Kondo Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-60327-347-3
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 252 Seiten

Reihe: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine

In the summer of 1988, my developmental biology professor announced to the class that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) had finally been purified. Somehow, I never forgot the professor’s words. When I started working in Dr. Irv Weissman’s labo- tory at Stanford as a postdoctoral fellow, I realized that the findings mentioned by the professor were from Weissman’s laboratory and had been published in a 1988 edition of the journal Science. It has been over 20 years since the publication of that seminal paper, and since then tremendous advances in understanding the biology and maturation of HSCs, namely the process of hematopoiesis, which includes lymphocyte development, have been made. These discoveries were made possible in part by advancements in technology. For example, recent availability of user friendly fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) machines and monoclonal an- bodies with a variety of fluorescent labels has allowed more scientists to sort and analyze rare populations in the bone marrow, such as HSCs. All classes of hematopoietic cells are derived from HSCs. Stem cell biology draws enormous attention not only from scientists, but also from ordinary people because of the tremendous potential for development of new therapeutic application to diseases that currently lack any type of effective therapy. Thus, this type of “regenerative medicine” is a relatively new and attractive field in both basic science and clinical medicine.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kondo, Motonari

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1.1;Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine;1
1.1.1;Series Editor;1
1.1.2;Preface;1
1.1.3;Acknowledgments;1
1.1.4;Contributors;1
2;Kondo_Ch01.pdf;12
2.1;Principles of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology;12
2.1.1;Introduction;12
2.1.2;The Definition and Entity of HSCs;14
2.1.2.1;Definition of Stem Cells;14
2.1.2.2;The Functional Heterogeneity of HSCs;15
2.1.3;In vivo and In vitro Assays for HSCs;17
2.1.3.1;In vivo Assays;17
2.1.3.2;In vitro Assays;18
2.1.4;The Purification of Mouse HSCs;20
2.1.4.1;High Degrees of Mouse HSC Purification by Flow Cytometry;20
2.1.4.2;Toward the Ultimate Purification of HSCs;21
2.1.5;The Fate of HSCs;22
2.1.5.1;Fate Determination Units;22
2.1.5.2;Three Types of Cell Division;23
2.1.6;Molecular Basis for Self-Renewal;26
2.1.6.1;Extrinsic Control of HSCs;26
2.1.6.2;Intrinsic Control of HSCs;28
2.1.6.3;Basic Machineries Supporting Self-Renewal;31
2.1.7;Differentiation in HSCs;33
2.1.7.1;Differentiation Pathways;34
2.1.7.2;Molecular Control of Differentiation and Lineage Commitment;34
2.1.7.2.1;Transcription Factors;35
2.1.7.2.2;Epigenetic Changes;35
2.1.8;HSC Homing and Intramedullary Mobilization;37
2.1.9;Perspectives;37
2.1.9.1;Stem Cell Therapy;37
2.1.9.2;Cancer Stem Cells and Age-Related Changes in Stem Cells;38
2.1.10;References;40
3;Kondo_Ch02.pdf;48
3.1;Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Niche;48
3.1.1;Introduction;48
3.1.2;Stem Cell and Niche;49
3.1.3;Interaction Between Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Niche;50
3.1.3.1;Osteoblastic Niche;50
3.1.3.2;ECM Contribution to Osteoblastic Niche;52
3.1.3.3;Vascular Niche;53
3.1.3.4;External Oxidative Stress and HSC;55
3.1.3.5;Seed or Soil? Niche Disruption and Disease;56
3.1.3.6;Is There a Niche for Cancer Stem Cell?;57
3.1.3.7;Roles of Niche Against Development, Maintenance, and Proliferation of Cancer;58
3.1.3.8;Mechanism of Cancer Metastasis Regulated by Niche;60
3.1.3.9;Novel Cancer Therapy Targeting Cancer Stem Cell and Its Niche;61
3.1.4;Conclusion;64
3.1.5;References;64
4;Kondo_Ch03.pdf;67
4.1;Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Somatic Stem Cells;67
4.1.1;Introduction;68
4.1.2;What Does It Means to Be an Adult Stem Cell? Criteria for Defining Adult Stem Cell Populations;70
4.1.3;Adult Stem Cell Plasticity;71
4.1.4;Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The “Model” of Somatic Stem Cells;72
4.1.4.1;Embryonic Origins;72
4.1.4.2;Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Regulation of Hematopoiesis;74
4.1.4.3;Cell Cycle Regulators in Controlling Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function;75
4.1.4.4;Extrinsic Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells;77
4.1.5;Other Types of Somatic Stem Cells;78
4.1.5.1;Non-hematopoietic Stem Cells;79
4.1.5.2;Drosophila Male Germ Line Stem Cells;79
4.1.5.3;How the Niche Determines Stem Cell Number;79
4.1.5.4;How the Niche Determines Stem Cell Identity;81
4.1.5.5;Interfollicular Epidermis;81
4.1.5.6;Multipotent Bulge Cells Do Not Normally Contribute to IFE;81
4.1.5.7;Unipotent Stem Cells in Clinical Therapies;82
4.1.5.8;Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells;83
4.1.5.9;Heterogeneity of the Muscle Satellite Cell Compartment;84
4.1.5.10;Contribution of Other Cell Types to Muscle;84
4.1.5.11;Stem Cell Markers;85
4.1.5.12;Origin of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells;86
4.1.5.13;Control of Self-Renewal, Proliferation, and Differentiation in Muscle Stem Cell;86
4.1.6;Aging in Stem Cells;87
4.1.7;Tissue Regeneration by Facultative Repair Cells;88
4.1.7.1;Maintenance in Some Tissues is Primarily Mediated by Non–Stem Cells;88
4.1.8;Concluding Remarks;92
4.1.9;Critical Unanswered Questions in Adult Somatic Stem Cell Biology;92
4.1.10;References;94
5;Kondo_Ch04.pdf;103
5.1;Developmental Biology of Mammalian T-Cell Progenitors: From Early Lymphoid Progenitors to Thymus-Colonizing Cells;103
5.1.1;Introduction;103
5.1.2;Emergence of Lymphoid Differentiation Potential During Early Embryonic Development;106
5.1.3;From Multipotent Stem Cells to Early Lymphoid Precursors;109
5.1.4;Extrathymic Emergence of T-Cell Precursors;112
5.1.5;Dynamics of Human Fetal T-Cell Precursors;115
5.1.6;Mechanisms Regulating Thymus Colonization;116
5.1.7;Conclusion;118
5.1.8;References;119
6;Kondo_Ch05.pdf;127
6.1;GATA1 and GATA2 Function in Hematopoietic Differentiation;127
6.1.1;Introduction;127
6.1.2;The GATA Family of Transcription Factors;128
6.1.3;Expression Profiles of GATA1 and GATA2;129
6.1.4;Transcriptional Regulation of the Gata1 Gene;132
6.1.4.1;The GATA1 Hematopoietic Regulatory Domain (G1HRD);132
6.1.4.2;Sequences and Mechanisms that Regulate Gata1 Transcription;132
6.1.4.2.1;Gata1 Hematopoietic Enhancer;133
6.1.4.2.2;CACCC Box;134
6.1.4.2.3;Double GATA Site;134
6.1.4.2.4;Intron SP Element;134
6.1.4.3;Differences Between Human GATA1 Gene and Mouse Gata1 Gene Transcription;135
6.1.4.4;Use of G1HRD and Gata1 BACs for Characterization of Erythroid Progenitors;135
6.1.5;Transcription Factors Interacting with GATA1 in Higher Transcriptional Complexes;137
6.1.5.1;FOG1 (Friend of GATA1);137
6.1.5.2;PU.1;137
6.1.5.3;NLI/Ldb1, LMO2, SCL/TAL1-E2A Complex;139
6.1.6;Domain Function Analyzes of GATA1;140
6.1.7;Posttranslational Modification of GATA1;142
6.1.8;GATA1-Related Leukemias;143
6.1.9;Roles GATA2 Plays in Hematopoietic Stem Cells;144
6.1.10;GATA Switching;144
6.1.11;Perspectives and Closing Remarks;145
6.1.12;Box 1 Transcriptional Control of Hematopoiesis;146
6.1.13;References;146
7;Kondo_Ch06.pdf;153
7.1;Role of the IL-7 Receptor in gd T-Cell Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells;153
7.1.1;IL-7 and the IL-7R;153
7.1.2;Role of the IL-7R in Early Lymphocyte Development;155
7.1.3;The IL-7R Controls the Recombination in the TCRg Locus;156
7.1.4;STAT5 Controls the Accessibility of Jg Gene Segments;158
7.1.5;STAT5 and the TCRg Locus;162
7.1.6;Control of Vg Recombination by the IL-7R;163
7.1.7;Conclusion;164
7.1.8;References;165
8;Kondo_Ch07.pdf;170
8.1;Dendritic Cell Homeostasis: Physiology and Impact on Disease;170
8.1.1;Introduction;170
8.1.2;Heterogeneity of Dendritic Cells;171
8.1.2.1;DCs in Nonlymphoid Tissues;171
8.1.2.2;DCs in Lymphoid Tissues;172
8.1.2.2.1;Spleen;173
8.1.2.2.2;Lymph Node (LN);173
8.1.2.2.3;Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues;173
8.1.2.2.4;Thymic DCs;173
8.1.2.3;Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Tissues;174
8.1.2.4;Turnover of Dendritic Cells;174
8.1.2.4.1;Splenic DCs;175
8.1.2.4.2;Thymic DCs;175
8.1.2.4.3;LN DCs;179
8.1.2.4.4;Nonlymphoid Tissue DCs;179
8.1.2.4.5;pDCs;180
8.1.2.4.6;Human DCs;180
8.1.2.5;Cytokines in Dendritic Cell Development;181
8.1.2.5.1;Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF);181
8.1.2.5.2;Flt3L;184
8.1.2.5.3;CSF-1 (M-CSF);185
8.1.2.5.4;Transforming Growth Factor-b;186
8.1.2.5.5;IL-4, TNFa, LTb, and G-CSF;186
8.1.3;Transcription Factors in Dendritic Cell Development;187
8.1.3.1;Transcription Factors Affecting “Global” DC Development;188
8.1.3.1.1;Ikaros;189
8.1.3.1.2;XBP-1;189
8.1.3.2;Transcription Factors Affecting DC Subtype Diversification;190
8.1.3.2.1;RelB;190
8.1.3.2.2;PU.1;190
8.1.3.2.3;Id2;191
8.1.3.2.4;Runx3;191
8.1.4;Differentiation of Dendritic Cell from Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells;191
8.1.4.1;Early Hematopoietic DC Development;191
8.1.4.2;Gradual Downstream Restriction to the DC Lineages;193
8.1.5;Conclusions and Controversies Regarding Groups One and Two DC Progenitor Populations;197
8.1.5.1;The LC Exception;198
8.1.5.1.1;A DC Homeostasis Integrated View;199
8.1.6;Dendritic Cells in Hematologic Disease;201
8.1.6.1;DC Neoplasms;201
8.1.6.1.1;Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis;202
8.1.6.1.2;Early pDC Leukemia/Lymphoma (pDCL, CD4+CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasm);204
8.1.6.1.3;Dendritic Cell Sarcoma;204
8.1.6.1.4;DCs in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (allo-HCT);205
8.1.6.1.5;Future Directions in Research and Possible Clinical Implementation;207
8.1.7;References;207
9;Kondo_Ch08.pdf;222
9.1;Wnt in Hematopoietic and Leukemic Stem Cells;222
9.1.1;Wnt Pathway;222
9.1.2;Wnt Pathway in Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells;227
9.1.3;Deregulation of the Wnt Pathway in Leukemia Stem Cells;231
9.1.4;Acute Myelogenous Leukemia;231
9.1.5;Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia;235
9.1.6;Chronic Myeloid Leukemia;238
9.1.7;Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia;239
9.1.8;Common Themes and Future Directions;241
9.1.9;References;242
10;Kondo_Backmatter.pdf;253
11.1;Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine;2
11.1.1;Series Editor;2
11.1.2;Preface;5
11.1.3;Acknowledgments;7
11.1.4;Contributors;9