Krause 100 Volumes of 'Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics'

40 Years of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Retrospect
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-70805-6
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 506 Seiten

In a book that will be required reading for engineers, physicists, and computer scientists, the editors have collated a number of articles on fluid mechanics, written by some of the world's leading researchers and practitioners in this important subject area.

Both editors were active in the field at universities, DLR, and industry for a long length of time .

Autoren/Hrsg.

Krause, Egon

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface I;6
2;Preface II;9
3;Foreword of the Volumes’ Editors;11
4;Contents;12
5;Introduction;16
5.1;Some Historical Observations;16
5.2;Development of Computer Power and Algorithms;18
5.3;About Conceptions and Misconceptions;20
5.4;Future Developments and Needs;22
5.5;Scope and Content of the Volume;24
5.6;References;24
6;Part I The NNFM Series and its Origins;26
6.1;The NNFM Series;27
6.1.1;Introduction;27
6.1.2;The Aim of the Series;28
6.1.3;Evolution of the Series;29
6.1.4;The General Editors and the Co-Editors;30
6.1.5;And Last, But Not Least ...;32
6.2;The Origin of the Series in the GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics;33
6.2.1;Introduction;33
6.2.1.1;The GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics;34
6.2.2;The Book Series "Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics";36
6.2.3;The GAMM-Conferences on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics;37
6.2.4;GAMM-Workshops on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics;39
6.2.5;References;40
6.3;The Environment of the Series in the Initial Phase;43
6.3.1;Introduction;43
6.3.2;Early Investigations;44
6.3.3;Spreading the News;46
6.3.4;The DFG-Priority Programs;48
6.3.5;The CNRS-DFG Venture;51
6.3.6;High Performance Computing;54
6.3.7;Concluding Remarks;57
6.3.8;References;57
6.4;German and EU High-Performance Computation Centers;59
6.4.1;Introduction;59
6.4.2;Historical Background;60
6.4.3;Foundation of Federal High-Performance Supercomputing Centers;61
6.4.3.1;Jülich Supercomputing Center of the Forschungszentrum (Research Center) Jülich;61
6.4.3.2;Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart, HLRS (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Stuttgart);62
6.4.3.3;Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Bayern, HLRB (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Bavaria);63
6.4.4;Participation of Germany in European High-Performance Supercomputing;64
6.4.5;Development of High-Performance Supercomputing in Europe;66
6.4.6;The Gauß Center of Supercomputing, GCS;68
6.4.7;The Association PRACE: Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe;69
6.4.8;Construction of a European Supercomputer Infrastructure;69
6.4.9;Concluding Remarks;70
6.4.10;References;70
7;Part II Co-Editors Forum: Selected Worldwide Developments;72
7.1;General Developments of Numerical Fluid Mechanics Until the Middle of the 20th Century;74
7.1.1;Introduction;74
7.1.2;From Antiquity to the Renaissance;75
7.1.3;The Enlightenment: the Age of Reason;77
7.1.3.1;Leonhard Euler;78
7.1.4;The 19th Century: Mathematical Fluid Mechanics;80
7.1.4.1;Vortex Discontinuities and Resistance;80
7.1.4.2;The Boundary Layer and Separation;82
7.1.4.3;Shock Waves;83
7.1.5;The 20th Century: The Computational Era;84
7.1.5.1;Early Methods;84
7.1.5.2;Methods to Solve the Euler Equations: 1950-1970;86
7.1.5.3;Time-Marching Technology;87
7.1.5.4;Treatment of Viscous Flows;88
7.1.6;References;88
7.2;Golden Age of French CFD in the 1970-80s: Aerodynamics with Finite Elements and the European Multi-Physics HERMES Program;90
7.2.1;Computational Fluid Dynamics;90
7.2.2;A First Multiphysics Challenge for CFD: the HERMES Program;92
7.2.3;Computational Mathematics and the Finite Element Method in Aerodynamics;94
7.3;Code Development in the German Aerospace Industry up to the Mid 1990s;97
7.3.1;Introduction;97
7.3.2;Potential Equation Codes;99
7.3.2.1;Panel Methods;99
7.3.2.2;Potential Equation Methods;100
7.3.3;Euler Codes;100
7.3.4;Boundary-Layer Methods;102
7.3.5;Navier-Stokes Codes;103
7.3.6;Towards the Common German MEGAFLOW System;105
7.3.7;References;106
7.4;Discontinuities in Compressible Flows: Italian Contributions;111
7.4.1;Introduction;111
7.4.2;Shock Fitting;113
7.4.3;Shock Capturing;114
7.4.4;Not Only Time Dependency, Compressibility or Shocks;115
7.4.5;Contributions from the Italian CFD Community;116
7.4.5.1;"Fitting" Contributions;116
7.4.5.2;"Capturing" Contributions;117
7.4.6;Conclusions;119
7.4.7;References;120
7.5;Flashback: 30 Years Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Japan, other Asian Countries and the Western Pacific Rim;121
7.5.1;Asian Contribution from a Statistical View Point;122
7.5.2;CFD History in Asia, Mainly in Japan;123
7.5.2.1;Early 1980s;123
7.5.2.2;Mid 1980s – Early 1990s;124
7.5.2.3;Mid 1990s – Early 2000s;125
7.5.2.4;Early 2000s – Present;126
7.5.3;Final Remarks;126
7.5.4;References;127
7.6;Computational Fluid Mechanics in Russia;128
7.6.1;Organization of Scientific Research in Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics;128
7.6.2;Problems and Methods of Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics;131
7.6.3;Developments in the Theory of Difference Schemes for Hydroaerodynamics;132
7.6.4;Development of Splitting Methods for Difference Schemes of Hydroaerodynamics;133
7.6.5;Development of High-Order Difference Methods;134
7.6.6;Irregular Grids (Curvilinear, Moving);135
7.6.7;The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) Method;136
7.6.8;Solution Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations;137
7.6.9;Software Packages, Computer Systems;139
7.6.10;References;140
7.7;CFD Developments in the Northern European Countries;143
7.7.1;Developments in Sweden;143
7.7.1.1;DNS Code for Studying Wall-Bounded Turbulent BoundaryLayers;144
7.7.1.2;CFD for Ship Flows;144
7.7.1.3;Aerospace CFD Applications;145
7.7.1.4;Numerical Weather Prediction;146
7.7.2;Developments in Norway;147
7.7.3;Developments in Denmark - Wind Turbine Aerodynamics;149
7.7.3.1;{\sf EllipSys3D} Code;150
7.7.4;Developments in Finland;150
7.7.4.1;{\sf FINFLO} Code;151
7.7.5;References;153
7.8;Some Developments in Computational Aerodynamics in the UK;154
7.8.1;Introduction;154
7.8.2;Contributions to Methods for Dealing with Complex Aerodynamic Configurations;155
7.8.2.1;The Multi–Block Method;156
7.8.2.2;Unstructured Grid Methods;157
7.8.3;Contributions to CFD Based on the Navier Stokes Equations;159
7.8.4;References;163
7.9;The Development of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics since the 1960s: US and Canada;168
7.9.1;The Dawn of Modern CFD;168
7.9.1.1;The Starting Position, 40 Years Ago;168
7.9.1.2;The Birth of High-Resolution Schemes;169
7.9.2;Computational Aerodynamics in the 1970s;171
7.9.3;The Heyday of CFD: 1980-1998;173
7.9.3.1;Impact of High-Resolution Schemes;173
7.9.3.2;Emphasis on Grids, Parallel Computing, and More;178
7.9.4;Latest Developments;182
7.9.5;CFD in Canada;185
7.9.6;Concluding Remarks;186
7.9.7;References;186
8;Part III Current Applications of Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics/Aerodynamics;195
8.1;European Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation Systems;197
8.1.1;Introduction;197
8.1.2;France;198
8.1.3;Germany;201
8.1.4;Italy;203
8.1.5;The Netherlands;206
8.1.6;Sweden;208
8.1.7;United Kingdom;210
8.1.8;References;212
8.2;Numerical Aerodynamics in Transport Aircraft Design;217
8.2.1;Introduction;217
8.2.2;The Design Task;218
8.2.3;Aerodynamic Analysis of Flight;224
8.2.4;Problem Diagnosis;225
8.2.5;Conclusion;226
8.2.6;References;227
8.3;Numerical Aerothermodynamic Design in the European Space Industry;229
8.3.1;Introduction;229
8.3.2;Particular Requirements on Physical Modelling;231
8.3.3;Particular Requirements on Numerical Methods;232
8.3.4;Presentation of Selected Results;232
8.3.4.1;Non-Winged Space Vehicles;233
8.3.4.2;Winged Space Vehicles.;234
8.3.5;References;237
8.4;The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment (VFE-2): Status 2007;239
8.4.1;Introduction;239
8.4.2;Test Configuration;240
8.4.3;Program of Work;240
8.4.4;Results;241
8.4.5;Outlook;246
8.4.6;References;246
8.5;Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow Problems of Aeronautical Industry;249
8.5.1;Introduction;249
8.5.2;LES Solutions;251
8.5.2.1;Ahmed Body Car Model;251
8.5.2.2;Film Cooling;253
8.5.2.3;Coaxial Jet;254
8.5.2.4;Reacting Flow in a Combustion Chamber;257
8.5.2.5;Ignition Process in a Full Combustion Chamber;259
8.5.3;Conclusion;261
8.5.4;References;261
8.6;Issues of Multidisciplinary Design;263
8.6.1;Introduction;263
8.6.2;Cayley’s Design Paradigm and its Weakening;265
8.6.3;Ideal-Typical Airframe Definition and Development;267
8.6.4;Challenges;270
8.6.4.1;Mathematical/Numerical Product Models;270
8.6.4.2;Flow-Physics and Structure-Physics Models;270
8.6.4.3;The Product-Knowledge Problem;271
8.6.4.4;Implementation and Acceptance at Industry;271
8.6.5;Fluid Structure Interaction as Important Element of MSDO;272
8.6.6;Conclusion;276
8.6.7;References;276
8.7;Evolutionary Optimisation Methods with Uncertainty for Modern Multidisciplinary Design in Aeronautical Engineering;279
8.7.1;Introduction;279
8.7.2;Methodology;280
8.7.3;Analysis and Formulation of Problem;281
8.7.4;Real World Design Problems;284
8.7.4.1;Multi-objective Design Optimisation of a J-UCAV;284
8.7.4.2;Uncertainty Based MDO of the J-UCAV;287
8.7.5;Conclusions;291
8.7.6;References;292
8.8;CFD Application in Automotive Industry;293
8.8.1;Introduction;293
8.8.2;Vehicle Aerodynamics;294
8.8.3;Thermal Management and Cabin Environment;296
8.8.4;Internal Combustion Engine;299
8.8.5;Aeroacoustics;301
8.8.6;References;302
9;Part IV Applications to Flow Problems in Engineering and Physics;304
9.1;Performance Upgrading of Hydraulic Machinery with the Help of CFD;306
9.1.1;Modernization of Old Hydro Electric Power Stations;306
9.1.2;Analysis of Turbine Components;308
9.1.3;Preliminary Design of a New Runner;309
9.1.4;Analysis of the Existing (Old) Runner;310
9.1.5;Optimization of the New Runner;313
9.1.6;Parametric Runner Design;315
9.1.7;Conclusion;316
9.1.8;References;317
9.2;Calculating Blast Loads for Civil Engineering Structures;318
9.2.1;Introduction;318
9.2.2;Physics;319
9.2.3;Numerics;320
9.2.3.1;Fluxes and Limiters;321
9.2.4;Engineering;325
9.2.4.1;Initiation From Detailed 1-D/2-D/Axisymmetric Runs;325
9.2.4.2;Successive Interpolation;325
9.2.5;Examples;325
9.2.5.1;Nairobi, Kenya:;326
9.2.5.2;Market Square:;326
9.2.5.3;Financial Center:;326
9.2.6;Conclusions and Outlook;327
9.2.7;Acknowledgements;329
9.2.8;References;329
9.3;Numerical Modelling of Technical Combustion;332
9.3.1;Introduction;332
9.3.2;Strategies for Numerical Simulation of Combustion;333
9.3.2.1;Calculation of the Flow Field;333
9.3.2.2;Modelling of Chemical Reactions;334
9.3.3;Some Basic Properties;335
9.3.4;Numerical Simulation of Combustion;337
9.3.4.1;RANS-Modelling;338
9.3.4.2;Modelling Using PDF-Transport Equations;341
9.3.4.3;LES-Modelling;342
9.3.4.4;DNS-Modelling;344
9.3.5;References;345
9.4;Kinetic Modeling and Simulation of Environmental and Civil Engineering Flow Problems;348
9.4.1;Introduction;348
9.4.2;A Short Introduction to Lattice-Boltzmann Modelling of Navier-Stokes Problems;349
9.4.3;Extensions of LBM for Coupled Problems;350
9.4.3.1;Turbulent Flows;350
9.4.3.2;Multiphase Flows in Porous Media;351
9.4.3.3;Free Surface Flows and Fluid-Structure-Interaction;352
9.4.3.4;Thermal Flows;353
9.4.4;Conclusion and Outlook;353
9.4.5;References;354
9.5;CFD in Process Engineering;358
9.5.1;Introduction;358
9.5.2;Modelling Complex Fluids;359
9.5.3;Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach;360
9.5.4;Simulation in MOVPE Reactor Design;361
9.5.5;Applications of LBM;363
9.5.6;Conclusion;365
9.5.7;References;365
9.6;Computational Electromagnetics;367
9.6.1;Background;367
9.6.2;Maxwell Equations in the Time Domain;368
9.6.3;Current Status of CEM;372
9.6.4;Concluding Remarks;376
9.6.5;References;377
9.7;Computer Modelling of Magnetically Confined Plasmas;379
9.7.1;Introduction;379
9.7.2;Early Modelling Efforts;381
9.7.2.1;Emerging Fields of the 1980s;382
9.7.2.2;On the Way to a Numerical Tokamak;385
9.7.3;Future Trends;389
9.7.4;References;391
9.8;Frontiers in Computational Geophysics: Simulations of Mantle Circulation, Plate Tectonics and Seismic Wave Propagation;392
9.8.1;Introduction;392
9.8.2;Mantle Flow and Circulation Modelling;393
9.8.3;Plate Tectonics and Boundary Forces;396
9.8.4;Seismic Wave Propagation;399
9.8.5;References;399
9.9;Solar System Plasmadynamics and Space Weather;403
9.9.1;Introduction;403
9.9.2;Modelling the Solar Wind;404
9.9.2.1;The Governing Equations;404
9.9.2.2;Resolving Disparate Scales;406
9.9.2.3;Parallel Performance;406
9.9.3;A Space-Weather Modeling Framework;408
9.9.4;Representative Results of the Coupled Model;409
9.9.5;Concluding Remarks;410
9.9.6;References;412
9.10;Numerical Fluid Dynamics in Astrophysics;413
9.10.1;Newtonian Flows;413
9.10.1.1;Flows in Cosmological Structure Formation;414
9.10.1.2;Thermonuclear Supernova Explosions;418
9.10.2;Relativistic Flows;420
9.10.2.1;Special Relativistic Flows;420
9.10.2.2;General Relativistic Flows;421
9.10.3;Concluding Remarks;423
9.10.4;References;424
10;Part V Algorithms, Computer Science and Computers;425
10.1;Multigrid Software for Industrial Applications - From MG00 to SAMG;427
10.1.1;Introduction and Historical Remarks;427
10.1.2;The Beginning: Optimal Multigrid;428
10.1.3;Making Compromises: Multigrid Acceleration;430
10.1.4;The Idea of Robust Multigrid: Towards AMG;431
10.1.5;Algebraic Multigrid (AMG);432
10.1.5.1;Algebraic Versus Geometric Multigrid;432
10.1.5.2;AMG for Scalar Partial Differential Equations;432
10.1.5.3;AMG for Systems of PDEs;433
10.1.5.4;Function-Based (or Unknown-Based) AMG;434
10.1.5.5;Point-Based AMG: A General Framework;434
10.1.5.6;Linear Solver Libraries Based on Multigrid;435
10.1.6;Industrial Applications;435
10.1.7;Outlook;437
10.1.8;References;438
10.2;Computer Science and Numerical Fluid Mechanics – An Essential Cooperation;441
10.2.1;Introduction;441
10.2.2;Memory Management for Adaptive Space-Tree Grids Based on Stacks;444
10.2.3;Fluid-Structure Interaction;448
10.2.4;Conclusion;452
10.2.5;References;452
10.3;Commercial CFD in the Service of Industry: The First 25 Years;455
10.3.1;Introduction;455
10.3.2;Brief History and Background;456
10.3.2.1;The First 10 Years;456
10.3.2.2;The 1990’s;457
10.3.2.3;The Present;458
10.3.3;The Next Phase;459
10.3.3.1;Geometry Creation and Mesh Generation;460
10.3.3.2;Numerical Methods;461
10.3.3.3;Physical Models;462
10.3.3.4;Other Advanced Technologies;463
10.3.4;Concluding Remarks;464
10.3.5;References;464
10.4;High Performance Computing in Academia and Industry - An Example for a Private Public Partnership in HPC;466
10.4.1;Introduction;466
10.4.2;Dual Use: Academia and Industry;467
10.4.2.1;Potential Advantages;468
10.4.3;A Public Private Partnership Approach;468
10.4.3.1;Prerequisites and Problems;470
10.4.3.2;Mode of Operation;470
10.4.3.3;Discussion of Results;471
10.4.4;Future;472
10.4.4.1;Requests From Industry;472
10.4.4.2;Know-How Transfer;473
10.4.4.3;Access to Resources;473
10.4.4.4;Visualization;474
10.4.5;Conclusion;474
10.4.6;References;474
10.5;Computer Hardware Development as a Basis for Numerical Simulation;476
10.5.1;Computer Organization: The von Neumann Concept and Alternatives;476
10.5.2;Semiconductor Technology, Moore’s Law, Instruction Level Parallelism and Multi-Core Technology;477
10.5.3;Energy Efficiency as New Optimizing Target;481
10.5.4;High Performance Computer Systems for Numerical Simulation;482
10.5.5;References;483
10.6;Petaflops Computers and Beyond;484
10.6.1;Technical Progress for 20 Years Since the 1980s;484
10.6.2;Technical Challenges and Emerging Technologies for Petaflops Computers and Beyond;486
10.6.2.1;Technical Challenges in Hardware;486
10.6.2.2;Trends of Semiconductor Technology;486
10.6.2.3;Trends of Interconnection Technology;488
10.6.2.4;Technical Challenges of Application Development;489
10.6.3;Petaflops Projects;491
10.6.3.1;DARPA High Productivity Computing System (HPCS);491
10.6.3.2;The Next Generation Supercomputer Project in Japan;492
10.6.4;References;493
11;Part VI Appendix;494
11.1;List of NNFM Volumes;495
11.1.1;Forerunner Volumes;495
11.1.2;NNFM Volumes from No. 1 to No. 100;496
11.1.3;New Volumes;504
11.1.4;Forthcoming Volumes;505