Kolle Photonic Structures Inspired by Nature

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-15169-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 144 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Theses

Unlike most natural colours that are based on pigment absorption, the striking iridescent and intense colouration of many butterflies, birds or beetles stems from the interaction of light with periodic sub-micrometer surface or volume patterns, so called 'photonic structures'. These 'structural colours' are increasingly well understood, but they are difficult to create artificially and exploit technologically. In this thesis the field of natural structural colours and biomimetic photonic structures is covered in a wide scope, ranging from plant photonics to theoretical optics. It demonstrates diffractive elements on the petal surfaces of many flowering plant species; these form the basis for the study of the role of structural colours in pollinator attraction. Self-assembly techniques, combined with scale able nanofabrication methods, were used to create complex artificial photonic structures inspired by those found in nature. In particular, the colour effect of a Papilio butterfly was mimicked and, by variation of its design motive, enhanced. All photonic effects described here are underpinned by state-of-the-art model calculations.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kolle, Mathias

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Photonic StructuresInspired by Nature;3
1.1;Supervisor’s Foreword;7
1.2;Acknowledgments;9
1.3;Contents;11
1.4;1 Introduction;14
1.4.1;References;16
1.5;2 Theoretical Aspects of Photonic Structures;17
1.5.1;2.1…Reflection and Refraction at Optical Interfaces;18
1.5.2;2.2…Thin Film Interference;19
1.5.3;2.3…Multilayer Reflectivity;21
1.5.3.1;2.3.1 Qualitative Analysis of Multilayer Interference;21
1.5.3.2;2.3.2 Quantitative Analysis of Multilayer Interference;22
1.5.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Rouard’s Technique;22
1.5.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Results;23
1.5.4;2.4…Band-Gaps of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals;24
1.5.5;2.5…Multilayer Resonance Cavities;30
1.5.6;2.6…Diffraction from Periodic Surface Structures;33
1.5.6.1;2.6.1 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Approximation;34
1.5.6.2;2.6.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Modelling of Diffraction;35
1.5.7;References;38
1.6;3 Structural Colours in Nature;40
1.6.1;3.1…Structural Colours in the Animal Kingdom;41
1.6.1.1;3.1.1 Simple Multilayers: The Japanese Jewel Beetle;41
1.6.1.2;3.1.2 Complex Multilayer Arrangements in Butterfly and Moth Structures;42
1.6.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Enhanced Reflectivity in the Moth Chrysiridia rhipheus: Using Air as a Multilayer Material;43
1.6.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 Sculpted Multilayer Structures: Papilio palinurus and Papilio blumei;46
1.6.1.2.3;3.1.2.3 Fine-Structured ‘‘Christmas-Tree’’-Like Ridges on the Scales of Morpho rhetenor;48
1.6.2;3.2…Floral Diffractive Structures;50
1.6.2.1;3.2.1 Diffraction and Iridescence from Striations on Flower Petals;50
1.6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Optical Characterisation;51
1.6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Iridescence, a Cue for Pollinators;56
1.6.2.2;3.2.2 Near-UV Reflectivity Enhancement by Grating-Like Striations;60
1.6.3;3.3…Conclusion;63
1.6.4;References;64
1.7;4 Materials and Techniques;68
1.7.1;4.1…Materials;68
1.7.1.1;4.1.1 Polymer Materials;68
1.7.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 TeflonregAF;68
1.7.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Polystyrene;69
1.7.1.1.3;4.1.1.3 Polystyrene Colloids;69
1.7.1.1.4;4.1.1.4 Polydimethylsiloxane;70
1.7.1.1.5;4.1.1.5 Polyisoprene--Polystyrene Triblock Copolymer;70
1.7.1.1.6;4.1.1.6 Dental Wax;70
1.7.1.1.7;4.1.1.7 Organic Dyes;71
1.7.1.2;4.1.2 Metal Oxides;72
1.7.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Aluminium Oxide;72
1.7.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Titanium(IV)oxide;72
1.7.2;4.2…Techniques: Multilayer Production;72
1.7.2.1;4.2.1 Sequential Spin-Coating;72
1.7.2.2;4.2.2 Floating and Stacking;73
1.7.2.3;4.2.3 Atomic Layer Deposition;74
1.7.3;4.3…Techniques: Pattern Creation and Transfer;77
1.7.3.1;4.3.1 Colloid Templating;77
1.7.3.2;4.3.2 Argon Ion Milling;78
1.7.3.3;4.3.3 Nano-Imprint Lithography;80
1.7.3.4;4.3.4 Dental Wax Casting;81
1.7.4;4.4…Techniques: Sample Characterisation;81
1.7.4.1;4.4.1 Gonio-Spectroscopy;82
1.7.4.2;4.4.2 Micro-Spectroscopy;84
1.7.4.3;4.4.3 Ellipsometry;85
1.7.5;References;86
1.8;5 Static and Tuneable One-Dimensional Photonic Structures;90
1.8.1;5.1…Static One-Dimensional Optical Devices;90
1.8.1.1;5.1.1 Organic Bragg Reflectors;91
1.8.1.2;5.1.2 Organic Resonance Cavities;95
1.8.2;5.2…Stretch-Tuneable Dielectric Mirrors and Optical Microcavities;98
1.8.2.1;5.2.1 Sample Preparation and Experimental Setup;99
1.8.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 ‘‘Cut and Stack’’ Technique;101
1.8.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 ‘‘Roll-Up’’ Technique;101
1.8.2.1.3;5.2.1.3 ‘‘Origami’’ Technique;101
1.8.2.2;5.2.2 Cavity Design and Modelling;102
1.8.2.3;5.2.3 Results and Discussions;103
1.8.3;5.3…Conclusion;107
1.8.4;References;108
1.9;6 Microfabrication of Photonic Structures with Higher Dimensionality;110
1.9.1;6.1…Template-Assisted Ion Milling;111
1.9.1.1;6.1.1 The Ion Milling Template;111
1.9.1.2;6.1.2 Micro-Cones;111
1.9.1.3;6.1.3 Gold Crowns on Micro-Cones;113
1.9.1.4;6.1.4 Multilayer Patterning by Ion Milling;116
1.9.2;6.2…Nano-Imprinting of Photonic Structures;120
1.9.2.1;6.2.1 Imprinting with Micro-Cone Masters;120
1.9.2.2;6.2.2 Replication of Micro-Cones for Flexible Cell Substrates;122
1.9.2.3;6.2.3 Fabrication of an Imprint Master for the Replication of Butterfly Wing Scale Patterns;123
1.9.2.4;6.2.4 Multilayer Patterning by Nano-Imprinting;125
1.9.3;6.3…Atomic Layer Deposition on Structured Substrates;127
1.9.4;6.4…Conclusion;129
1.9.5;References;129
1.10;7 Mimicry of Papilio blumei’s Colourful Wing Scale Structure;132
1.10.1;7.1…The Role Model;132
1.10.2;7.2…The Replication Procedure;134
1.10.3;7.3…A Structural Replica;134
1.10.4;7.4…A Structurally Modified Replica with Enhanced Optical Performance;140
1.10.5;7.5…Conclusion;143
1.10.6;References;144
1.11;8 Conclusions and Future Work;145
1.11.1;8.1…Summary;145
1.11.2;8.2…Future Work;147
1.12;Curriculum Vitae;148
1.12.1;Scholarships and Awards:;149
1.12.2;Highest Ranking Publication:;149
1.12.3;Significant Conference Contributions:;149
1.12.4;Language Skills:;150
1.12.5;Activities and Responsibilities:;150
1.13;References:;150