
1.15.9;10.9 Conclusion;190
1.15.10;References;190
1.16;Chapter 11: Panicum;193
1.16.1;11.1 Introduction;193
1.16.2;11.2 Botany;193
1.16.3;11.3 Allied Crops;196
1.16.4;11.4 Distribution;196
1.16.5;11.5 Conservation Initiatives;198
1.16.6;11.6 Cytology and Karyotype;198
1.16.7;11.7 Origin of the Genera and Molecular Phylogeny;198
1.16.8;11.8 Cytogenetics;199
1.16.9;11.9 Ploidy Level and Apomixis-Related Gene Region;203
1.16.10;11.10 Molecular Markers;204
1.16.11;11.11 Crop Improvement;205
1.16.12;11.12 Genomics;208
1.16.13;11.13 Invasive Species;209
1.16.14;11.14 Economic Advantages;209
1.16.15;11.15 Recommendations for Future Resource Utilization;210
1.16.16;References;211
1.17;Chapter 12: Paspalum;215
1.17.1;12.1 Introduction;215
1.17.2;12.2 Taxonomy;216
1.17.3;12.3 Sexual Species of Paspalum;216
1.17.4;12.4 Paspalum as a Model for Apomixis;217
1.17.5;12.5 Subgenus Anachyris Chase;219
1.17.6;12.6 Subgenus Paspalum;220
1.17.6.1;12.6.1 Informal Group Dilatata Chase;220
1.17.6.1.1;12.6.1.1 P. dilatatum Poir.: Dallisgrass;221
1.17.6.1.2;12.6.1.2 P. pauciciliatum (Parodi) Herter: Prostrate Dallisgrass;223
1.17.6.1.3;12.6.1.3 P. urvillei Steud.: Vasey Grass;223
1.17.6.1.4;12.6.1.4 P. dasypleurum Kunze ex E. Desv;223
1.17.6.2;12.6.2 Informal Group Livida Chase;224
1.17.6.2.1;12.6.2.1 P. denticulatum Trin.: Longtom Paspalum;224
1.17.6.3;12.6.3 Informal Group Virgata Chase;224
1.17.6.3.1;12.6.3.1 P. conspersum Schrad.: Scattered Paspalum;224
1.17.6.3.2;12.6.3.2 P. rufum Nees ex. Steud;224
1.17.6.3.3;12.6.3.3 P. virgatum L.: Talquezal;224
1.17.6.4;12.6.4 Informal Group Quadrifaria Barreto;224
1.17.6.4.1;12.6.4.1 P. coryphaeum Trin.: Emperor Crowngrass;225
1.17.6.4.2;12.6.4.2 P. exaltatum J. Presl;225
1.17.6.4.3;12.6.4.3 P. haumanii Parodi;225
1.17.6.4.4;12.6.4.4 P. intermedium Monro ex Morong and Britton: Intermediate Paspalum;225
1.17.6.4.5;12.6.4.5 P. quadrifarium Lamk.: Tussock Paspalum;225
1.17.6.5;12.6.5 Informal Group Paniculata Chase;225
1.17.6.5.1;12.6.5.1 P. juergensii Hack;225
1.17.6.5.2;12.6.5.2 P. paniculatum L.: Arrocillo;225
1.17.6.6;12.6.6 Informal Group Notata Chase;226
1.17.6.6.1;12.6.6.1 P. notatum Flügge: Bahiagrass;226
1.17.6.6.2;12.6.6.2 P. subciliatum Chase;227
1.17.6.7;12.6.7 Informal Group Disticha Chase;228
1.17.6.7.1;12.6.7.1 P. vaginatum Swartz: Seashore Paspalum;228
1.17.6.7.2;12.6.7.2 P. distichum L.: Knot Grass;228
1.17.6.8;12.6.8 Informal Group Plicatula Chase;228
1.17.6.8.1;12.6.8.1 P. atratum Swallen: Atra Paspalum, Capim-pojuca, Pasto Pojuca;229
1.17.6.8.2;12.6.8.2 P. plicatulum Michx.: Brownseed Paspalum;229
1.17.6.8.3;12.6.8.3 P. guenoarum Arechav.: Pasto Rojo;229
1.17.6.8.4;12.6.8.4 P. glaucescens Hackel;230
1.17.6.8.5;12.6.8.5 P. nicorae Parodi: Brunswick Grass;230
1.17.6.8.6;12.6.8.6 P. compressifolium Swallen;230
1.17.6.8.7;12.6.8.7 Other Species in the Plicatula Group;230
1.17.6.8.8;12.6.8.8 P. scrobiculatum L.: Kodo Millet;230
1.17.6.9;12.6.9 Recommendations for Further Action;230
1.17.7;References;231
1.18;Chapter 13: Pennisetum;235
1.18.1;13.1 Structure and Evolutionary Relationships Within Pennisetum Complex of Species;235
1.18.1.1;13.1.1 Systematic Considerations of the Genus;235
1.18.1.2;13.1.2 Chromosome Evolution;235
1.18.1.2.1;13.1.2.1 Species with x = 7 Basic Chromosome Number;239
1.18.1.2.2;13.1.2.2 Species with x = 5, 8, or 9 as Basic Chromosome Number;241
1.18.1.2.3;13.1.2.3 Phylogeny and Dysploidy;242
1.18.1.2.4;13.1.2.4 B-Chromosomes;245
1.18.1.2.4.1;Behavior of B-Chromosomes in Confrontations Between ``Wild and Domesticated´´ Genomes;245
1.18.1.2.4.2;The Effect of B-Chromosomes;247
1.18.1.3;13.1.3 Domestication Process Hallmarks in the Genus Pennisetum;248
1.18.1.3.1;13.1.3.1 Where, When, and How Pearl Millet (P. glaucum) Was Domesticated?;248
1.18.1.3.1.1;Origin of Pearl Millet;248
1.18.1.3.1.1.1;Center or Non-Center Domestication of Pearl Millet?;248
1.18.1.3.1.1.2;The Beginning of Agriculture in Africa and Pearl Millet Domestication;249
1.18.1.3.1.1.3;Contribution of the Genetic Tools in Order to Enlighten the History of Pearl Millet Domestication;251
1.18.1.3.1.1.4;Dynamics of Spontaneous Wild-Weed-Pearl Millet Complex;253
1.18.1.3.1.1.5;Conclusion;256
1.18.1.3.2;13.1.3.2 Evolutionary Genomics and the Wealth of Wild Relatives for Deciphering the Genetic Basis of Quantitative Traits in Pea;256
1.18.1.3.2.1;The Genetic Basis of Pearl Millet Domestication;256
1.18.1.3.2.2;Genetic Dissection of Domestication Syndrome Traits;257
1.18.1.3.2.3;Traits of the Spikelet Structure Displayed a Monogenic or Digenic Inheritance;258
1.18.1.3.2.4;Some Insights in the QTL Dissection of Other Domestication Syndrome Traits;258
1.18.1.3.2.4.1;Spike Morphology;258
1.18.1.3.2.4.2;Plant Architecture;260
1.18.1.3.2.4.3;Flowering;261
1.18.1.3.2.5;Concluding Remarks on the Wealth of Wild Relatives for Unraveling the Evolutionary Mechanisms Underlying the Domestication Proc;261
1.18.1.3.2.6;Transgressive Phenotypes Resulting from Wild QTL Effects: An Evolutionary Fancy and Basis for New Genetic Resources Enhancement;261
1.18.1.3.2.6.1;Transgressions and Genetic Resource;261
1.18.2;13.2 Enhancement of Genetic Resources Using Genes from Wild Pennisetum Relatives;263
1.18.2.1;13.2.1 Wild Pennisetum Species as Sources of Major Genes of Agronomic Interest (GAI);263
1.18.2.1.1;13.2.1.1 Apomixis;263
1.18.2.1.1.1;Male Sterility When Natural Reproductive Barriers Turn to be Source of GAI;264
1.18.2.1.1.2;Genes Involved in Tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress;264
1.18.2.2;13.2.2 Wide Use of Wild Pennisetum Species;264
1.18.2.2.1;13.2.2.1 Breeding for Fodder;264
1.18.2.2.2;13.2.2.2 Miscellaneous Uses of Wild Relatives;265
1.18.2.2.2.1;BioEnergy;265
1.18.2.2.2.2;Hedge Vegetative Barriers for Monitoring Soil Erosion in Fields;265
1.18.2.2.2.3;Push-Pull;265
1.18.2.2.3;13.2.2.3 Pre-breeding Strategies;265
1.18.3;13.3 Conclusion and Future Scope of Research;266
1.18.4;References;267
1.18.4.1;Databases;273
1.19;Chapter 14: Phleum;274
1.19.1;14.1 Introduction;274
1.19.2;14.2 Agricultural Status;274
1.19.3;14.3 Morphology and Flowering Behavior;274
1.19.4;14.4 Taxonomy;275
1.19.4.1;14.4.1 Section Phleum;275
1.19.4.1.1;14.4.1.1 P. alpinum L.;275
1.19.4.1.2;14.4.1.2 P. pratense L. ;275
1.19.4.1.3;14.4.1.3 Phleum echinatum Host.;275
1.19.4.2;14.4.2 Section Chilochloa (Beauv.) Dum.;275
1.19.4.2.1;14.4.2.1 P. phleoides (L.) Karsten,;275
1.19.4.2.2;14.4.2.2 P. hirsutum Honckeny;275
1.19.4.2.3;14.4.2.3 P. arenarium L. ;276
1.19.4.2.4;14.4.2.4 P. montanum C Koch;276
1.19.4.2.5;14.4.2.5 P. paniculatum Hudson;276
1.19.4.2.6;14.4.2.6 P. himalaicum Mez. ;276
1.19.4.2.7;14.4.2.7 P. iranicum Bornm. et Gauba ;277
1.19.4.3;14.4.3 Section Achnodon (Nees) Griseb. ;277
1.19.4.3.1;14.4.3.1 P. subulatum (Savi) Asch. et Graelon. ;277
1.19.4.3.2;14.4.3.2 P. boissieri Bornm. ;277
1.19.4.3.3;14.4.3.3 P. exaratum Hochst. ;277
1.19.4.4;14.4.4 Section Maillea (Parl.) Horn af Rantzien ;277
1.19.4.5;14.4.5 Cytology and Karyotype;277
1.19.4.6;14.4.6 Genome Size;277
1.19.4.7;14.4.7 Genomic Formula;278
1.19.4.7.1;14.4.7.1 P. alpinum;278
1.19.4.7.2;14.4.7.2 P. pratense;278
1.19.4.7.3;14.4.7.3 P. echinatum ;278
1.19.4.7.4;14.4.7.4 Other Sections;278
1.19.5;14.5 Distribution in Relation to Historical Glaciations and Migrations;278
1.19.5.1;14.5.1 Phleum alpinum;280
1.19.5.1.1;14.5.1.1 Diploid Phleum alpinum;280
1.19.5.1.1.1;Subsp. rhaeticum RR;280
1.19.5.1.1.2;Form ``commutatum´´ ;281
1.19.5.1.1.3;Hybrids Between rhaeticum and ``commutatum´´;281
1.19.5.1.2;14.5.1.2 Tetraploid Phleum alpinum;281
1.19.5.1.2.1;Tetraploid Euro-American P. alpinum RRXX;281
1.19.5.1.2.2;Tetraploid Hybrids Between rhaeticum and ``commutatum´´ RRCC, CCRR;281
1.19.5.2;14.5.2 P. pratense;282
1.19.5.2.1;14.5.2.1 Diploid subsp. bertolonii ;282
1.19.5.2.2;14.5.2.2 Tetraploid P. pratense;283
1.19.5.2.3;14.5.2.3 Hexaploid P. pratense;283
1.19.5.2.4;14.5.2.4 Octoploid P. pratense;283
1.19.5.3;14.5.3 P. echinatum ;283
1.19.5.4;14.5.4 Migration History in Relation to Glaciation Events;284
1.19.5.5;14.5.5 Gene Exchange Between Genomes and Inheritance;285
1.19.6;14.6 Wild Relatives as Genetic Resources for Phleum pratense;286
1.19.6.1;14.6.1 Primary Gene Pool;286
1.19.6.2;14.6.2 Secondary Gene Pool;286
1.19.6.3;14.6.3 Tertiary Gene Pool;286
1.19.6.4;14.6.4 Quaternary Gene Pool;287
1.19.6.5;14.6.5 The Conservation of Genetic Resources;287
1.19.6.6;14.6.6 Germplasm Banks;287
1.19.6.7;14.6.7 Development of Core Collections;287
1.19.6.8;14.6.8 Endophytic Fungi;288
1.19.7;14.7 Cytological, Genomic and Molecular Resources in Phleum;288
1.19.8;14.8 Recommendations for Future Actions;288
1.19.9;References;289
1.20;Chapter 15: Setaria;292
1.20.1;15.1 Introduction;292
1.20.2;15.2 The Complex of Species of Foxtail Millet;293
1.20.2.1;15.2.1 A Brief Glance;293
1.20.2.2;15.2.2 Taxonomy;294
1.20.2.3;15.2.3 Phylogeny;295
1.20.3;15.3 Genetics Attributes;296
1.20.3.1;15.3.1 Cytogenetics and Karyotypes;296
1.20.3.2;15.3.2 Mating System;296
1.20.3.3;15.3.3 Interspecific Hybridization;297
1.20.3.3.1;15.3.3.1 Hand Crossing;297
1.20.3.3.2;15.3.3.2 Spontaneous Crosses;298
1.20.4;15.4 Phenotypic Variations;298
1.20.4.1;15.4.1 Morphological Variants;298
1.20.4.2;15.4.2 Physiological Variants;299
1.20.4.3;15.4.3 Geographic Variants;300
1.20.4.4;15.4.4 Domesticated Foxtail Millet Variants;300
1.20.4.5;15.4.5 Plasticity of Weedy Setaria;300
1.20.5;15.5 Biology and Habitat of the Wild Setaria;301
1.20.5.1;15.5.1 Habitat and Distribution;301
1.20.5.2;15.5.2 Population Genetic Structure;301
1.20.6;15.6 Role of Wild Setaria in Elucidation of Origin and Evolution of Foxtail Millet;302
1.20.6.1;15.6.1 Analysis of the Domesticated Traits;302
1.20.6.1.1;15.6.1.1 Seed Shedding;302
1.20.6.1.2;15.6.1.2 Inflorescence Architecture;302
1.20.6.1.3;15.6.1.3 Tillering;303
1.20.6.1.4;15.6.1.4 Germination;303
1.20.6.1.5;15.6.1.5 Grain Size;303
1.20.6.1.6;15.6.1.6 Grain Quality;304
1.20.6.1.7;15.6.1.7 Miscellaneous;304
1.20.6.2;15.6.2 Application of Morphotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Biochemical and Molecular Markers;304
1.20.7;15.7 Role of Wild Setaria in Molecular Genetic Studies;305
1.20.7.1;15.7.1 Development of Cytogenetic Stocks and Genetic Maps;305
1.20.7.2;15.7.2 Genes and Genome Sequencing;305
1.20.8;15.8 Methods for Hybridization and Introgression of Traits from Wild Setaria;305
1.20.8.1;15.8.1 Hybridization;305
1.20.8.2;15.8.2 Introgression;306
1.20.9;15.9 Role in Crop Improvement;306
1.20.9.1;15.9.1 Male Sterility;306
1.20.9.2;15.9.2 Tetraploidy;306
1.20.9.3;15.9.3 Herbicide Resistance;306
1.20.9.3.1;15.9.3.1 Triazine Resistance;307
1.20.9.3.2;15.9.3.2 Trifluralin Resistance;307
1.20.9.3.3;15.9.3.3 Sethoxydim Resistance;307
1.20.9.3.4;15.9.3.4 Other Sources of Resistance;308
1.20.9.4;15.9.4 Other Desirable Agricultural Traits;308
1.20.10;15.10 Conclusion;308
1.20.11;References;309
1.21;Chapter 16: Zoysia;314
1.21.1;16.1 Basic Botany of the Species and Conservation Initiatives;314
1.21.2;16.2 Salt Tolerance Mechanisms and Phylogenetic Relationships;316
1.21.3;16.3 Classical and Molecular Genetic Studies;317
1.21.4;16.4 Crop Improvement Using Traditional and Advanced Tools;319
1.21.5;16.5 Controlling Weeds in Zoysia Grass;322
1.21.6;16.6 Recommendations for Future Actions;324
1.21.7;References;324
1.22;Index;327